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63-402: The Brokmerbrief is the most complete source on Frisian law. It describes the polity and judicial system of a country whose law was based on the will of the assembled people (the ' Frisian freedom '): political and judicial power was in the hands of functionaries selected annually from the ranks of the farmers, who were known as redjeven (consuls, counsellors); their power in turn was regulated by

126-470: A charter that they alleged had been written by Charlemagne and confirmed their freedom from serfdom , feudal duties and taxation . In 1248, William II of Holland confirmed "all the rights, liberties and privileges conceded to all Frisians by the emperor Charlemagne", but the terms were kept vague, so the decree had little significant effect. In 1338, Frisian communitates sent a letter to Philip VI of France , in which they request he be "mindful of

189-479: A descendant of the storm god Susanoo . He launched a military expedition from Hyūga near the Seto Inland Sea , captured Yamato , and established this as his center of power. In modern Japan, Emperor Jimmu's legendary accession is marked as National Foundation Day on February 11. There is no evidence to suggest that Jimmu existed. However, there is a high probability that there was a powerful dynasty in

252-557: A different path. Beginning in the mid-11th century, Medieval communes spread from northern Italy across much of Europe, gathering strength in areas outside the authority of feudal lords. These communes extended personal freedoms including public participation to its populace, which cultivated within them an antagonism towards feudalism. Within the Holy Roman Empire , some of these communes, including in Frisia, eliminated

315-646: A joint pact to protect Frisian freedom from "coercion by oppression". This alliance was later invoked during attempts by the Burgundian State to conquer Frisia. According to a Frisian law book from c.  1295 , Frisians collaborated with Rudolf I of Germany on military campaigns, in return for the protection of the Frisian freedom. In 1417, the German king Sigismund issued a charter that granted Frisia "imperial liberty" from princely rule. But as

378-511: A long epic poem written by the Persian poet Ferdowsi between c.  977 and 1010 CE and is the national epic of Greater Iran . Consisting of some 50,000 distichs or couplets (two-line verses), the Shahnameh is one of the world's longest epic poems, and the longest epic poem created by a single author. It tells mainly the mythical and to some extent the historical past of

441-484: A source of national pride for Brazil, which contrasted itself favorably vis-a-vis the contemporaneous racial divisions and violence in the United States . The Kalevala is a 19th-century work of epic poetry compiled by Elias Lönnrot from Karelian and Finnish oral folklore and mythology ,. The Kalevala is regarded as the national epic of Karelia and Finland It narrates an epic story about

504-543: A stable homeland community is explained psychoanalytically as the result of the complexity of relations within the modern external world and the incoherence of one's inner psychological world. Nationalist identity facilitates imagined stability. National myths are created and propagated by national intellectuals , and they can be used as instruments of political mobilization on demographic bases such as ethnicity . They might over-dramatize true incidents, omit important historical details, or add details for which there

567-405: A state. In the age of nationalism, it was linked to efforts aimed at creating nation-states . National myths foster national identities. They are important tools of nation-building , which can be done by emphasizing differences between people of different nations. They can cause conflict as they exaggerate threats posed by other nations and minimize the costs of war. The nationalist myth of

630-477: A struggle against colonialism or a war of independence or unification. In many cases, the meaning of the national myth is disputed among different parts of the population. In some places, the national myth may be spiritual and refer to stories of the nation's founding by a God , several gods , leaders favored by gods, or other supernatural beings. National myths often exist only for the purpose of state-sponsored propaganda . In totalitarian dictatorships ,

693-554: Is a document of central importance to the history of New Zealand , its constitution, and its national mythos . It has played a major role in the treatment of the Māori people in New Zealand by successive governments and the wider population, something that has been especially prominent since the late 20th century. The treaty document is an agreement, not a treaty as recognised in international law, and has no independent legal status. It

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756-465: Is at the core of nationalistic ethnic identity. Some scholars believe that national identities, supported by invented histories, were constructed only after national movements and national ideologies emerged. All modern national identities were preceded by nationalist movements. Although the term " nation " was used in the Middle Ages , it had usually an ethnic meaning and seldom referred to

819-471: Is no evidence; or a national myth might simply be a fictional story that no one takes to be true literally. Traditional myth-making often depended on literary story-tellers — especially epic poets . Ancient Hellenic culture adopted Homer 's Ionian Iliad as a justification of its theoretical unity, and Virgil (70–19 BCE) composed the Aeneid in support of the political renewal and reunification of

