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92-556: The league was the brainchild of Leonard "Len" Homel , who thought up the idea in 1959, but did not gain support until an article by Don Snyder in the January 1960 issue of Bowlers Journal . Unlike the PBA, bowlers in the NBL were members of teams that competed against squads from other cities, like the successful National Football League (NFL). A 135-match schedule was planned, five games

184-608: A 22-9 loss to Fresno. And when the San Antonio Cavaliers' top investor backed out, they wound up rolling all their matches on the road; their planned home (the Aztec Theatre) seated only 1,477, and was considered to be too small even for temporary use—even though the capacity was larger than any of the NBL teams would draw on average in 1961-62. The Omaha and San Antonio franchises each folded on December 17, 1961, while Kansas City dropped out six days later. When

276-566: A 45-year self-imposed ban. When the Irish made that decision, 9–1 LSU was overlooked for the game, and the Tigers stayed home instead. The Irish, led by quarterback Joe Theismann , faced top-ranked and undefeated Texas . Notre Dame led 17–14 late in the fourth quarter, but the Longhorns scored a late touchdown to clinch a 21–17 victory and an undisputed national championship. The same two teams met

368-528: A Sunday. The other major bowl games that year—the Rose Bowl , Sugar Bowl , and Orange Bowl —were played on Monday, January 2. The 1968 game saw SWC champs Texas A&M , led by coach Gene Stallings defeat former A&M head coach Bear Bryant and the Alabama Crimson Tide . Stallings was one of Bryant's " Junction Boys " as well as a former assistant, and would eventually go on to coach

460-583: A blowout to force a tie for the conference crown, and opened the door for Arkansas to stroll to Dallas on New Year's Day. After the Bulldogs jumped out to a 10–0 lead, the Hogs came roaring back, scoring 31 unanswered points, and defeating Georgia, 31–10. Arkansas finished the season 10–2. The 1977 Cotton Bowl featured SWC Champions Houston Cougars, who were entering the Cotton Bowl for the first time, against

552-589: A bowl game for the first time in 25 years, played Dallas' SMU to a 13–13 tie. Because none of the Dallas hotels would provide accommodations for the two African-American members of the Penn State team, the Penn State team ended up staying at a Naval Air Station 14 miles from Dallas. This was the first interracial game played at the Cotton Bowl Stadium . The 1953 Cotton Bowl would be a rematch of

644-551: A dollar” photo stalls, where he learned to rapidly process and print photos while customers waited impatiently in the alley for their prints. From 1948 to 1962, he combed the beach and shot more than 24,000 black and white photos with out-of-date World War II military film that he bought from a Coney Island hawker for pennies on the dollar. These photos comprised his first photographic opus, which he called Coney Island Inferno. Ralph Ginzburg ’s art magazine, Eros , featured Coney Island Inferno images in its second issue. Photographs from

736-421: A film promoting its trendy new clothing line. Directed by Snyder, the film featured high-fashion models in mini-skirts skiing down Vermont slopes at night in a phantasmagorical display of Snyder’s slides, special effects, and fireworks. The Grove Press Film Collection described the film as “a Joycean delirium of colors and sounds. . . . This film produces an eerie and strikingly contemporary glimpse of Pop culture;

828-432: A moving wall of 3D projected and real white cubes in which black vinyl-clad dancers moved to disperse and fragment the 'magical' imagery. Many levels, very beautiful . . . the best of the festival.” In a multimedia collaboration with Angus MacLise, Snyder projected his slides on slowly spinning translucent disks of various sizes that were hung from the rafters of St. Peter’s Episcopal Church . He created Spectro-Mach I for

920-436: A perfect 300 game. Matches were divided into two halves, with five players (leadoff, pressure, pivot, cleanup and anchor) from each team pitted against each other. The first half was played on a team-rotation basis, with opposing players competing on a head-to-head basis (leadoff vs. leadoff, etc.). The second half pitted player against player, each bowler bowling one complete game before his teammate bowls. The NBL also featured

1012-402: A press box, concessions stands, and dressing rooms. Kansas City's Midland and Omaha's Paramount were famous movie theaters that were transformed into NBL arenas. There were two ways a player could earn points for his team: by winning his individual match (worth one point) and by making "bonus" points. A 210 score earned one bonus point, a 220 game two points, and so on, up to ten bonus points for

