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125-722: Brieg may refer to: Brzeg (German name Brieg), in Silesia, Poland Duchy of Brzeg , a duchy of Silesia from 1311 – 1675 Briec (Breton name Brieg), a town in Brittany Saint-Brieuc (Breton name Sant-Brieg), commune in the Côtes-d'Armor Department in Brittany in north-western France Brig, Switzerland Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with

250-629: A brzeżan , brzeżanin (male), brzeżanka (female), brzeżanie and brzeżaninie (plural). The locality in and around present-day Brzeg has been settled by people since the Mesolithic era, with the earliest signs of settlement between 8000 and 4200 BC, as concluded from archaeological findings in Myślibórz , Kościerzyce , Lubsza and Lipki . The early human populace left behind traces of lithic flakes , flint flakes and other flint related tools. The earliest signs of agriculture come around during

375-581: A Circum Arabian Nomadic Pastoral Complex developed in the period from the climatic crisis of 6200 BC, partly as a result of an increasing emphasis in PPNB cultures upon domesticated animals, and a fusion with Harifian hunter gatherers in the Southern Levant, with affiliate connections with the cultures of Fayyum and the Eastern Desert of Egypt . Cultures practicing this lifestyle spread down

500-536: A culture contemporaneous with the Cishan and Xinglongwa cultures of about 6000–5000 BC, Neolithic cultures east of the Taihang Mountains , filling in an archaeological gap between the two Northern Chinese cultures. The total excavated area is more than 1,200 square yards (1,000 m ; 0.10 ha), and the collection of Neolithic findings at the site encompasses two phases. Between 3000 and 1900 BC,

625-515: A division into five periods. They also advanced the idea of a transitional stage between the PPNA and PPNB between 8800 and 8600 BC at sites like Jerf el Ahmar and Tell Aswad . Alluvial plains ( Sumer / Elam ). Low rainfall makes irrigation systems necessary. Ubaid culture originated from 6200 BC. The earliest evidence of Neolithic culture in northeast Africa was found in the archaeological sites of Bir Kiseiba and Nabta Playa in what

750-412: A dramatic increase in social inequality in most of the areas where it occurred; New Guinea being a notable exception. Possession of livestock allowed competition between households and resulted in inherited inequalities of wealth. Neolithic pastoralists who controlled large herds gradually acquired more livestock, and this made economic inequalities more pronounced. However, evidence of social inequality

875-769: A fortified wooden settlement in Rybna and an open-pit crematory in Pisarzowice (with 30 discovered burial sites). To follow the Lusatian culture , which witnessed its decline around 500 BC, were the Celts , around 400–300 BC in Silesia , as identified with archaeological findings in Lubsza and Pawłów (located in the eastern vicinity of Brzeg). Around 100 BC, the peoples of Silesia (Celtic and Germanic tribes) began trading with

1000-551: A living tradition in small and extremely remote and inaccessible pockets of West Papua . Polished stone adze and axes are used in the present day (as of 2008 ) in areas where the availability of metal implements is limited. This is likely to cease altogether in the next few years as the older generation die off and steel blades and chainsaws prevail. In 2012, news was released about a new farming site discovered in Munam-ri , Goseong , Gangwon Province , South Korea , which may be

1125-605: A major market, allowing the settlement to develop through the exchange of produce and barter . Prior to Brzeg receiving its town charter , the Duke of Wrocław , Henry III the White , received the settlement of Małkowice, (present-day Kępa Młyńska), in exchange of his feudal rights over Zębice (south-west from Oława ). The fishermen living in Małkowice (present-day ul. Rybacka ), in accordance to ancient Polish law were charged with

1250-608: A non-hierarchical system of organization existed is debatable, and there is no evidence that explicitly suggests that Neolithic societies functioned under any dominating class or individual, as was the case in the chiefdoms of the European Early Bronze Age . Possible exceptions to this include Iraq during the Ubaid period and England beginning in the Early Neolithic (4100–3000 BC). Theories to explain

1375-637: A rarely used and not very useful concept in discussing Australian prehistory . During most of the Neolithic age of Eurasia , people lived in small tribes composed of multiple bands or lineages. There is little scientific evidence of developed social stratification in most Neolithic societies; social stratification is more associated with the later Bronze Age . Although some late Eurasian Neolithic societies formed complex stratified chiefdoms or even states , generally states evolved in Eurasia only with

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1500-758: A term coined in the 1920s by the Australian archaeologist Vere Gordon Childe . One potential benefit of the development and increasing sophistication of farming technology was the possibility of producing surplus crop yields, in other words, food supplies in excess of the immediate needs of the community. Surpluses could be stored for later use, or possibly traded for other necessities or luxuries. Agricultural life afforded securities that nomadic life could not, and sedentary farming populations grew faster than nomadic. However, early farmers were also adversely affected in times of famine , such as may be caused by drought or pests . In instances where agriculture had become

1625-530: A total area of 68.8 ha. The parkland was established after donations from the owners of Skarbimierz and the landed-elite family von Lobbecke donated the area to the town's authorities, to make way for a landscape park in the area. The smallest of the five public parks in Brzeg is the Park Ptasi , located in the south of the town, west of the osiedle of Westerplatte. The park has a total area of 1 ha. Since

1750-808: A total of 7,826 citizens in the potential education age group (3-24 year of age). The number of city dwellers in Brzeg that have completed higher education is at 14.4% of the population, which is similar to the statistical average of the number of people obtaining higher education in the Opole Voivodeship , being at 15.1%. Data from 2015 indicates that 2.5% of the population of Brzeg have completed post- lyceum ( policealne ) education, with Brzeg having two post- lyceum schools ( szkoły policealne ): Medyczne Studium Zawodowe by Ofiar Katynia Street (medical practice institution); Policealne Studium Zawodowe – Zespół Szkół Ekonomicznych by Jan Paweł II Street (higher school of economics). The population of Brzeg that

1875-550: Is a large body of evidence for fortified settlements at Linearbandkeramik sites along the Rhine , as at least some villages were fortified for some time with a palisade and an outer ditch. Settlements with palisades and weapon-traumatized bones, such as those found at the Talheim Death Pit , have been discovered and demonstrate that "...systematic violence between groups" and warfare was probably much more common during