882-741: Is no relevant record in China's Book of Wei . There are around seventeen religious groups involving the worship of Dangun. The Master race is a Nazi ideology propaganda of pseudoscientific racial theories purporting that ethnic Germans belonged to a superior Aryan or Nordic race , which combined with other antisemitic myths (including stab-in-the-back ), which resulted in Nazi Germany and its justification for conquering Europe (for "living space" ) and for The Holocaust , its genocide of those it mythologized were threats and lesser races , primarily Jews . The Treaty of Waitangi

945-816: Is preserved in two manuscripts, one of which is in the State Archives of Lower Saxony in Oldenburg and the other in the Lower Saxony State Library in Hanover . The middle section of the text strongly resembles the Emsig law on fines, indicating a common source. The text is a valuable source of localised and dateable information on Old Frisian . Frisian freedom The Frisian freedom ( West Frisian : Fryske frijheid ; Dutch : Friese vrijheid ; German : Friesische Freiheit )

1008-685: Is the national epic of the Ladin people in the Dolomites and the most important part of the Ladin literature. Originally an orally transmitted epic cycle , today it is known through the work of Karl Felix Wolff in 1932, gathered in Dolomitensagen . This legend is part of the larger corpus of the South Tyrolean sagas , whose protagonists are the Fanes themselves. The Shahnameh is

1071-538: Is the child of Deucalion (or Zeus ) and Pyrrha , and the father of three sons, Dorus , Xuthus , and Aeolus , by whom he is the ancestor of the Greek peoples. The sagas of Icelanders , also known as family sagas, are one sub-genre or text groups of Icelandic sagas . They are prose narratives mostly based on historical events that mostly took place in Iceland in the ninth, tenth, and early eleventh centuries, during

1134-524: The Henriade (1723). Wagnerian opera came to foster German national enthusiasm. Modern purveyors of national mythologies have tended to appeal to the people more directly through the media. French pamphleteers spread the ideas of Liberty, Equality and Fraternity in the 1790s, and American journalists, politicians, and scholars popularized mythic tropes like " Manifest Destiny ", "the Frontier" , or

1197-576: The Aduard Abbey also recognised that the Frisians "utterly abhorred the state of servitude for reason of the severity of the princes, as they had experienced earlier." A largely leaderless society, from 1298, references began to be made to urban officeholders known as aldermen and elected military leaders known as haedlingen , which were often compared to the Italian podestà . By

1260-590: The County of East Frisia , ending the Frisian freedom there and finally establishing feudal rule in the east. The Frisian freedom finally came to an end as a result of civil war between the Schieringers and Vetkopers , two factions of the Frisian nobility. In 1498, Maximilian appointed Albert III, Duke of Saxony as governor of the region, with the support of the Schieringers . In 1504, Frisia

1323-501: The County of Holland . During the Friso-Hollandic Wars , the concept of Frisian freedom was used to mobilise armed resistance to feudalisation attempts by the counts of Holland. In contrast to developments in feudal counties , the Frisian nobility never developed feudal titles, knighthoods were never established, and the centralisation of polities into states was a slow-moving process. Rural communes became

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1386-563: The Creation of the Earth , describing the controversies and retaliatory voyages between the peoples of the land of Kalevala called Väinölä and the land of Pohjola and their various protagonists and antagonists as well as the construction and robbery of the epic mythical wealth-making machine Sampo . The Kalevala was instrumental in the development of the Finnish national identity and

1449-504: The Dutch Revolt , it was used to argue for the restoration of rights lost under Habsburg rule , and Frisian freedom later inspired American and French Revolutionaries . One Frisian history book from this period contained a fictionalised portrayal of the Frisian freedom, which deeply influenced later Frisian historiography. It was later recast as a national myth by Frisian nationalism , which depicted freedom as an inherent trait of

1512-574: The Italian city-states and Old Swiss Confederacy , due to their shared quasi-republican systems of government, Frisia was unique in its contemporary understanding of liberty as an intrinsic value. For most of its history, Frisian self-governance was maintained in East Frisia , between the Weser and Lauwers rivers. Meanwhile, parts of West Frisia periodically fell under the feudal occupation of

1575-582: The Persian Empire from the creation of the world until the Muslim conquest in the seventh century. The Promised Land is Middle Eastern land that Abrahamic religions (which include Judaism , Christianity , Islam , and others) claim their God promised and subsequently gave to Abraham (the legendary patriarch in Abrahamic religions) and several more times to his descendants.The concept of

1638-417: The " Arsenal of Democracy ". Socialists advocating ideas like the dictatorship of the proletariat have promoted catchy nation-promoting slogans such as " Socialism with Chinese characteristics " and " Kim Il Sung thought". The ideology of nationalism is related to two myths: the myth of the eternal nation, referring to the permanence of a community, and the myth of common ancestry. These are represented in

