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27-584: Brioude ( French pronunciation: [bʁijud] ; Auvergnat : Briude ) is a commune in the Haute-Loire department in the Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region in south-central France . It lies on the banks of the river Allier , a tributary of the Loire . At Brioude, the ancient Brivas , its martyrs in the 4th century, Julien and Ferréol, became its patron saints; according to

54-423: A planh (lament) for her, "De totz caitius sui eu aicel que plus". Some scholars argue that this planh was in fact written for Alazais de Boissazo, who died before 1220, and others have erroneously equated Azalais with the lady known only as Sail-de-Claustra in the poems of Peirol . Pons was exiled from his homeland in the middle of the 1210s and travelled "through Provence " ( per Proensa ) in order to join

81-416: A rank equivalent to bishop: Odilo's biographer reports that he fled. For some time after 1361 the town was the headquarters of Bérenger, lord of Castelnau, who was at the head of one of the bands of military adventurers which then devastated France. The knights (or canons, as they afterwards became) of St. Julian bore the title of counts of Brioude and for a long time opposed themselves to the civic liberties of

108-456: A song), and Peirol. Gui de Cavaillon and Ricau de Tarascon invoke Pons and Audiart as judges of their tenso , composed after 1210, and Elias de Barjols also mentions Pons. Pons is also mentioned by Gervase of Tilbury in his Otia Imperialia , where he is explained to have been the lord of the werewolf Raimbaud de Pouget, whose disinheritance by Pons led to his transformation and subsequent violent rampage. Of all Pons's works, with

135-599: Is above all a local historiographical creation. According to linguist Jean Roux, "It is by simplification that we use this term, because in no case Auvergnat can be considered as an autonomous linguistic entity". With around 80,000 speakers in the Auvergne region at the beginning of the 21st century, it is considered to be severely endangered . Auvergnat falls under the following categories and subcategories: Indo-European, Italic, Romance, Italo-Western, Gallo-Iberian, Gallo-Romance, Occitan. Several troubadours were from

162-418: Is an independent language, distinct from Occitan, has found little resonance with linguists, especially Romance linguists. It is strongly defended by those who espouse the norme bonnaudienne a standardization of Auvergnat. An understanding of the vitality and overall usage of Auvergnat can be garnered from a survey carried out in 2006 in the Auvergne region. The largest group of the two languages spoken in

189-556: Is generally defined. A Northwestern Auvergnat may be defined as well by 5 and 6. The Northeastern (East of 5 and 6, North of 9) has, according to Bonnaud, a stronger influence from French phonetics (a bit like Marchois). Auvergnat is most often categorized in the Northern Occitan dialect group, along with Limousin and Vivaro-Alpine . There are two primary distinctions in Auvergnat: The suggestion that Auvergnat

216-612: Is strong (41%) and is stronger still with the 35 and under demographic (58%). 71% of the region's inhabitants are favorable to the idea of maintaining the regional language and culture, with a stronger result in the 35-and-unders (76%). To achieve this desire, different institutions are expected to play a role (in percentage of those surveyed): The following are authors who have published in Auvergnat: Poets using Auvergnat: Songwriters using Auvergnat: Pons de Capduelh Pons de Capduelh ( fl. 1160–1220 or 1190–1237 )

243-551: The Chronicle of Moissac , Euric of Toulouse had the basilica built, in the fourteenth year of his reign (c. 480): it was wondrously decorated with columns. The emperor Avitus (acclaimed at Toulouse, died 456) had already been buried at the shrine of Julian at Brivas (Brioude), according to Gregory of Tours . Euric's basilica may have served to venerate both the saint and the Visigothic candidate for Roman Emperor. Brioude

270-562: The Fifth Crusade around 1220. According to the untrustworthy Jean de Nostredame , he died after participating in the conquest of Jerusalem , in 1227. Older scholars, such as Friedrich Christian Diez and Max von Napolski, believed that Pons died on the Third Crusade in 1189, but this is conclusively disproven. The parents of Pons are unknown, but he was of the family of the lords of Fay and had six children identifiable in

297-462: The diocese of Le Puy , and while Guillem was "generous with money" ( larcs donaire d'aver ), Pons was very stingy ( fort escars d'aver ). He reportedly loved Azalais, daughter of Bernard VII of Anduze and wife of Oisil de Mercoeur (or Mercuor). (Bernard of Anduze was a patron of many troubadours.) The vida states that "[Pons] loved [Azalais] dearly and praised her and made many good songs about her; and as long as he lived, he loved no other, and when

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324-405: The Auvergne region is referred to as patois (78% of the population) compared with other regional terms, with certain cultural identities emerging, such as auvergnat (10%), occitan (8%), bourbonnais (5%) or langue d'oc (4%). The regional language, whether Occitan (in the whole of the Auvergne region) or Oïl (the north of Allier), represents a strong presence in the region: A large part of

351-573: The Auvergne, including Castelloza , Dalfi d'Alvernhe , the Monje de Montaudon , the Vesques de Clarmon , Peire d'Alvernhe , Peire Rogier and Pons de Capduelh . They did not, however, compose in the Auvergnat dialect, but in the standard literary register of Old Occitan . Official documents in Auvergnat become common around 1340 and continue to be found down to 1540, when the transition to French