2000-652: Is an archaeological period , the final division of the Stone Age in Europe , Asia , Mesopotamia and Africa (c. 10,000 BC to c. 2,000 BC). It saw the Neolithic Revolution , a wide-ranging set of developments that appear to have arisen independently in several parts of the world. This "Neolithic package" included the introduction of farming , domestication of animals , and change from a hunter-gatherer lifestyle to one of settlement . The term 'Neolithic'

2125-399: Is believed to be characteristic of other Silesian towns, commonly selling agricultural produce, namely bread, meat and shoes. Prior to the locality receiving its town charter in 1248 or 1250, the settlement had characteristics of a town and not of an ordinary fishing village, being referred to as "civitas" in an early Latin document, as exemplified by the existence of the curia , church and

2250-563: Is better explained by lineal fission and polygyny. The shelter of early people changed dramatically from the Upper Paleolithic to the Neolithic era. In the Paleolithic, people did not normally live in permanent constructions. In the Neolithic, mud brick houses started appearing that were coated with plaster. The growth of agriculture made permanent houses far more common. At Çatalhöyük 9,000 years ago, doorways were made on

2375-648: Is in the age of potential further education (aged 19–24) is 26.8%, out of which 27.1% are women and 26.6% are men. Some 22.4% of the population of the town of Brzeg (as of 2015 ) has some sort of work-related further education (i.e. scholarship or college course). In 2015, 5.3% of the town's population participated in secondary education , while some 19.6% have attended primary education in that same year. The city council of Brzeg spends 33.3% of its annual budget on education, amounting to 35.2 million zlotys annually. Post-secondary education institutions : Public gymnasium (secondary school) institutions : Brzeg

2500-410: Is located 14 km south of Brzeg. Brzeg has well developed railway and bus transportation services. The PKP Brzeg railway station is operated by PKP Intercity and Przewozy Regionalne . The town has direct connections to Opole , Wrocław , Kraków , Warsaw , Katowice , Poznań , Szczecin , Zielona Góra , Lublin , Kielce , Przemyśl , Zamość , Nysa , and other cities. The Brzeg bus service

2625-545: Is located at the crossroads of the National Road [REDACTED] (northbound to Namysłów and Kępno ; southbound to Wiązów and Strzelin ) and the National Road [REDACTED] (westbound to Oława , Wrocław , Bolesławiec and Zgorzelec ; eastbound to Opole , Strzelce Opolskie , Bytom , Kraków , Tarnów , Jarosław and Korczowa . The interchange to the [REDACTED] Motorway ( Węzeł Przylesie )

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2750-844: Is located south of the Silesian Piasts' Castle . The third and largest by area parkland surrounding the Old Town is located by the Oder river, the Odranian Park ( Park Nadodrzański ), with a total area of 10.9 ha. The castle, together with the town's fortification remnants, the Odrzańska Gate is located in the park. The largest parkland in Brzeg, located in the south-west of the town is the Park of Juliusz Peppel (Park im. Juliusza Peppela) and formerly Liberty Park ( Park Wolności ) having

2875-593: Is met with a lack of forested areas, apart from the Stobrawa Landscape Park , located 7.2 km to the north of Brzeg and the Oder river. The Stobrawa woodland, agriculture and the Oder (as a form of transport) provided Brzeg the necessary diversity to remain the regional trade capital in Silesia . Brzeg's geographical position between two trade routes, running from west to east ( Legnica – Opole ) and north to south ( Gniezno – Nysa ) and further on into

3000-540: Is now southwest Egypt. Domestication of sheep and goats reached Egypt from the Near East possibly as early as 6000 BC. Graeme Barker states "The first indisputable evidence for domestic plants and animals in the Nile valley is not until the early fifth millennium BC in northern Egypt and a thousand years later further south, in both cases as part of strategies that still relied heavily on fishing, hunting, and

3125-497: Is operated by PKS Brzeg, with ten bus lines around the town and Gmina Brzeg. The important routes are to Wrocław , Opole , Grodków , Namysłów , Nysa , Karpacz , Strzelin , Wiązów , and others. On Sunday, there is a special route to Szklarska Poręba . In 2013, a hospital helipad was opened by Mossora Street ( ul. Mossora ). Brzeg is twinned with: Neolithic The Neolithic or New Stone Age (from Greek νέος néos 'new' and λίθος líthos 'stone')

3250-1024: Is still disputed, as settlements such as Çatalhöyük reveal a lack of difference in the size of homes and burial sites, suggesting a more egalitarian society with no evidence of the concept of capital, although some homes do appear slightly larger or more elaborately decorated than others. Families and households were still largely independent economically, and the household was probably the center of life. However, excavations in Central Europe have revealed that early Neolithic Linear Ceramic cultures (" Linearbandkeramik ") were building large arrangements of circular ditches between 4800 and 4600 BC. These structures (and their later counterparts such as causewayed enclosures , burial mounds , and henge ) required considerable time and labour to construct, which suggests that some influential individuals were able to organise and direct human labour – though non-hierarchical and voluntary work remain possibilities. There

3375-670: The Bronze Age and Iron Age . In other places, the Neolithic followed the Mesolithic (Middle Stone Age) and then lasted until later. In Ancient Egypt , the Neolithic lasted until the Protodynastic period , c. 3150 BC. In China , it lasted until circa 2000 BC with the rise of the pre-Shang Erlitou culture , as it did in Scandinavia . Following the ASPRO chronology , the Neolithic started in around 10,200 BC in

3500-563: The Bronze Age began about 3500 BC, replacing the Neolithic cultures. Around 10,000 BC the first fully developed Neolithic cultures belonging to the phase Pre-Pottery Neolithic A (PPNA) appeared in the Fertile Crescent. Around 10,700–9400 BC a settlement was established in Tell Qaramel , 10 miles (16 km) north of Aleppo . The settlement included two temples dating to 9650 BC. Around 9000 BC during

3625-546: The Brzeg County . The town's industries include the production of agricultural machinery , electric engines, margarine and sugar production. The largest concentration of industry in Brzeg is located in the town's eastern quarter, south of the Oder , with numerous manufacturers, including: the German Bartling GmbH ( plastic packaging company); "BESEL" ( Polish electric engine company, founded in

