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97-443: The Herald Courier is in what the media industry calls a converged newsroom, meaning its online ( heraldcourier.com ) print ( Herald Courier ) and broadcast ( WJHL-Johnson City ) operations work together closely. Herald Courier reporters are trained to occasionally deliver webcasts of Bristol news, conduct TV "talk-backs" with WJHL and gather audio for daily stories. News Channel 11 reporters often have bylined stories that appear in

194-424: A circulation of 16,500, investigated the problem from all angles, outlined solutions and educated the community. The impact is wide-ranging for taxpayers, hospitals, families and schools." "It not only reported what's happening but foreshadowed what the community could face in the future." Convergence in the media Concentration of media ownership , also known as media consolidation or media convergence ,

291-585: A decline in the percentage of state channels and a rise in national private and foreign public stations targeting the Arab region. The reduction of direct government ownership over the whole media sector is commonly registered as a positive trend, but this has paralleled by a growth in outlets with a sectarian agenda. In Africa , some private media outlets have maintained close ties to governments or individual politicians, while media houses owned by politically non-aligned individuals have struggled to survive, often in

388-565: A diverse mix of television, specialty television, and radio operations. Bell, Rogers, Shaw, and Quebecor also engage in the telecommunications industry with their ownership of internet providers, television providers, and mobile carriers, while Rogers is also involved in publishing. In 2007, CTVglobemedia, Rogers Media and Quebecor all expanded significantly through the acquisitions of CHUM Limited , CityTV and Osprey Media , respectively. In 2010, Canwest Global Communications , having filed for bankruptcy, sold its television assets to Shaw (through

485-547: A large shareholding in pay TV broadcaster Sky Media Limited in 1997. These two newspapers merged to form the Dominion Post in 2002, and in 2003, sold its entire print media division to Fairfax New Zealand . The remainder of the company officially merged with Sky Media Limited in 2005 to form Sky Network Television Limited. When INL ceased publishing the Auckland Star in 1991, The New Zealand Herald became

582-923: A more public service-oriented role. Its primary public-service outlet, TVNZ7 , ceased broadcasting in 2012 due to non-renewal of funding, and the youth-oriented TVNZ6 was rebranded as the short-lived commercial channel TVNZ U . In addition, the now-defunct TVNZ channels Kidzone and TVNZ Heartland ) were only available through Sky Network Television and not on the Freeview platform. Sky Network Television has had an effective monopoly on pay TV in New Zealand since its nearest rival Saturn Communications (later part of TelstraClear and now Vodafone New Zealand ) began wholesaling Sky content in 2002. However, in 2011, TelstraClear CEO Allan Freeth warned it would review its wholesale agreement with Sky unless it allowed TelstraClear to purchase non-Sky content. Canada has

679-504: A new subsidiary, Shaw Media ) and spun off its newspaper holdings into Postmedia Network , a new company founded by the National Post ' s CEO Paul Godfrey . Later that year, Bell also announced that it would acquire the remaining shares of CTVglobemedia (which was originally majority owned by Bell when it was formed in 2001; Bell had reduced its stake in the following years), forming Bell Media . Between 1990 and 2005 there were

776-653: A number of media corporate mergers and takeovers in Canada. For example, in 1990, 17.3% of daily newspapers were independently owned; whereas in 2005, 1% were. These changes, among others, caused the Senate Standing Committee on Transport and Communications to launch a study of Canadian news media in March 2003. (This topic had been examined twice in the past, by the Davey Commission (1970) and

873-499: A positive correlation by tallying the patents lodged by firms. This general observation was also shared by Aghion et al. in 2005. Schumpeter also failed to distinguish between the different technologies that contribute to innovation and did not properly define “ creative destruction ”. Petit and Teece (2021) argued that technological opportunities, a variable which Schumpeter and Arrow did not include during their time, would be included in this definition as it enables new entrants to make

970-533: A relatively large market, like the United Kingdom, France or Spain have more financial background to support diversity of output and have the ability to keep more media companies in the market (as they are there to make profit). More diverse output and fragmented ownership will support pluralism . In contrast, small markets like Ireland or Hungary suffer from the absence of the diversity of output given in countries with bigger markets. It means that "support for