1701-587: The 13th century. Throughout the Middle Ages, Frisians resisted the expansion of feudalism into their lands, fighting a series of wars against the County of Holland in order to maintain their autonomy . During this period, Frisian society was organised in a network of rural communes , people largely governed themselves through public assemblies , and elected judges established a codified legal system without any kind of central government . Frisians formed treaties with other powers to protect their freedom, which

1764-467: The 19th century and have debated the historical continuity of the Frisian freedom. National myth A national myth is an inspiring narrative or anecdote about a nation 's past. Such myths often serve as important national symbols and affirm a set of national values . A myth is a mixture of reality and fiction , and operates in a specific social and historical setting. Social myths structure national imaginaries. A national myth may take

1827-629: The Brokmerbrief. The period of independent rural self-rule came to an end by about the mid-14th century. However, unlike for example Emsigerland , Brokmerland remained a discrete unit, since the Brokmerbrief forbids the erection of fortified stone residences and castles and this had prevented the establishment of such starting points for localised rule. Thus feudalism , otherwise widespread throughout Europe at this time, remained unknown in East Frisia. However, Emsig Law eventually prevailed in

1890-484: The East Frisian chieftains culminated with the establishment of a "Freedom League", in which an alliance of Frisian communities attempted to end their quasi-feudal rule. In the mid-to-late 15th century, the Frisian haedlingen recast the Frisian freedom to simply mean freedom from external taxation. In 1464, one of the most powerful East Frisian chieftains, Ulrich I , had reorganised the eastern territories into

1953-456: The Empire, although this remained at a distance in practice. The earliest references to a "Frisian freedom" date back to the 13th century; with the first documentary evidence of self-governance being found in c.  1220 , while the encyclopedist Bartholomaeus Anglicus referred to Frisian attitudes towards liberty in c.  1240 . Although medieval Frisia has been compared to

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2016-489: The Frisian freedom was reinterpreted during the Dutch Revolt , when it was used to argue for the reinstatement of historic rights that had been lost under Habsburg rule . In Friesland, the revolt was seen as a restoration of the Frisian freedom, as described in the writings of the Frisian republican Ubbo Emmius . Towards the end of the 16th century, a fictionalised version of the history of Frisia , Andreas Cornelius's Croniicke ende waarachtige Beschrijvinge van Vrieslant ,

2079-679: The Frisian people and portrayed a level of historical continuity that is disputed by historians. The region of Frisia extends along the North Sea coastline , from the Zuiderzee in the west to the Weser in the east. In most of western Europe during the High Middle Ages , social organisation developed along the lines of feudalism , as nobles gained the right of sovereignty over certain territories; but Frisia notably developed along

2142-407: The Frisians' freedom from feudal rule and serfdom, as well as their annual election of judges, writing that they "hazard their life for liberty and prefer death to being oppressed by the yoke of servitude". In the early 13th century, mentions of Frisian liberties having been granted by Charlemagne began to appear in historical literature. According to these medieval chronicles, the Frisian freedom

2205-632: The Promised Land originates from a religious narrative written in the Hebrew religious text , the Torah . In Japanese mythology , Emperor Jimmu is the legendary first emperor of Japan . He is described in the Nihon Shoki and Kojiki . His ascension is traditionally dated as 660 BC. He is said to be a descendant of the sun goddess Amaterasu , through her grandson Ninigi , as well as

2268-643: The Roman world after lengthy civil wars. Generations of medieval writers (in poetry and prose) contributed to the Arthurian Matter of Britain , developing what became a focus for English nationalism by adopting British Celtic material. Camões ( c.  1524 –1580) composed in Macao the Lusiads as a national poetic epic for Portugal. Voltaire attempted a similar work for French mythologised history in

2331-462: The area, probably as a result of the emergence of the tom Brok dynasty, but certainly by the time of Cirksena hegemony. In the early 16th century, Edzard I then based his East Frisian Law ( German : Ostfriesisches Landrecht ) on the Emsig Law. The Brokmerbrief is unique among the documents of Old Frisian law in consisting of a code of law in the strict sense, rather than a compilation. It

2394-608: The battle but evolved from different originators into various versions. In its modern form it emerged in 19th-century Serbia and served as an important constitutive element of the national identity of modern Serbia and its politics. The American frontier (also known as the Old West or Wild West) is a theme in American mythology that defines the American national identity as brave pioneers who discovered, conquered, and settled