3750-548: The Early Middle Ages , the territory was inhabited by Polish tribes . Later on, it experienced both German colonisation and Germanisation policies towards the indigenous Poles . According to the Prussian census of 1905, the city of Brieg had a population of 27,486, of which 93% spoke German , 6% spoke Polish , and 1% were bilingual. After World War II, the town of Brzeg was part of the population transfers of

3875-591: The German Empire when it was proclaimed in 1871 on the unification of Germany . Despite Austrian, Prussian and German rule, the town was an important Polish printing center in the region. During World War II , the Germans operated two Nazi prisons with three forced labour subcamps in the town and a fourth subcamp in Bielawa . In early 1945, some prisoners were sent on a death march to Kłodzko . During

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4000-557: The Hussites in 1428 and soon afterwards rebuilt. At the beginning of the 16th century there were two schools in Brzeg, a collegiate and a municipal school, both influenced by the scientific, cultural and literary currents of the University of Kraków . In 1529 Duke Frederick II of Legnica , in attempt to establish the town as a significant learning center, merged the two schools, but the town council, wanting to maintain control over

4125-631: The Jordan Valley ; Israel (notably Ain Mallaha , Nahal Oren , and Kfar HaHoresh ); and in Byblos , Lebanon . The start of Neolithic 1 overlaps the Tahunian and Heavy Neolithic periods to some degree. The major advance of Neolithic 1 was true farming. In the proto-Neolithic Natufian cultures, wild cereals were harvested, and perhaps early seed selection and re-seeding occurred. The grain

4250-605: The Kingdom of Bohemia , additionally stimulated the town's demographic and economic expansion. Brzeg is in modern times located between the European route E67 and E40 . Brzeg has five public parks , three of which encircle the Old Town ( Stare Miasto ), after the area was transformed into parkland with the deconstruction of the garrison town's fortifications during the Napoleonic Wars in 1807. The parkland, surrounding

4375-642: The Levant , arising from the Natufian culture , when pioneering use of wild cereals evolved into early farming . The Natufian period or "proto-Neolithic" lasted from 12,500 to 9,500 BC, and is taken to overlap with the Pre-Pottery Neolithic A (PPNA) of 10,200–8800 BC. As the Natufians had become dependent on wild cereals in their diet, and a sedentary way of life had begun among them,

4500-559: The Longshan culture existed in the middle and lower Yellow River valley areas of northern China. Towards the end of the 3rd millennium BC, the population decreased sharply in most of the region and many of the larger centres were abandoned, possibly due to environmental change linked to the end of the Holocene Climatic Optimum . The 'Neolithic' (defined in this paragraph as using polished stone implements) remains

4625-614: The Neolithic Era (4200–1700 BC). The Neolithic culture developed agriculture and domesticated farm animals ; this lifestyle led Nomadic cultures to settle in the locality. The era saw the development of weaving , pottery and mining in the Brzeg Plain, with archaeological finds in Brzeg, Buszyce , Prędocin , Lewin Brzeski , Małujowice , Lipki, Myśliborze, Mąkoszyce and Obórki . The time period of 1300–700 BC bears

4750-655: The Red Sea shoreline and moved east from Syria into southern Iraq . The Late Neolithic began around 6,400 BC in the Fertile Crescent . By then distinctive cultures emerged, with pottery like the Halafian (Turkey, Syria, Northern Mesopotamia) and Ubaid (Southern Mesopotamia). This period has been further divided into PNA (Pottery Neolithic A) and PNB (Pottery Neolithic B) at some sites. The Chalcolithic (Stone-Bronze) period began about 4500 BC, then

4875-539: The Rift Valley of East Africa and surrounding areas during a time period known as the Pastoral Neolithic . They were South Cushitic speaking pastoralists, who tended to bury their dead in cairns whilst their toolkit was characterized by stone bowls, pestles, grindstones and earthenware pots. Through archaeology, historical linguistics and archaeogenetics, they conventionally have been identified with

5000-527: The Roman Empire , as evidenced through the findings of Roman currency in the locality. In the 7th century Slavic peoples started settling in the region. At the same time Iron tools and blacksmith -based hamlets found in Kantorowice and Pępice are evidenced for the first time in this region. The period of AD 500–1000 saw the establishment of the early feudal system in Silesia . The era

5125-663: The Soviet and Polish People's Republic 's campaign to resettle Poles from Kresy (annexed by the USSR ) to the newly regained territories by Poland from the defeated Germany , as part of the Potsdam Agreement . Per the agreement, the German population of Brzeg was expelled to either West or East Germany . The newly arrived population in Brzeg predominantly came from the countryside, being former peasants. The integration of

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5250-756: The Thirty Years' War it suffered greatly; in the War of the Austrian Succession it was heavily bombarded by the Prussian forces ; and in 1807 it was captured by Napoleon 's army. When Bohemia fell to the Habsburg monarchy of Austria in 1526, the town fell under the overlordship of the Habsburgs in their roles of Kings of Bohemia, although it was still ruled locally by the Silesian Piasts . Upon

5375-588: The Wawrzyszów Hills to its south. The western boundary of the Brzeg Plain is marked by the Oława Valley, along the Oder's mid-course . The Brzeg Plain was formed by the Riss glaciation period (347,000 to 128,000 years ago), leaving behind remnants of a ground moraine from the last glacial period . The ground moraines have left two equally small hills, bearing characteristics of kames . The kames form

5500-431: The curia was the former location, on what was later to be called Mary's Hill ( Góra Marii ), of the Romanesque St. Mary's Church ( Kościół Najświętszej Marii Panny ). During the Reformation , the church was deconstructed, and its brickwork used for the construction of the town's fortifications. A sixteenth-century chronicle states it was "the first church", however, no more is known about the holy site. Historians believe

5625-430: The Łosiów Range ( Wał Łosiowski ), between the confluence of the River Nysa Kłodzka and the Oława Valley. Small streams, having their sources around the range, are fed directly into the Oder in the region of Nysa Kłodzka and Oława . }} The settlement of Brzeg, historically located in the regional unit of Lower Silesia as opposed to Upper Silesia , is due to the formation of a "przesieka" ("clearing"). The "clearing"