1067-439: A result of the efficiency obtained in the course of being a large firm, which is more profitable in comparison to smaller firms and their lack of efficiency . There are game theoretic models of market interaction (e.g. among oligopolists ) that predict that an increase in market concentration will result in higher prices and lower consumer welfare even when collusion in the sense of cartelization (i.e. explicit collusion)

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1164-470: A sample of firms' market shares is believed to be random , rather than determined by the firms' inherent characteristics. Any criterion that can be used to compare or rank distributions (e.g. probability distribution , frequency distribution or size distribution ) can be used as a market concentration criterion. Examples are stochastic dominance and Gini coefficient . The Herfindahl–Hirschman Index (HHI) (the most commonly used market concentration)

1261-411: A small margin". Commercial radio stations are largely divided up between MediaWorks New Zealand and NZME. MediaWorks' TV division, which includes TV3 and C4 (now The Edge TV ), were purchased by Discovery Networks in 2020. Television New Zealand , although 100% state-owned, has been run on an almost entirely commercial basis since the late 1980s, in spite of previous attempts to steer it towards

1358-425: A wide range of critical thought. The concentration of media ownership is commonly regarded as one of the crucial aspects reducing media pluralism. A high concentration of the media market increases the chances to reduce the plurality of political, cultural and social points of views. Even if ownership of the media is one of the main concerns when it comes to assessing media pluralism , the concept of media pluralism

1455-476: A “breakthrough” into the industry. Research presented by Aghion et al. (2005) suggested an inverted U-shape model that represents the relationship between market concentration and innovation. Delbono and Lambertini modelled empirical evidence onto a graph and found that the pattern demonstrated by the data supported the existence of a U-shaped relationship between these two variables. Regulation of market concentration The existence of economic regulations like

1552-689: Is a criterion that can be used to rank order various distributions of firms ' shares of the total production (alternatively, total capacity or total reserves) in a market . The 2020 Australian Telecommunications firms market share: an example of a highly concentrated market with an estimated HHI of 3034. There are various factors that affect the concentration of specific markets which include; barriers to entry (high start-up costs, high economies of scale , brand loyalty ), industry size and age, product differentiation and current advertising levels. There are also firm specific factors affecting market concentration, including: research and development levels, and

1649-469: Is a process wherein fewer individuals or organizations control shares of the mass media . Research in the 1990s and early 2000s suggested then-increasing levels of consolidation, with many media industries already highly concentrated where a few companies own much of the market . However, since the proliferation of the Internet , smaller and more diverse new media companies maintain a larger share of

1746-423: Is absent. Examples are Cournot oligopoly , and Bertrand oligopoly for differentiated products . Bain's (1956) original concern with market concentration was based on an intuitive relationship between high concentration and collusion which led to Bain's finding that firms in concentrated markets should be earning supra-competitive profits . Collins and Preston (1969) shared a similar view to Bain with focus on

1843-532: Is added portion of market attentiveness. It is derived by adding the squares of all the market participants market shares. A higher HHI indicates a higher level of market concentration. A market concentration level of less than 1000 is typically seen as low, whilst one of more than 1500 is regarded as excessive . H = ∑ i = 1 N s i 2 {\displaystyle H=\sum _{i=1}^{N}s_{i}^{2}} Where s i {\displaystyle s_{i}}

1940-573: Is also at stake when media mergers occur. Net neutrality involves a lack of restrictions on content on the internet, however, with big businesses supporting campaigns financially they tend to have influence over political issues, which can translate into their mediums. These big businesses, that also have control over internet usage or the airwaves, could possibly make the content available biased from their political stand point, or they could restrict usage for conflicting political views, therefore eliminating net neutrality. Concentration of media ownership

2037-402: Is an integral part of the role of editors provided that this line is transparent and explicit to both the staff and audience. "Within any free market economy, the level of resources available for the provision of media will be constrained principally by the size and wealth of that economy, and the propensity of its inhabitants to consume media." [Gillian Doyle; 2002:15] Those countries that have

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2134-400: Is broader as it touches many aspects, from merger control rules to editorial freedom, the status of public service broadcasters, the working conditions of journalists, the relationship between media and politics, representation of local and regional communities and the inclusion of minorities' voices. Also, it embraces all measures guaranteeing citizens' access to diversified sources so to allow

2231-470: Is caused by a shift to neoliberal deregulation policies, which is a market-driven approach. Deregulation effectively removes governmental barriers to allow for the commercial exploitation of media. Motivation for media firms to merge includes increased profit-margins, reduced risk and maintaining a competitive edge. In contrast to this, those who support deregulation have argued that cultural trade barriers and regulations harm consumers and domestic support in