378-455: The bishop. In 1211, Pons and Jarentone, with their three sons, three daughters and three sons-in-law, sold Vertaizon to the bishop for 7,650 marks , of which 7,000 were to be retained by the bishop as compensation for his unlawful imprisonment. Pons's sons were Jourdain, Pierre de Fay and Jarenton. Pons was probably acquainted with the trobairitz Clara d'Anduza and the troubadours Dalfi d'Alvernha , Folquet de Marselha (whom he praised in

405-417: The definition boundaries allow defining an internal variation. The most traditional one between Lower or Northern Auvergnat and Upper or Southern Auvergnat is the mutation of s before [k], [p], and [t] (line 9). Lower Auvergnat, defined by Teulat, is the light green area labelled 1 on the map. Upper Auvergnat, defined by Teulat, is the light brown-yellow area labelled 2 on the map. A broader area (light yellow)

432-506: The inhabitants. The Franks Casket is believed to have been looted from St. Julian of Brioude church during the French Revolution The Almanach de Brioude published annually from 1919 has included many articles of local and broader interest. Auvergnat Currently, research shows that there is not really a true Auvergnat dialect but rather a vast northern Occitan linguistic area. The word "Auvergnat"

459-417: The lady died, he took the cross and went over the sea and died there." According to the razo that follows the vida in some manuscripts, Pons, to test Azalais's love for him, began loving another woman, Audiart, wife of Roselin, lord of Marseille . The rift between them was only healed by the intervention of Maria de Ventadorn and the viscountess of Aubusson . After Azalais's death in 1237, Pons wrote

486-399: The language of the upper classes, but it remained the language of rural communities. The effective borders of Auvergnat do not completely coincide with those of the current Region of Auvergne or the historical region of Auvergne but can be described as follows: There are strong oppositions between Pierre Bonnaud (for whom the Auvergnat is a language of its own, see the light orange line on

513-464: The map – note it is including the easternmost part of the Marchois dialect) and for instance Roger Teulat. Light blue area labelled fr is for French-Langue d'Oïl. Light purple area labelled frp is for Francoprovençal. These are not characteristic of Auvergnat as a whole but allow for defining a boundary: Note that most Occitanists use rather 7 than 8 to define the southern boundary. Note some of

540-509: The population that understands or speaks even a little or, moreover, fluently, neither know how to write nor read in that language. Language learning is found to be essential within the home, according to the survey, (grandparents noted as 61%, or other family members at 50%) with a very weak result from the schools (10%). Herein is found the problem of language-transmission when dependent upon State sponsorship. 40% of adults who did not teach their language to their children report regretting it at

567-409: The possible exception of the planh , only his two crusade songs can be dated with confidence to around 1213. "So qu'om plus vol e plus es voluntos" was written after the battle of Las Navas de Tolosa (16 July 1212) and before the battle of Muret (12 September 1213), since it was dedicated to Peter II of Aragon , who died there. The crusade song "En honor del pair'en cui es", which has the form of

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594-450: The records. Pons is probably to be identified with the "Pontius de Capitolio" who appears in documents between 1189 and 1220. Before 1196, Pontius married a woman named Jarentone who brought him the castle of Vertaizon , a fief of the bishop of Clermont , as a dowry. In 1199, Pons imprisoned Bishop Robert of Clermont . In 1205, responding to an inquiry begun by Pope Innocent III , King Philip II forced Jarentone to hand over Vertaizon to

621-475: The saint's relics that in the mid-11th century the chapter was obliged to build a hostel to care for the indigent pilgrim and the sick. In 1181 Eracle III, viscount of Polignac , who had sacked the town two years previously, made public apology in front of the church and established a body of 25 knights to defend the relics of St Julian. Odilo , later the reforming abbot of Cluny , began his vocation at St. Julian of Brioude, where 54 canons, all of noble birth, held

648-428: The time of the survey. This feeling is reported more strongly among the 35 or less demographic, at 58%. The desire to learn the local language is reported strongly, with increasing representation among the young, reported at 23%. According to the survey the desire to incorporate local language learning in schools is as follows: Haute-Loire (53%), Puy-de-Dôme (51%) et Cantal (74%). The desire to teach to their own children

675-521: Was a troubadour from the Auvergne , probably from Chapteuil . His songs were known for their great gaiety. He was a popular poet and 27 of his songs are preserved, some in as many as 15 manuscripts. Four of his cansos survive with musical notation. There survives a vida , or short biography, of Pons written by a contemporary and fellow troubadour, Uc de Saint Circ . According to Uc, Pons and troubadour Guillem de Saint Leidier were both from

702-586: Was complete. The high point for the use of Auvergnat as an official language was between 1380 and 1480. There is a passion play , Passion d'Auvergne , first performed in Montferrand in 1477, that is written mainly in French but which contains an Auvergnat section of 66 lines. Auvergnat had been replaced by French in official usage in the Montferrand already in 1388. French had also supplanted Auvergnat as

729-782: Was taken by the Franks , then in turn besieged and captured by the Goths (532), the Burgundians , the Saracens (732) and the Normans . Carolingian Brioude remained a place of some importance: William I of Aquitaine minted deniers at Brioude. When Louis V of France married Adelaide of Anjou there in 980 they were crowned King and Queen of Aquitaine; the couple was mismatched in age, and Adelaide fled Louis' house in 982, to Arles . The feast of Saint Julian, 28 August, drew such crowds to

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