5750-446: The 10th millennium BC. Early development occurred in the Levant (e.g. Pre-Pottery Neolithic A and Pre-Pottery Neolithic B ) and from there spread eastwards and westwards. Neolithic cultures are also attested in southeastern Anatolia and northern Mesopotamia by around 8000 BC. Anatolian Neolithic farmers derived a significant portion of their ancestry from the Anatolian hunter-gatherers (AHG), suggesting that agriculture

5875-503: The Balkans from 6000 BC, and in Central Europe by around 5800 BC ( La Hoguette ). Among the earliest cultural complexes of this area are the Sesklo culture in Thessaly, which later expanded in the Balkans giving rise to Starčevo-Körös (Cris), Linearbandkeramik , and Vinča . Through a combination of cultural diffusion and migration of peoples , the Neolithic traditions spread west and northwards to reach northwestern Europe by around 4500 BC. The Vinča culture may have created

6000-402: The Bronze Age, eventually giving rise to permanently settled farming towns , and later cities and states whose larger populations could be sustained by the increased productivity from cultivated lands. The profound differences in human interactions and subsistence methods associated with the onset of early agricultural practices in the Neolithic have been called the Neolithic Revolution ,

6125-450: The Brzeg Jews bought a letter of protection from the duke, whereby they were guaranteed the peaceful possession of their privileges. But in 1401 they were driven from the city, except Jacob and Seman von Reichenbach , who had received a patent of protection from the duke's council for six years from May 1, 1399. In 1423, duke Ludwig II granted the Jews rights of residence on payment of an annual tax of 20 gulden , but they were expelled from

6250-400: The German Reichswehr arrived in Brieg from Breslau-Carlowitz, other cavalry squadrons from Militsch and Oels followed shortly after. This resulted in the garrison's Tiede-Barracks (named after Generalleutnant Paul Tiede ) located in Moltke-, Sedan-, Roon- und Bismarck straße requiring some alterations to accommodate the new arrival of horse-cavalry residents. It was from Brieg garrison,

6375-476: The German Cavalry Captain ( Rittmeister ) Konrad Freiherr von Wangenheim became famous for securing a Gold medal win at the 1936 Summer Olympics in Berlin for the German equestrian team whilst suffering from a broken collarbone . In 1933 an airfield located in nearby Hermsdorf was also built and thereby a much larger military aerodrome was established. The new aerodrome was occupied by Flight Reconnaissance Group 113 ( Fliegeraufklärungsgruppe 113 ). Towards

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6500-441: The Maltese archipelago) and of Mnajdra (Malta) are notable for their gigantic Neolithic structures, the oldest of which date back to around 3600 BC. The Hypogeum of Ħal-Saflieni , Paola , Malta, is a subterranean structure excavated around 2500 BC; originally a sanctuary, it became a necropolis , the only prehistoric underground temple in the world, and shows a degree of artistry in stone sculpture unique in prehistory to

6625-443: The Maltese islands. After 2500 BC, these islands were depopulated for several decades until the arrival of a new influx of Bronze Age immigrants, a culture that cremated its dead and introduced smaller megalithic structures called dolmens to Malta. In most cases there are small chambers here, with the cover made of a large slab placed on upright stones. They are claimed to belong to a population different from that which built

6750-400: The Middle East. The neolithization of Northwestern Africa was initiated by Iberian , Levantine (and perhaps Sicilian ) migrants around 5500-5300 BC. During the Early Neolithic period, farming was introduced by Europeans and was subsequently adopted by the locals. During the Middle Neolithic period, an influx of ancestry from the Levant appeared in Northwestern Africa, coinciding with

6875-400: The Neolithic than in the preceding Paleolithic period. This supplanted an earlier view of the Linear Pottery Culture as living a "peaceful, unfortified lifestyle". Control of labour and inter-group conflict is characteristic of tribal groups with social rank that are headed by a charismatic individual – either a ' big man ' or a proto- chief – functioning as a lineage-group head. Whether

7000-402: The Old Town to its south, became known as the Planty . The Planty constitute of the Central Park of J. Czajkowski ( Park Centralny im. J. Czajkowskiego ), with a total area of 6.1 ha . The Central Park contains an artificial lake and a stream, connecting its waters to the western portion of the Planty , the Park nad Fosą . The Park by the Moat ( Park nad Fosą ), with a total area of 3.7 ha,

7125-626: The PPNA, one of the world's first towns, Jericho , appeared in the Levant. It was surrounded by a stone wall, may have contained a population of up to 2,000–3,000 people, and contained a massive stone tower. Around 6400 BC the Halaf culture appeared in Syria and Northern Mesopotamia. In 1981, a team of researchers from the Maison de l'Orient et de la Méditerranée , including Jacques Cauvin and Oliver Aurenche, divided Near East Neolithic chronology into ten periods (0 to 9) based on social, economic and cultural characteristics. In 2002, Danielle Stordeur and Frédéric Abbès advanced this system with

7250-414: The apparent implied egalitarianism of Neolithic (and Paleolithic) societies have arisen, notably the Marxist concept of primitive communism . Genetic evidence indicates that a drop in Y-chromosomal diversity occurred during the Neolithic. Initially believed to be a result of high incidence of violence and high rates of male mortality, more recent analysis suggests that the reduced Y-chromosomal diversity

7375-558: The area". The research team will perform accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) dating to retrieve a more precise date for the site. In Mesoamerica , a similar set of events (i.e., crop domestication and sedentary lifestyles) occurred by around 4500 BC in South America, but possibly as early as 11,000–10,000 BC. These cultures are usually not referred to as belonging to the Neolithic; in North America, different terms are used such as Formative stage instead of mid-late Neolithic, Archaic Era instead of Early Neolithic, and Paleo-Indian for

7500-499: The area's first Afroasiatic -speaking settlers. Archaeological dating of livestock bones and burial cairns has also established the cultural complex as the earliest center of pastoralism and stone construction in the region. In southeast Europe agrarian societies first appeared in the 7th millennium BC , attested by one of the earliest farming sites of Europe, discovered in Vashtëmi , southeastern Albania and dating back to 6500 BC. In most of Western Europe in followed over

7625-436: The arrival of pastoralism in the region. The earliest evidence for pottery, domestic cereals and animal husbandry is found in Morocco, specifically at Kaf el-Ghar . The Pastoral Neolithic was a period in Africa's prehistory marking the beginning of food production on the continent following the Later Stone Age . In contrast to the Neolithic in other parts of the world, which saw the development of farming societies,