2328-663: Is encouraged and that a diversity of news and information programming is available through these services. Public inquires into the concentration of ownership and its impact upon democracy. The Canadian regulatory framework imposes requirements upon the protection and enhancement of Canadian culture (through regulation, subsidies and the operation of the CBC). Increasing acceptance of media/news as commercial enterprise in 1990s driven by: hegemony of new-liberalism, role of commodified information technology in economic growth, commitment to private sector "champions" of Canadian culture. In Brazil,

2425-475: Is held by a small number of businesses. To ascertain whether an industry is competitive or not, it is employed in antitrust law and economic regulation. When market concentration is high, it indicates that a few firms dominate the market and oligopoly or monopolistic competition is likely to exist. In most cases, high market concentration produces undesirable consequences such as reduced competition and higher prices. The market concentration ratio measures

2522-408: Is important for firms when deciding their marketing strategy. As well, empirical evidence shows that there exists an inverse relationship between market concentration and efficiency, such that firms display an increase in efficiency when their relevant market concentration decreases. The above positions of Bain (1956) as well as Collins and Preston (1969) are not only supportive of collusion but also of

2619-445: Is important in determining firm market power in setting prices and quantities. Market concentration is affected through various forces, including barriers to entry and existing competition. Market concentration ratios also allows users to more accurately determine the type of market structure they are observing, from a perfect competitive , to a monopolistic , monopoly or oligopolistic market structure. Market concentration

2716-539: Is one of two government-administered channels, the other being Special Broadcasting Service (SBS). In late 2011, the Finkelstein Inquiry into media regulation was launched, and reported its findings back to the federal government in early 2012. Independent Newspapers Limited (INL) formerly published the Wellington -based newspapers The Dominion and The Evening Post , in addition to purchasing

2813-414: Is related to industrial concentration, which concerns the distribution of production within an industry , as opposed to a market. In industrial organization , market concentration may be used as a measure of competition , theorized to be positively related to the rate of profit in the industry, for example in the work of Joe S. Bain . An alternative economic interpretation is that market concentration

2910-423: Is the market share of firm i, conventionally expressed as a percentage, and N is the number of firms in the relevant market. If market shares are expressed as decimals, an HHI of 0 represents a perfectly competitive industry while an HHI index of 1 represents a monopolised industry. Regardless whether the decimal or percentage HHI is used, a higher HHI indicates higher concentration within a market. Section 1 of

3007-484: Is unlikely to contest any horizontal integration , which post merger HHI is under 2000 (except in special circumstances). Modern examples of market concentration being utilised to protect consumer welfare include: The relationship between market concentration and profitability can be divided into two arguments: greater market concentration increases the likelihood of collusion between firms which, resulting in higher pricing. In contrast, market concentration occurs as

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3104-567: Is usually between 3 and 5. Since the introduction of the Sherman Antitrust Act of 1890 , in response to growing monopolies and anti-competitive firms in the 1880s, antitrust agencies regularly use market concentration as an important metric to evaluate potential violations of competition laws . Since the passing of the act, these metrics have also been used to evaluate potential mergers' effect on overall market competition and overall consumer welfare . The first major example of

3201-897: Is very frequently seen as a problem of contemporary media and society. Johannes von Dohnanyi, in a 2003 report published by the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE)'s Office of the Representative on Freedom of the Media, argued market concentration among media—whether driven by domestic or foreign investors—should be "closely monitored" because "Horizontal concentration may cause dangers to media pluralism and diversity, while vertical concentration may result in entry barriers for new competitors." Von Dohnanyi argues that to "safeguard free and independent print media and protect professional journalism as one of

3298-607: Is where diversity of output comes in. Media privatization and the lessening of state dominance over media content has continued since 2012. In the Arab region , the Arab States Broadcasting Union (ASBU) counted 1,230 television stations broadcasting via Arab and international satellites , of which 133 were state-owned and 1,097 private. According to the ASBU Report, these numbers serve as evidence of

3395-718: The Auckland region's sole daily newspaper. The New Zealand Herald and the New Zealand Listener , formerly privately held by the Wilson & Horton families, was sold to APN News & Media in 1996. The long-running news syndication agency NZPA announced that it would close down in 2011, with operations to be taken over by 3 separate agencies, APN's APNZ, Fairfax's FNZN and AAP 's NZN, all owned by Australian parent companies. In 2014, APN's New Zealand division officially changed its name to NZME , in order to reflect