2457-617: The city of Groningen attempted to revive the Upstalsboom League as its leading polity. It was not until the Late Middle Ages that Frisian freedom was officially recognised by foreign feudal powers. In 1232, the Prince-Bishopric of Utrecht recognised that the Frisians "are free men, and released from any yoke of servitude or anyone’s oppressive rule." The French Bartholomaeus Anglicus also recognised

2520-530: The dominant institutional form in Frisia, with higher-level subdivisions coalescing into self-governing districts, known as communitates terrae ( West Frisian : Steatsmienskippen ; German : Landesgemeinden ). Frisians largely governed themselves through community assemblies, also known as things . Each year, Frisians elected judges from their own ranks. All freeholders were eligible to become adjudicators and were rotated out on an annual basis. The Frisian historian Ubbo Emmius later claimed that

2583-401: The election of judges was "the principle element of liberty". Frisian freedom incentivised the codification of customary law ; the earliest surviving Frisian legal manuscripts date back to the late 13th century and the most recent date to the early 16th century. Medieval Frisian legal codes established a kind of honour system , in which compensation tariffs were used to prevent feuds . This

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2646-415: The form of a national epic , or it may be incorporated into a civil religion . A group of related myths about a nation may be referred to as the national mythos , from μῦθος, Greek for "myth" . A national myth is a narrative which has been elevated to a serious symbolic and esteemed level so as to be true to the nation. The national folklore of many nations includes a founding myth , which may involve

2709-456: The intensification of Finland's language strife that ultimately led to Finland's independence from Russia in 1917. King Arthur was a legendary noble king that united Britain, laid the foundation to medieval notions of chivalry in western Europe, and was later important for building a common British identity . According to Greek mythology , the Hellenes descend from Hellen. He

2772-594: The land was known to the Polynesians, and he would therefore be responsible for the genesis of the Māori people. The Kosovo Myth is a Serbian national myth based on legends about events related to the Battle of Kosovo (1389). It has been a subject in Serbian folklore and literary tradition and has been cultivated oral epic poetry and guslar poems. The final form of the legend was not created immediately after

2835-401: The leader might be given, for example, a mythical supernatural life history in order to make them seem god-like and supra-powerful (see also cult of personality ). In liberal regimes they can inspire civic virtue and self-sacrifice or consolidate the power of dominant groups and legitimate their rule. The concept of national identity is inescapably connected with myths. A complex of myths

2898-458: The mid-14th century, haedlingen had grown more rich and powerful, developing into an agrarian aristocracy and becoming the region's de facto ruling class . Between the Ems and Jade rivers in eastern Frisia, the strength of communal institutions were diminished and the communes effectively disappeared, while in the west, village heads increasingly exerted more influence over the communes. As

2961-490: The most beneficial gift of Frisian freedom, [...] conceded to us by Charlemagne, king of the Romans [...], in perpetuity." That same year, following a dispute between Frisians and the city of Groningen , arbitrators issued a charter that declared Groningen would agree to protect the Frisian freedom from feudal lords. In 1361, another charter was issued by a league of Frisian terrae and the city of Groningen, which reaffirmed

3024-401: The particular national myths of various countries and groups. The national myth of Brazil as a racial democracy was first advanced by Brazilian sociologist Gilberto Freyre in his 1933 work Casa-Grande & Senzala , which argues that Brazilians do not view each other through the lens of race, and that Brazilian society eliminated racism and racial discrimination. Freyre's theory became

3087-472: The power of local princes, establishing quasi- republican systems of government. Frisian lands existed in a state of autonomy from at least the 11th century. Although Frisia was officially brought under the rule of the Holy Roman Empire, a de facto system of self-governance developed in the region. The Frisians disregarded the rights of local feudal lords, but still recognised the rule of

3150-659: The power of the haedlingen grew, elements of the Frisian freedom such as personal freedom and the election of judges were discarded, as freedom was recast to mean freedom from foreign princes. In 1420, the East Frisian chieftains Ocko II tom Brok and Sibet Papinga  [ fy ] formed an alliance to protect the Frisian freedom from the Teutonic Order ; they reinterpreted Frisian freedom in as political freedom from foreign rule, rather than freedom from feudal servitude. In 1430, mounting opposition to

3213-554: The sap of liberty preserving its strength and its verdure." By the end of the early modern period , when Friesland was integrated into the United Kingdom of the Netherlands , the concept was again reinterpreted during the rise of Frisian nationalism ; the Frisian freedom lost its political connotations and was reconceived as a cultural trait of the Frisian people. To nationalists of the 19th and 20th centuries, liberty