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7750-423: The bow and arrow and ceramic pottery were also introduced. In later periods cities of considerable size developed, and some metallurgy by 700 BC. Australia, in contrast to New Guinea , has generally been held not to have had a Neolithic period, with a hunter-gatherer lifestyle continuing until the arrival of Europeans. This view can be challenged in terms of the definition of agriculture, but "Neolithic" remains

7875-459: The climatic changes associated with the Younger Dryas (about 10,000 BC) are thought to have forced people to develop farming. The founder crops of the Fertile Crescent were wheat , lentil , pea , chickpeas , bitter vetch, and flax. Among the other major crop domesticated were rice, millet, maize (corn), and potatoes. Crops were usually domesticated in a single location and ancestral wild species are still found. [1] Early Neolithic farming

8000-399: The dead, which were plastered with mud to make facial features. The rest of the corpse could have been left outside the settlement to decay until only the bones were left, then the bones were buried inside the settlement underneath the floor or between houses. Work at the site of 'Ain Ghazal in Jordan has indicated a later Pre-Pottery Neolithic C period. Juris Zarins has proposed that

8125-442: The duchies of Brieg and Liegnitz in 1453 as a result of the inflammatory preachings of the Franciscan John Capistrano . Solomo, a capitalist, lent large sums of money to royal houses in the 15th century. In the 16th century, one of the local Jews served as a physician to the duke of Brieg. With the decline of Wrocław as a trade center, the Jews of Brieg became little more than an isolated community; and in modern times they shared

8250-411: The duke of Brzeg, Ludwig I, who granted the Jews freedom of movement in the duchy in that year. In the 14th century the Jews of Brieg were persecuted on account of their usurious practices; one outbreak of such violence occurred in 1362. In 1392 it was claimed that all debts of the duke had been discharged by the payments to a Jew of Brzeg (Jacob, the son of Moses), of a certificate of indebtedness. In 1398

8375-542: The earliest farmland known to date in east Asia. "No remains of an agricultural field from the Neolithic period have been found in any East Asian country before, the institute said, adding that the discovery reveals that the history of agricultural cultivation at least began during the period on the Korean Peninsula ". The farm was dated between 3600 and 3000 BC. Pottery, stone projectile points, and possible houses were also found. "In 2002, researchers discovered prehistoric earthenware , jade earrings, among other items in

8500-408: The earliest system of writing, the Vinča signs , though archaeologist Shan Winn believes they most likely represented pictograms and ideograms rather than a truly developed form of writing. The Cucuteni-Trypillian culture built enormous settlements in Romania, Moldova and Ukraine from 5300 to 2300 BC. The megalithic temple complexes of Ġgantija on the Mediterranean island of Gozo (in

8625-418: The early 14th to late 17th centuries, the town was ruled by the Piast dynasty as fiefs of the Bohemian Crown within the Holy Roman Empire . Later, as the result of the Silesian Wars , the town passed to Prussia , and from 1871 to 1945 it was also part of Germany, before it became again part of Poland after World War II . In older documents, Brzeg was referred to as Civitas Altae Ripae , meaning 'city on

8750-456: The eastern Oława County . The Ryczyn gords became the main line of defence for the Silesians , namely to protect the river trade routes along the Oder river and the land trade route between Ryczyn (the locality's administrative centre, home to a castellan ) and Brzeg (being some 10 kilometres (6.2 mi) in length). The importance of the Ryczyn gords is demonstrated by Henry V of the Holy Roman Empire 's army halting their advancement before

8875-411: The emblem of Heinrich of Reichenbach the town also got its coat of arms. While in power, Henry III, granted the town (by a singular payment) the forest around the locality of Lubsza . His successor, Henryk IV the Righteous regulated the town's church affairs, as well as renouncing his patronage over St. Mary's Church ( Kościół Św. Marii Panny ), located west of the town's western boundary. The church

9000-552: The enclosures also suggest grain and meat storage. The Neolithic 2 (PPNB) began around 8800 BC according to the ASPRO chronology in the Levant ( Jericho , West Bank). As with the PPNA dates, there are two versions from the same laboratories noted above. This system of terminology, however, is not convenient for southeast Anatolia and settlements of the middle Anatolia basin. A settlement of 3,000 inhabitants called 'Ain Ghazal

9125-576: The end of World War II , on 6 February 1945, the Soviet army captured Brzeg, which resulted in moderate destruction of the town's buildings and infrastructure. After Germany's defeat in the war, Brzeg became part of Poland. Since 1950 the reconstructed town has been a part of the Opole Voivodeship . As the town was situated on the commercial route to Wrocław , in which a colony of Jews had long resided, Jews settled there about 1324. The Jewish community of Brzeg had its separate place of worship from early times. In 1358 Jews lent money to local noblemen and

9250-502: The end of World War I the garrison barracks at Brieg remained for some years after without a stationed military regiment. The Imperial German Army Air Arm ( Luftstreitkräfte ) military aerodrome ( Fliegerhorst ) found in nearby Grüningen was furthermore dismantled and destroyed as part of the Treaty of Versailles . It was not until 4 August 1930 that the 5th Squadron of Cavalry Regiment No. 8 ( 5. Schwadron Reiterregiments Nr. 8 ) of

9375-551: The existence of the Lusatian culture of the late Bronze Age and the early Iron Age . The culture settled in the region and in large continued to develop agriculture and the domestication of farm animals . The natural economy of the culture was based on weaving, pottery and metal works . The Lusatian culture's populace that inhabited the Brzeg Lands was identified by archaeological excavations, revealing 17 individual localities, including 3 hamlets and 8 burial sites, namely

9500-613: The extinction of the last duke George William of Legnica in 1675, Brieg came under the direct rule of the Habsburgs. In 1537 Duke Frederick II of Legnica concluded a treaty with Elector Joachim II of Brandenburg , whereby the Hohenzollerns of Brandenburg would inherit the duchy upon the extinction of the Silesian Piasts . On the death of George William the last duke in 1675, however, Austria refused to acknowledge