3492-529: The Competition Act and antitrust laws like the Sherman Act is due to the necessity of maintaining market competition in order to avoid the formation of monopolies. These laws typically require firms to report their market share and limit the degree of market concentration that is allowed. In some cases, antitrust laws may require the breakup of firms or the establishment of “firewalls” that prevent

3589-596: The Department of Justice and the Federal Trade Commission 's Horizontal Merger Guidelines is entitled "Market Definition, Measurement and Concentration" and states that the Herfindahl index is the measure of concentration that these Guidelines will use. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jMJCLwBJYnQ The concentration ratio (CR) is a measure of how concentrated a market is. By dividing

3686-548: The European Parliament has favoured the idea that, considering the crucial role that media play in the functioning of democratic systems, policies in this field should prevent excessive concentration in order to guarantee pluralism and diversity. On the other hand, the European Commission has privileged the understanding that the media sector should be regulated, as any other economic field, following

3783-759: The Herald was combined with the Courier and became the Bristol Herald Courier . The 1934 Carter Family song "It'll Aggravate Your Soul" mentions the newspaper. On October 16, 1949, T. Eugene Worrell and a number of the city's leading businessmen launched the Bristol Virginia-Tennessean , first published in direct competition with the Herald Courier and the evening News Bulletin . After many months of intense rivalry,

3880-548: The Herald Courier and Virginia-Tennessean joined in a printing agreement allowing both to carry on competitively in news and editorial fields while enjoying economies afforded by joint operations. In 1986, after 36 years of home deliveries, the Bristol Virginia-Tennessean succumbed to the trend of dying afternoon newspapers and was combined with the morning editions of the Bristol Herald Courier . The combined morning publication with three editions covered and circulated in nine Southwest Virginia counties, Upper East Tennessee and

3977-643: The Herald Courier news pages. Under Media General, both operations provided content for TriCities.com , a Media General's Digital Media Department subsidiary. The future of the website is said to be up in the air. In 2010, the Herald Courier won the Pulitzer Prize for Public Service , the highest honor in American journalism, for "illuminating the murky mismanagement of natural-gas royalties owed to thousands of land owners in southwest Virginia, spurring remedial action by state lawmakers." The beginning of

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4074-573: The Kent Commission (1981), both of which produced recommendations that were never implemented in any meaningful way.) The Senate Committee's final report, released in June 2006, expressed concern about the effects of the current levels of news media ownership in Canada. Specifically, the committee discussed their concerns regarding the following trends: the potential of media ownership concentration to limit news diversity and reduce news quality;

4171-469: The SSNIP test . A simple measure of market concentration is to calculate 1/N where N is the number of firms in the market. A result of 1 would indicate a pure monopoly, and will decrease with the number of active firms in the market, and nonincreasing in the degree of symmetry between them. This measure of concentration ignores the dispersion among the firms' shares. This measure is practically useful only if

4268-400: The human capital requirements. Although fewer competitors doesn't always indicate high market concentration, it can be a strong indicator of the market structure and power allocation. After determining the relevant market and firms, through defining the product and geographical parameters, various metrics can be employed to determine the market concentration. This can be quantified using

4365-572: The 1980s, a significant debate has developed at the European level concerning the regulation of media ownership and the principles to be adopted to regulate media ownership concentration. Both the Council of Europe (CoE) and the European Union (EU) have tried to formulate a distinctive and comprehensive media policy , including on the issue of concentration. However, the emphasis of both

4462-932: The Associated Press Sports Editors and one from the Southern Newspaper Publishers Association. The paper was a 2007 national finalist for online convergence by the Associated Press Managing Editors. In 2018, it was chosen as one of three finalists for the 2017 annual award in the Scripps Howard Foundation 's Community Journalism category, for its feature, “Addicted at Birth.” It won the Scripps Howard Community Journalism award. The judges' comments included: "The newspaper, with

4559-518: The CRTC and Competition Bureau's ineffectiveness at stopping media ownership concentration; the lack of federal funding for the CBC and the broadcaster's uncertain mandate and role; diminishing employment standards for journalists (including less job security, less journalistic freedom, and new contractual threats to intellectual property); a lack of Canadian training and research institutes; and difficulties with