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3276-626: The so-called Saga Age . They were written in Old Icelandic , a western dialect of Old Norse . They are the best-known specimens of Icelandic literature . They are focused on history, especially genealogical and family history. They reflect the struggle and conflict that arose within the societies of the early generations of Icelandic settlers. The Icelandic sagas are valuable and unique historical sources about medieval Scandinavian societies and kingdoms, in particular regarding pre-Christian religion and culture and heroic age. The Kingdom of Fanes

3339-501: The terms of the charter required that they pay tribute to the state, the Frisians rejected it. Instead, in 1421, they briefly recognised the count of Holland and the Empire subsequently declared Frisia to be a rebellious province. In 1493, German king Maximilian I issued a charter that granted the West Frisians imperial privilege, but this too was rejected by the Frisians, as it stipulated the payment of tribute. A chronicle at

3402-518: The vast wilderness. It affirms individualism, informality, and pragmatism as American values. Richard Slotkin describes this myth as depicting "America as a wide-open land of unlimited opportunity for the strong, ambitious, self-reliant individual to thrust his way to the top." Cowboys , gunfighters , and farmers are commonly appearing archetypes in this myth. The American frontier produced various mythologized figures such as Wild Bill Hickok , Johnny Appleseed , Paul Bunyan , Wyatt Earp , Billy

3465-577: The vicinity of Miyazaki Prefecture during the Kofun period . The first Korean kingdom is said to have been founded by Dangun , the legendary founder and god-king of Gojoseon , in 2333 BCE. Dangun is said to be the "grandson of heaven" and "son of a bear". The earliest recorded version of the Dangun legend appears in the 13th-century Samguk Yusa , which cites China's Book of Wei and Korea's lost historical record Gogi ; it has been confirmed that there

3528-457: Was a period of the absence of feudalism in Frisia during the Middle Ages . Its main aspects included freedom from serfdom , feudal duties and taxation , as well as the election of judges and adjudicators . According to medieval chronicles, exemption from feudalism was granted to the Frisians by Charlemagne , although the earliest clear evidence of the Frisian freedom has been dated to

3591-405: Was an innate characteristic of the Frisian national identity. The Frisian freedom then became a national myth , assuming a continuous history of Frisian independence that lasted for over eight centuries, and the concept was subjected to increased commodification . This reconception has been disputed by academic historians, who have pointed out that the national myth was retroactively constructed in

3654-478: Was established by Charlemagne, the first Holy Roman Emperor . But no evidence of this Karelsprivilege has been found prior to the 13th century, leading historian Han Nijdam to describe it as an "ideological embellishment". Frisian scholars also made frequent references to Roman law and philosophy, in their justifications for the Frisian freedom. Between 1297 and 1319, in an attempt to retroactively justify their freedom from feudal rule, some Frisians fabricated

3717-619: Was first signed on 6 February 1840 by Captain William Hobson as consul for the British Crown and by Māori chiefs ( rangatira ) from the North Island of New Zealand. Kupe was a legendary Polynesian explorer who was the first person to discover New Zealand , according to Māori oral history . It is likely that Kupe existed historically, but this is difficult to confirm. His voyage to New Zealand ensured that

3780-529: Was implemented without any kind of central government , with historian Han Nijdam comparing its functioning to the Icelandic Commonwealth . In 1323, the "Ubstalsboom Laws" were promulgated, declaring that "if any prince, secular or ecclesiastical, [...] shall have assailed us, Frisians, or any of us, wanting to subject us to the yoke of servitude, then together, through a joint call-up and by force of arms, we shall protect our liberty." In 1361,

3843-463: Was officially brought under Saxon law . Although the Frisian freedom was abolished, the Saxons ultimately struggled to introduce feudalism in west Frisia, as the local haedlingen rejected moves to bring them into the nobility. In an attempt to capture Frisia from the Saxons, in 1514, Charles II, Duke of Guelders invaded Frisia, claiming his intention to restore the Frisian freedom. The concept of

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3906-460: Was published. Although its account of events was heavily mythologised, the book became very influential on the development of Frisian historiography over the subsequent centuries. The idea of the Frisian freedom continued to endure into the late 18th century; American Revolutionary John Adams commented that Frisians were "famous for the spirit of liberty", while French Revolutionary Honoré Gabriel Riqueti compared Frisian to "a robust oak, with

3969-470: Was recognised by a number of German kings during the Late Middle Ages . Frisian freedom was brought to an end in the late-15th century, as increasing levels of class stratification in the East culminated in the establishment of the County of East Frisia , while West Frisia was brought under the rule of Saxony . Since the 16th century, the Frisian freedom has been subject to numerous reinterpretations. During

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