9625-501: The fall of the town to the Soviets the remaining German population were later expelled in accordance with the Potsdam Agreement . The town, under the historic Polish name Brzeg became again part of Poland and was repopulated by Poles whom Soviets expelled from the eastern part of interwar Poland . From the late 19th century the then German town of Brieg had expanded into a traditional military garrison town, from 1897 until 1919 it

9750-575: The first cultivated crop and mark the invention of the technology of farming. This occurred centuries before the first cultivation of grains. Settlements became more permanent, with circular houses, much like those of the Natufians, with single rooms. However, these houses were for the first time made of mudbrick . The settlement had a surrounding stone wall and perhaps a stone tower (as in Jericho). The wall served as protection from nearby groups, as protection from floods, or to keep animals penned. Some of

9875-557: The first form of African food production was mobile pastoralism , or ways of life centered on the herding and management of livestock. The term "Pastoral Neolithic" is used most often by archaeologists to describe early pastoralist periods in the Sahara , as well as in eastern Africa . The Savanna Pastoral Neolithic or SPN (formerly known as the Stone Bowl Culture ) is a collection of ancient societies that appeared in

10000-691: The founder of the church may have been Bolesław I the Tall or Henry the Bearded . Around the peripheries of the settlement was the location of several hospital buildings. Towards the route to Wrocław in the town's west was the location of the Hospital of the Holy Ghost ( Świętego Ducha ), used both to cure the town's dwellers and as an inn for travellers along the Wrocław- Opole route the town of Brzeg

10125-512: The gathering of wild plants" and suggests that these subsistence changes were not due to farmers migrating from the Near East but was an indigenous development, with cereals either indigenous or obtained through exchange. Other scholars argue that the primary stimulus for agriculture and domesticated animals (as well as mud-brick architecture and other Neolithic cultural features) in Egypt was from

10250-588: The gords in 1109. Between the ninth and early-tenth century, the Brzeg Lands, together with all of Silesia , were part of Great Moravia until its demise in AD 906, after which, until 990 the region was under the rule of the Premyslids . Around 990, Silesia was incorporated into Mieszko I 's Poland . During the Fragmentation of Poland (1138 – c.  1314 ), the area of the Brzeg Lands, along with

10375-463: The high banks' of the Oder River; its name is derived from Polish brzeg 'shore'. Konstanty Damrot  [ pl ] (1841–1895), in his book of the etymology of Silesian localities, states that in a Latin document from 1234 the settlement's name was Visoke breg ( Polish : Wysokibrzeg , German : Wissokembreghe ; literally 'high bank'). A native or resident of Brzeg is known as

10500-625: The interior of the synagogue was completely demolished and the Torah scrolls publicly burned; numerous shops were ransacked. During World War II, from 1940 to 1944, the Germans operated a forced labour camp for Jewish men in the town. The community was not reestablished after the Holocaust . The shape of the town, including its neighbouring osiedla , is comparable to that of a deformed rectangle , elongated 3.54 kilometres (2.20 miles) north-south and 4.10 kilometres (2.55 miles) west-east. The area of

10625-520: The locality. The locality was first settled by Silesian tribes and in later history, until 1675, by the Piast duchies of Duchy of Brzeg , Legnica and Wołów, united under the Duchy of Legnica-Wołów-Brzeg. Presently, the region is spotted with numerous towns, including Brzeg, Grodków and Strzelin , as well as villages, with agriculture providing the major source of income. The development of agriculture

10750-598: The lot of the other Silesian Jews. They carried on insignificant trade operations as a rule. The conquest of Silesia by Frederick the Great brought but slight change in their condition. A synagogue was built in Brieg in 1799, and a rabbi was first appointed in 1816. The Jewish population numbered 156 in 1785; 376 in 1843; 282 in 1913; 255 in 1933; and 123 in 1939. In the Kristallnacht pogroms of 1938 under Nazi Germany

10875-400: The lowest number of foreign tourists in the Opole Voivodeship , with some 95% being national tourists. Per 1000 of the population, there are 1.60–3.89 available accommodations, which is behind nine of the eleven regional capitals (being at level with Kędzierzyn-Koźle ) in the Opole Voivodeship , including Opole , with 3.90–5.89 tourist accommodations per 1000 of the population. Brzeg has

11000-525: The main administrative role in the region. Between the late-twelfth and early-thirteen century, the Dukes of Wrocław set up a curia , led by a claviger. In 1235, Henry the Bearded occupied the area around Oława , by which Walloons had to turn over a tribute of 1 scale of grain and of oat to the settlement of Brzeg, suggesting the existence of a granary and other outbuildings in the curia's established headquarters. Some two hundred m south-west from

11125-731: The municipal school, led to the two being split again in 1534. The town continued to flourish under the reign of Duke George II . George II maintained close contacts with the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth and its nobility , and rebuilt the Ducal Castle in Renaissance style, built the Renaissance town hall, established a new mausoleum of the Piast dukes and built a new gymnasium, opened in 1569. The libraries of

11250-551: The next 1,500 years. Populations began to rise after 3500 BC, with further dips and rises occurring between 3000 and 2500 BC but varying in date between regions. Around this time is the Neolithic decline , when populations collapsed across most of Europe, possibly caused by climatic conditions, plague, or mass migration. Settled life, encompassing the transition from foraging to farming and pastoralism, began in South Asia in

11375-500: The next two thousand years, but in some parts of Northwest Europe it is much later, lasting just under 3,000 years from c. 4500 BC–1700 BC. Recent advances in archaeogenetics have confirmed that the spread of agriculture from the Middle East to Europe was strongly correlated with the migration of early farmers from Anatolia about 9,000 years ago, and was not just a cultural exchange. Anthropomorphic figurines have been found in

11500-479: The old schools were merged into the newly named Piast Library. The gymnasium became popular among Polish nobility, whose children were often educated there. Among the graduates were Polish Royal secretary and poet Joachim Bielski  [ pl ] and reformer Samuel Hartlib , co-founder of the Royal Society of London. In 1595 Brzeg was again fortified by Joachim Frederick of Brzeg and Legnica . In

11625-536: The preceding period. The Formative stage is equivalent to the Neolithic Revolution period in Europe, Asia, and Africa. In the southwestern United States it occurred from 500 to 1200 AD when there was a dramatic increase in population and development of large villages supported by agriculture based on dryland farming of corn (maize), and later, beans, squash, and domesticated turkeys. During this period