4656-539: The City of Bristol. January 1, 1998 marked the sale of the Bristol Herald Courier to Media General. It was sold to Berkshire Hathaway in 2012. Under the new ownership of Berkshire Hathaway, Bristol Herald Courier has rebranded its online presence moving from "tricities.com" to "heraldcourier.com". The newspaper now operates only in print and online, and is no longer affiliated with the TV station WJHL. Starting June 27, 2023,

4753-521: The Council of Europe Committee of Ministers and studies by experts' groups have addressed the issue since then. The council's approach has been mainly addressed at defining and protecting media pluralism, defined in terms of pluralism of media content in order to allow a plurality of ideas and opinions. Within the European Union, two main standpoints have emerged in the debate: on the one hand,

4850-693: The European Parliament. In the 1980s, when preparing legislation on cross-border television many experts and MEPs argued for including provisions for media concentration in the EU directive but these efforts failed. In 1992, the Commission of the European Communities published a policy document named "Pluralism and Media Concentration in the internal Market – an assessment of the need for Community action" which outlined three options on

4947-672: The European level, a number of existing legal instruments such as the Amsterdam Protocol , the Audiovisual Media Services Directive and actions programs contribute directly and indirectly to curbing media concentration at EU level. When it comes to regulating media concentration at the common European level, there is a conflict between Member states and the European Commission (EC). Even if Member states do not publicly challenge

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5044-465: The HHI by more than 200 proposes a legitimate concern to antitrust laws and consumer welfare . Therefore, when considering potential mergers, especially in horizontal integration applications, antitrust agencies will consider the whether the increase in efficiency is worth the potential decrease in consumer welfare, through increased costs or reduction in quantity produced. Whereas the European Commission

5141-650: The Sherman Act being imposed on a company to prevent potential consumer abuse through excessive market concentration was in the 1911 court case of Standard Oil Co. of New Jersey v. United States where after determining Standard Oil was monopolising the petroleum industry, the court-ordered remedy was the breakup into 34 smaller companies. Modern regulatory bodies state that an increase in market concentration can inhibit innovation, and have detrimental effects on overall consumer welfare. The United States Department of Justice determined that any merger that increases

5238-479: The UK, the biggest news-supplier is The Press Association (PA). Here is a quoted text from PA web site: "The Press Association supplies services to every national and regional daily newspaper, major broadcasters, online publishers and a wide range of commercial organisations." Overall, in a system where all different media organizations gather their stories from the same source, we can't really call that system pluralist. That

5335-451: The US threat. This has been a key argument for the loosening of ownership rules within Europe." Market concentration In economics , market concentration is a function of the number of firms and their respective shares of the total production (alternatively, total capacity or total reserves) in a market . Market concentration is the portion of a given market's market share that

5432-432: The United Kingdom, which are concerned with the plurality and diversity in the new scenario of technological convergence . Lima points to other factors that would make media concentration easier, particularly in broadcasting : the failure of legal norms that limit the equity interest of the same economic group in various broadcasting organizations; a short period (five years) for resell broadcasting concessions, facilitating

5529-494: The avoidance of monopolies. Although not as common as the Herfindahl–Hirschman Index or Concentration Ratio metrics, various alternative measures of market concentration can also be used. (a) The U Index (Davies, 1980): (b) The Linda index (1976) (c) Comprehensive concentration index (Horwath 1970): (d) The Rosenbluth (1961) index (also Hall and Tideman, 1967): (e) The Gini coefficient (1912) (f) Utilizing

5626-526: The biggest concentrated TV ownership out of all the G8 countries and it comes in second place for the most concentrated television viewers. Broadcasting and telecommunications in Canada are regulated by the Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission (CRTC), an independent governing agency that aims to serve the needs and interests of citizens, industries, interest groups and

5723-646: The communities they serve. Controls over media ownership in Australia are laid down in the Broadcasting Services Act 1992 , administered by the Australian Communications & Media Authority (ACMA). Even with laws in place Australia has a high concentration of media ownership. Ownership of national newspapers and those of each capital city are dominated by News Corp Australia and Nine Entertainment . Although much of