11750-454: The predominant way of life, the sensitivity to these shortages could be particularly acute, affecting agrarian populations to an extent that otherwise may not have been routinely experienced by prior hunter-gatherer communities. Nevertheless, agrarian communities generally proved successful, and their growth and the expansion of territory under cultivation continued. Another significant change undergone by many of these newly agrarian communities

11875-417: The previous megalithic temples. It is presumed the population arrived from Sicily because of the similarity of Maltese dolmens to some small constructions found there. With some exceptions, population levels rose rapidly at the beginning of the Neolithic until they reached the carrying capacity . This was followed by a population crash of "enormous magnitude" after 5000 BC, with levels remaining low during

12000-496: The previous reliance on an essentially nomadic hunter-gatherer subsistence technique or pastoral transhumance was at first supplemented, and then increasingly replaced by, a reliance upon the foods produced from cultivated lands. These developments are also believed to have greatly encouraged the growth of settlements, since it may be supposed that the increased need to spend more time and labor in tending crop fields required more localized dwellings. This trend would continue into

12125-422: The region of Balochistan , Pakistan, around 7,000 BC. At the site of Mehrgarh , Balochistan, presence can be documented of the domestication of wheat and barley, rapidly followed by that of goats, sheep, and cattle. In April 2006, it was announced in the scientific journal Nature that the oldest (and first Early Neolithic ) evidence for the drilling of teeth in vivo (using bow drills and flint tips)

12250-406: The regional capital of Brzeg County ( Powiat Brzeski ), is located in the west of the Opole Voivodeship , in the south-east of Poland. The settlement is located in the valley of the Oder , located between Opole 38.5 km to its east and Wrocław , 40.7 kilometres (25.3 miles) to its north-west. The town has a predominantly flat relief (in comparison to the river scarp on the eastern bank of

12375-418: The residents came in phases: education, communal work, marriages and the provision of material goods and items left behind by the former populace. By 1975, 37.9% of the population of Brzeg had settled in the town after 1960. Breakdown of population origin of Brzeg in 1950 : Breakdown of migrant population origin of Brzeg in 1950 : Population change : Brzeg is the centre for industry and production in

12500-729: The rest of Silesia, came under the control of King of Poland , Bolesław III Wrymouth 's oldest son, Władysław II the Exile . The most favourable area for the settlement of Brzeg is located between the Castle Square ( Plac Zamkowy ), with elevated ground extending south-east towards the Square of the American Polonia ( Plac Polonii Amerykańskiej ). Before the town's foundation, three separate settlements existed in its modern-day territory, with "Wysoki Brzeg" ( Alta ripa ) bearing

12625-692: The rise of metallurgy, and most Neolithic societies on the whole were relatively simple and egalitarian. Beyond Eurasia, however, states were formed during the local Neolithic in three areas, namely in the Preceramic Andes with the Caral-Supe Civilization , Formative Mesoamerica and Ancient Hawaiʻi . However, most Neolithic societies were noticeably more hierarchical than the Upper Paleolithic cultures that preceded them and hunter-gatherer cultures in general. The domestication of large animals (c. 8000 BC) resulted in

12750-542: The river). The River Oder, at low water levels (predominantly between June and early September) forms eyots north of Jerzynowa, Kępa and Srebrna Islands. The locality is located in the Brzeg Plain ( Rownina Brzeska ), part of the Silesian Lowlands . The Brzeg Plain's boundaries are outlined by the Oder river to its north, the Nysa Kłodzka Valley to its south-east, the hillocks of Grodków Hills and

12875-771: The roof, with ladders positioned both on the inside and outside of the houses. Stilt-house settlements were common in the Alpine and Pianura Padana ( Terramare ) region. Remains have been found in the Ljubljana Marsh in Slovenia and at the Mondsee and Attersee lakes in Upper Austria , for example. A significant and far-reaching shift in human subsistence and lifestyle was to be brought about in areas where crop farming and cultivation were first developed:

13000-529: The task of protecting the Ducal Castle along the riverside. By the turn of the thirteenth century, the defenceless populace living in the pastures of the Brzeg Plain began to relocate into the fortified Visoke breg , building up a new osiedle around the present-day streets of: Łokietka , Piastowska and Trzech Kotwic (extending south-east). The osiedle was documented as Stary Brzeg ( Antiqua Brega ; Alt Brieg ), to be renamed Wieś Brzeska: Brygischedorf (c. 1329) and villa Bregensis in c. 1339. To

13125-451: The title Brieg . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Brieg&oldid=581762783 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Brzeg The town of Brzeg

13250-518: The town in 1950), and CIK car accessories plant. All three industries are located between Ciepłownicza Street ( ul. Ciepłownicza ) and Składowa Street ( ul. Składowa ). Brzeg is also home to one of the largest confectionery companies in Poland , PWC Odra S.A. (founded in 1946). Presently, the firm is part of the joint-stock company Otmuchów Group . The production plant is located by Starobrzeska Street ( ul. Starobrzeska ). As of 2015 , Brzeg had

13375-478: The town, including the village of Rataje, which was incorporated into Brzeg on January 1, 1973, is some 16 km (6.2 sq mi). In comparison to Opole, with a total area of 48 km (19 sq mi); Nysa 's 29 km (11 sq mi) and Kędzierzyn-Koźle 's 23 km (8.9 sq mi); Brzeg is ranked fourth in the Opole Voivodeship by both population and area. Brzeg, as

13500-536: The validity of the treaty and annexed the duchies and Frederick the Great of the Kingdom of Prussia used this treaty to justify his claim at the invasion of Silesia during the War of the Austrian Succession in 1740. Brieg and most of Silesia were annexed by Prussia in 1741 during the First Silesian War . In 1807 the town's fortifications were pulled down by Napoleon's army. The Prussian Province of Silesia , and thus Brieg, consequently became part of

13625-580: The vicinity, and may be the oldest known human-made place of worship. At least seven stone circles, covering 25 acres (10 ha), contain limestone pillars carved with animals, insects, and birds. Stone tools were used by perhaps as many as hundreds of people to create the pillars, which might have supported roofs. Other early PPNA sites dating to around 9500–9000 BC have been found in Palestine , notably in Tell es-Sultan (ancient Jericho ) and Gilgal in