5820-418: The company's convergence with its radio division The Radio Network. As of early 2015, Fairfax New Zealand and NZME have a near duopoly on newspapers and magazines in New Zealand. In May 2016, NZME and Fairfax NZ announced merger talks, pending Commerce Commission approval. The merger was abandoned in 2018 following a Court of Appeal ruling that judged that the "detriments clearly outweigh benefits, and not by

5917-478: The concentration by the big media groups through the purchase of independent stations, and no restrictions to the formation of national broadcasting networks . He cites examples of horizontal, vertical, crossed and "in cross" concentration (a Brazilian peculiarity). The UNESCO office in Brasília has expressed its concern over the existence of an outdated code of telecommunications (1962), which no longer meets

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6014-516: The concentration of media ownership seems to have manifested itself very early. Dr. Venício A. de Lima noted in 2003: in Brazil there is an environment very conducive to concentration. Sectorial legislation has been timid, by express intention of the legislator, by failing to include direct provisions that limit or control the concentration of ownership, which, incidentally, goes in the opposite direction of what happens in countries like France, Italy and

6111-415: The concentration of the top firms in the market, this can be through various metrics such as sales , employment numbers, active users or other relevant indicators. In theory and in practice, market concentration is closely associated with market competitiveness , and therefore is important to various antitrust agencies when considering proposed mergers and other regulatory issues. Market concentration

6208-429: The cornerstones of constitutional democracy" there should be standards for editorial independence, better labor protections for professional journalists, and independent institutions "to monitor the implementation and observance of all laws and regulations regarding concentration processes, media pluralism, content diversity and journalistic freedoms." Robert W. McChesney argues that the concentration of media ownership

6305-462: The developed world a situation like the situation in New Brunswick." The report provided 40 recommendations and 10 suggestions (for areas outside of federal government jurisdiction), including legislation amendments that would trigger automatic reviews of a proposed media merger if certain thresholds are reached, and CRTC regulation revisions to ensure that access to the broadcasting system

6402-527: The direct correlation between market concentration and its effect on. In collecting empirical evidence, issues have also arisen as to how innovation, a firm's control and gaps between R&D and firm size are measured. There has also been a lack of consensus. For example, a negative correlation was established by Connelly and Hirschey (1984) who explained that the correlation evidenced a decreased expenditure on R&D by oligopolistic firms to benefit from greater monopolised profits. However, Blundell et al. observed

6499-424: The dominant firms. This might lead to greater costs, less quality, fewer options, and less innovation. Thus, consumers and society may be negatively impacted by large levels of market concentration. Schumpeter (1950) first recognised the relationship between market concentration and innovation in that a higher concentrated market would facilitate innovation. He reasoned that firms with the greatest market share have

6596-424: The efficiency-profitability hypothesis: profits are higher for bigger firms within a greater concentrated market as this concentration signifies greater efficiency through mass production. In particular, economies of scale was the greatest kind of efficiency that large firms could achieve in influencing their costs, granting them greater market share. Notably however, Rosenbaum (1994) observed that most studies assumed

6693-641: The everyday mainstream news is drawn from the Australian Associated Press , all the privately owned media outlets still compete with each other for exclusive pop culture news. Rural and regional media is dominated by Australian Community Media , with significant holdings in all states and territories. Daily Mail & General Trust operate the Nova Entertainment commercial radio networks in metropolitan and regional areas of Australia. Formed in 1996, it has since become one of

6790-543: The expectations generated by the Brazilian Constitution of 1988 in the political and social fields, and the inability of the Brazilian government to establish an independent regulatory agency to manage the media. Attempts in this direction have been pointed by the mainstream media as attacks on freedom of expression , the trend of the political left in the entire Latin American continent. Since

6887-406: The face of advertising boycotts by state agencies. In almost all regions, models of public service broadcasting have been struggling for funding. In Western, Central and Eastern Europe , funds directed to public service broadcasting have been stagnating or declining since 2012. New types of cross-ownership have emerged in the past five years that have spurred new questions about where to draw

6984-542: The federal government's support for print media and the absence of funding for the internet-based news media. The Senate report expressed particular concern about the concentration of ownership in the province of New Brunswick, where the Irving business empire owns all the English-language daily newspapers and most of the weeklies. Senator Joan Fraser, author of the report, stated, "We didn't find anywhere else in

7081-419: The form of subsidies hinders countries to develop their own strong media firms. The opening of borders is more beneficial to countries than maintaining protectionist regulations. Critics of media deregulation and the resulting concentration of ownership fear that such trends will only continue to reduce the diversity of information provided, as well as to reduce the accountability of information providers to

7178-458: The formation of a plurality of opinions in the public sphere without undue influence of dominant powers. Furthermore, media pluralism has a two-fold dimension, or rather internal and external. Internal pluralism concerns pluralism within a specific media organisation: in this regard, many countries request public broadcast services to account for a variety of views and opinions, including those of minority groups. External pluralism applies instead to

7275-460: The government. The CRTC does not regulate newspapers or magazines. Apart from a relatively small number of community broadcasters , media in Canada are primarily owned by a small number of groups, including Bell Canada , the Shaw family (via Corus Entertainment and Shaw Communications ), Rogers Communications , Quebecor , and the government-owned CBC/Radio-Canada . Each of these companies holds

7372-422: The greatest opportunity to benefit from their innovations, particularly through investment into R&D . This can be contrasted with the position taken by Arrow (1962) that a greater market concentration will decrease incentive to innovate because a firm within a monopoly or monopolistic market would have already reached profit levels that greatly exceed costs. In practice, there are complications in observing

7469-467: The issue of media concentration regulation at the Community level, i.e. no specific action to be taken; action regulating transparency; and action to harmonize laws. Out of these options, the first one was chosen but the debate on this decision lasted for years. Council regulation as a tool for regulating media concentration was excluded and the two proposals on a media concentration directive advanced in

7566-533: The landscape of corporate media ownership in the United States of America as an oligopoly . Some believe media integrity to be at risk when ownership of the media market is concentrated. Media integrity refers to the ability of a media outlet to serve the public interest and democratic process , making it resilient to institutional corruption within the media system, economy of influence, conflicting dependence and political clientelism. Net neutrality

7663-512: The largest radio media companies in the country. The company currently own more than 60 radio stations across New South Wales , Victoria , Queensland , South Australia and Western Australia . There are rules governing foreign ownership of Australian media and these rules were loosened by the Howard government . Media Watch is an independent media watchdog televised on the public broadcaster Australian Broadcasting Corporation (ABC), which

7760-417: The level of collusion in an industry. In the scenario of a merger, some studies have also shown that the asymmetric market structure produced by a merger will negatively affect collusion despite the increased concentration of the market that occurs post-merger. As an economic tool market concentration is useful because it reflects the degree of competition in the market. Understanding the market concentration

7857-601: The line between media and other industries. A notable case has been the acquisition of The Washington Post by the founder of online retailer Amazon . While the move initially raised concerns about the newspaper's independence, the newspaper has significantly increased its standing in the online media —and print—and introduced significant innovations. The community-centred media ownership model continues to survive in some areas, especially in isolated, rural or disadvantaged areas, and mostly pertaining to radio. Through this model, not-for-profit media outlets are run and managed by

7954-512: The media through direct payment" and "levels of consumers expenditure", furthermore "the availability of advertising support" [Gillian Doyle; 2002:15] are less in these countries, due to the low number of audience. Overall, the size and wealth of the market determine the diversity of both media output and media ownership. The consolidation of cost functions and cost-sharing. Cost-sharing is a common practice in monomedia and cross media. For example, "for multi-product television or radio broadcasters,

8051-473: The mid 1990s were not backed by the commission. As a consequence, efforts at legislating media concentration at Community level were phased out by the end of the 1990s. Despite a wide consensus over the idea that the vital importance of contemporary media justifies to regulate media concentration through sector-specific concentration rules going beyond the general competition policy, the need for sector specific regulation has been challenged in recent years due to

8148-399: The more homogeneity possible between different services held in common ownership (or the more elements within a programme schedule which can be shared between 'different' stations), the greater the opportunity to reap economies". Though the main concern of pluralism is that different organization under different ownership may buy the same e.g. news stories from the same news-supplier agency. In

8245-409: The need for common regulation on media concentration, they push to incorporate their own regulatory approach at the EU level and are reluctant to give the European Union their regulatory power on the issue of media concentration. The Council of Europe's initiative promoting media pluralism and curbing media concentration dates back to the mid-1970s. Several resolutions, recommendations, declarations by

8342-444: The organisations was more on strengthening media diversity and pluralism than on limiting concentration, even though they have often expressed the need for common European media concentration regulations. However, the European Union enforces a common regulation for environmental protection , consumer protection and human rights , but it has none for media pluralism . Although there is no specific media concentration legislation at