13750-462: The war, 60% of Brieg was destroyed and many of the town's inhabitants died during the severe winter of 1944–5 as they fled from the advancing Red Army . The war had brought the most severe destruction to the town in its entire history. Some of the town's population was evacuated by the German Army who moved its population further west inside Germany for safety and declared Brieg a fortress. After

13875-488: The west of the fortified centre of Brzeg, the settlement of Rataje (a separate village until 1975) as the former village's etymology suggests, centered around the upkeep of the ducal pastures. The town received German town law in 1250 from the Wrocław Duke Henry III the White . The foundation was carried out by the three lokators, Gerkinus of Złotoryja , Ortlif and Heinrich of Reichenbach ( Dzierżoniów ). From

14000-478: The world, such as Africa , South Asia and Southeast Asia , independent domestication events led to their own regionally distinctive Neolithic cultures, which arose completely independently of those in Europe and Southwest Asia . Early Japanese societies and other East Asian cultures used pottery before developing agriculture. In the Middle East , cultures identified as Neolithic began appearing in

14125-531: Was a lateral formation, extending northerly from the former Sudetes Wildland to the southern foothills of the Sudetes Mountains. The clearing's characteristics set it as a point for defence in the Lower Silesia region, lined with barrages made out of cut down woodland. The Brzeg Plain was settled due to its fertile soil , allowing for the earliest forms of agriculture to develop in

14250-419: Was adopted in site by these hunter-gatherers and not spread by demic diffusion into the region. The Neolithic 1 (PPNA) period began around 10,000 BC in the Levant . A temple area in southeastern Turkey at Göbekli Tepe , dated to around 9500 BC, may be regarded as the beginning of the period. This site was developed by nomadic hunter-gatherer tribes, as evidenced by the lack of permanent housing in

14375-601: Was characteristic of the establishment of gord settlements, towns and the continued development of trade and crafts . It is believed the permanent populace around modern-day Brzeg was set up by Silesian tribes . The first mention of the Silesian tribes is made in the mid-ninth-century document known as the Bavarian Geographer ( Latin : Geographus Bavarus ), which included the Silesian gord of Ryczyn, located 8.3 kilometres (5.2 mi) north-west of Brzeg, in

14500-572: Was coined by Sir John Lubbock in 1865 as a refinement of the three-age system . The Neolithic began about 12,000 years ago, when farming appeared in the Epipalaeolithic Near East and Mesopotamia , and later in other parts of the world. It lasted in the Near East until the transitional period of the Chalcolithic (Copper Age) from about 6,500 years ago (4500 BC), marked by the development of metallurgy , leading up to

14625-416: Was first mentioned as a trading and fishing settlement within fragmented Piast -ruled Poland in 1234. In 1248, Silesian Duke Henry III the White granted the settlement Magdeburg town rights and by the late 13th century the city became fortified. Sometimes referred to as "the garden town", the town's size greatly expanded after the construction of dwelling houses which were located on the city outskirts. From

14750-869: Was found in Mehrgarh. In South India, the Neolithic began by 6500 BC and lasted until around 1400 BC when the Megalithic transition period began. South Indian Neolithic is characterized by Ash mounds from 2500 BC in Karnataka region, expanded later to Tamil Nadu . In East Asia, the earliest sites include the Nanzhuangtou culture around 9500–9000 BC, Pengtoushan culture around 7500–6100 BC, and Peiligang culture around 7000–5000 BC. The prehistoric Beifudi site near Yixian in Hebei Province, China, contains relics of

14875-409: Was found in the outskirts of Amman , Jordan . Considered to be one of the largest prehistoric settlements in the Near East , it was continuously inhabited from approximately 7250 BC to approximately 5000 BC. Settlements have rectangular mud-brick houses where the family lived together in single or multiple rooms. Burial findings suggest an ancestor cult where people preserved skulls of

15000-563: Was granted to the Order of Saint John , subsequently founding the Church of St. Nicholas in 1292. The town was fortified in 1297. From 1311 to 1675 Brzeg was the capital of a Lower Silesian duchy ( Duchy of Brzeg ) ruled by a local line of the Polish Piast dynasty , one of whom built a castle in 1341. The Duchy became a fief of the Kingdom of Bohemia in 1329. The town was burned by

15125-455: Was ground into flour. Emmer wheat was domesticated, and animals were herded and domesticated ( animal husbandry and selective breeding ). In 2006, remains of figs were discovered in a house in Jericho dated to 9400 BC. The figs are of a mutant variety that cannot be pollinated by insects, and therefore the trees can only reproduce from cuttings. This evidence suggests that figs were

15250-431: Was limited to a narrow range of plants, both wild and domesticated, which included einkorn wheat , millet and spelt , and the keeping of dogs . By about 8000 BC, it included domesticated sheep and goats , cattle and pigs . Not all of these cultural elements characteristic of the Neolithic appeared everywhere in the same order: the earliest farming societies in the Near East did not use pottery. In other parts of

15375-586: Was located in the middle of, with an average walking distance between each town taking one day. The area around the Holy Ghost Hospital, present-day Moniuszko Square ( Plac Moniuszki ), was the location of a major market, positioned by the cross roads of the Wrocław – Nysa route, east of the Wrocławska Gate. By the end of the thirteenth century, the Duke of Brzeg possessed 10 shambles . The market

15500-402: Was one of diet . Pre-agrarian diets varied by region, season, available local plant and animal resources and degree of pastoralism and hunting. Post-agrarian diet was restricted to a limited package of successfully cultivated cereal grains, plants and to a variable extent domesticated animals and animal products. Supplementation of diet by hunting and gathering was to variable degrees precluded by

15625-759: Was the home town base to Infantry Regiment No. 157 designated from 1902 the 4th Silesian Infantry Regiment No. 157 ( 4. Schlesisches Infanterie-Regiment Nr. 157 ) of the Royal Prussian Army and respectively the Imperial German Army . In 1914 under the regiment's last peacetime commander Lieutenant General Paul Tiede the regiment began mobilizing for the Western Front at the outbreak of World War I as part of VI Army Corps ( VI. Armee-Korps ), 12th Division ( 12. Division ), 78th Infantry Brigade ( 78. Infanterie-Brigade ). At

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