8439-609: The overall market share by the sum of the market shares of the largest enterprises , it is calculated. It can be used to assess the market's strength over both the short and long haul. Generally speaking, a CR of less than 40% and a CR of more than 60% are regarded as modest and high levels of market concentration, respectively. This ratio measures the concentration of the largest firms in the form C R n = C 1 + C 2 + . . . . . + C n {\displaystyle CR_{n}=C_{1}+C_{2}+.....+C_{n}} where N

8536-685: The overall market. Globally, some of the largest media conglomerates include Bertelsmann , National Amusements ( Paramount Global ), Sony Group Corporation , News Corp , Comcast , The Walt Disney Company , Warner Bros. Discovery , Fox Corporation , Hearst Communications , Amazon ( Amazon MGM Studios ), Grupo Globo (South America), and Lagardère Group . As of 2022, the largest media conglomerates in terms of revenue are Comcast NBCUniversal , The Walt Disney Company , Warner Bros. Discovery , and Paramount Global . Media mergers occur when one media company buys another. In 2008, Joseph Straubhaar, Robert LaRose and Lucinda Davenport described

8633-476: The overall media landscape, for instance in terms of the number of media outlets operating in a given country. Media ownership can pose serious challenges to pluralism when owners interfere with journalists' independence and editorial line. However, in a free market economy, owners must have the capacity to decide the strategy of their company to remain competitive in the market. Also, pluralism does not mean neutrality and lack of opinion, as having an editorial line

8730-433: The peculiar evolution of the media industry in the digital environment and media convergence . In practice, sector-specific media concentration rules have been abolished in some European countries in recent years. As a consequence, scholars Harcourt and Picard argue that "the trend has been to remove ownership rules and restrictions on media ownership within Europe in order that 'domestic champions' can bulk up to 'fend off'

8827-405: The potential abuse of power. Market concentration reveals a market's degree of concentration. It is employed to ascertain the level of industrial competition . A high degree of market concentration is typically undesirable since it might result in less competition and more power for the leading enterprises on the market. Antitrust laws and other economic regulations safeguard market competition and

8924-739: The present Bristol Herald Courier came in August 1865. That was when John Slack founded the Bristol News. This publication continued until after the turn of the century. In 1870, Slack launched the Bristol Courier , a weekly which became Bristol's first daily paper in 1888. George L. Carter, founder of the Clinchfield Railroad, moved to Bristol in 1903 and founded the Bristol Herald . When Carter left Bristol in 1907

9021-625: The principles of market harmonization and liberalization. Indeed, media concentration issues can be addressed both by general competition policies and by specific media sector rules. According to some scholars, given the vital importance of contemporary media, sector-specific competition rules in the media industries should be enhanced. Within the EU, the Council regulation 4064/89/EEC on the control of concentrations between undertakings as part of European competition legislation covered also media concentration cases. The need for sector-specific regulation has been widely supported by both media scholars and

9118-550: The print edition of the newspaper will be reduced to three days a week: Tuesday, Thursday and Saturday. Also, the newspaper will transition from being delivered by a traditional newspaper delivery carrier to mail delivery by the U.S. Postal Service. The Bristol Herald Courier is located at 320 Bob Morrison Blvd in Bristol, Va. The BHC is the dominant news source for the Bristol and Southwest Virginia region and in 2008 and 2009 won five national journalism awards, including four from

9215-575: The public. The ultimate consequence of consolidation, critics argue, is a poorly informed public, restricted to a reduced array of media options that offer only information that does not harm the media oligopoly's growing range of interests. For those critics, media deregulation is a dangerous trend, facilitating an increase in concentration of media ownership, and subsequently reducing the overall quality and diversity of information communicated through major media channels. Increased concentration of media ownership can lead to corporate censorship affecting

9312-424: The reduced competitive impact of smaller firms upon larger firms. Demsetz held an alternative view where he found a positive relationship between the margins of specifically the largest firms within a concentrated industry and collusion as to pricing. Although theoretical models predict a strong correlation between market concentration and collusion, there is little empirical evidence linking market concentration to

9409-421: The relationship between actual market share and observed profitability by following the implication that large firms hold greater market share due to their efficiency, demonstrating that the relationship between these efficiency and market share is not clearly defined. Implications of market concentration A high level of market concentration can lead to a decrease in competition and increased market power for

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