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1104-473: A side-trip to fantasy land.” Meanwhile, Snyder was experimenting with multimedia art forms. In the early 1960s, he made a series of sepia, black and white, and brilliantly colored 2 + 1 ⁄ 4 x 2 + 1 ⁄ 4 in. slide-glass paintings with aniline dyes that were projected on a screen or on various three-dimensional surfaces. Jonas Mekas wrote about them in The Village Voice : “It

1196-429: A television contract, the NBL had to rely on a strong gate. Using mostly smaller arenas and converted theaters (Dallas and Detroit were the only teams that played in actual bowling alleys), the league created "arena style bowling", using four to six lanes with bleachers that held anywhere from 1,150 to 3,250 people; this setup is now used today in the PBA. Some had spotlighted lanes, scoreboards, semicircular-pattern seats,

1288-578: A virtuoso blending of videos with audio.” The film was exhibited at the Museum of Modern Art in 1967. During the 1960s and 1970s, Snyder made experimental films and collaborated with artists such as Shirley Clarke , who edited his kinescope video CHROMA, and Yayoi Kusama, filming her artistic orgies and other erotic “happenings.” He shot The Living Theatre; and collected hours of documentary footage at Timothy Leary’s Castalia Foundation in Millbrook. He

1380-592: A week, leading to a "World Series of Bowling". Only a single season of play was held. The season began in October 1961 with 10 teams, but failed to attract fans, and four of the teams folded in the first three months. A "World Series" was held in May 1962 that attracted about 1,000 spectators, and the league was declared defunct two months later. The NBL was officially founded on February 24–25, 1960, in Chicago. Initially,

1472-416: A wild-card substitution rule. When a bowler was faced with a difficult shot, his captain could call in a specialist to roll for him. (The most common wild-card substitution was calling in a left-hander for a right-hander when a couple of pins on the right side of the alley needed to be knocked down for a critical spare.) The NBL's first match was New York at Dallas on October 12, 1961. The Dallas Broncos owner

1564-660: Is Don Snyder who is the Master of Slide Art. His slide photography merges completely with the medium of cinema, a kinesthetic experience of color and motion that should be judged not by the design of a single slide (frame) but by the patterns of visual impulses.” Snyder created elaborate multimedia shows in which his hand-painted slides were combined with dancers and experimental films. Howard Junker wrote in The Nation : “Snyder’s film plus slide show ‘Epiphany’ beamed optically complex imagery onto translucent net screens dispersed by

1656-625: The College Football Playoff (CFP) since the 2014 season; it hosted a national semifinal following the 2015, 2018 and 2021 seasons. With the expansion of the College Football Playoff to 12 teams in 2024, the Cotton Bowl Classic will become an annual feature of that playoff, along with the other New Year's Six bowls. Traditional conference tie-ins prior to 2024 will still try to be respected for

1748-756: The Dallas–Fort Worth metroplex since January 1, 1937. The game was originally played at its namesake stadium in Dallas before moving to Cowboys Stadium (now AT&T Stadium ) in nearby Arlington in 2010. Since 2014, the game has been sponsored by the Goodyear Tire and Rubber Company and officially known as the Goodyear Cotton Bowl Classic ; it was previously sponsored by Mobil (1989–1995) and Southwestern Bell Corporation/SBC Communications/ AT&T (1997–2014). Historically,

1840-796: The East Village Other , The New York Times , McCalls , Rolling Stone , Print Magazine , and Modern Photography , among others. He began receiving assignments from the prestigious hardcover quarterly Horizon and was sent to San Francisco in 1967 to photograph the emerging scene in Haight-Ashbury . A portfolio of Snyder’s portraits of flower children during the Summer of Love appeared in Horizon in 1968. Other Horizon portfolios followed, such as his portraits of prominent parapsychologists , including Montague Ullman and members of

1932-540: The Hitchcock Estate in Millbrook, New York, filming and preparing multimedia audiovisuals they called “The Psychedelic Moment” for Leary’s drug free weekend seminars and Fillmore East shows. Many intimate portraits of Leary and his family members were included in Aquarian Odyssey. Snyder’s iconic photograph depicting Leary as Christ “sitting” on the water with his arms raised in crucifixion position

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2024-479: The 1951 bowl game as Texas and Tennessee played for the second time. Texas defensive stars shut out the Vols 16–0 as the Longhorns avenged the previous meeting when Tennessee beat Texas 20–14. The 1954 Cotton Bowl Classic featured one of the most famous plays in college football history. Rice 's Dickey Moegle (last name spelling later changed to "Maegle") began a run around end from his team's 5-yard line and down

2116-454: The 1980s, many SWC teams were left ineligible for postseason play due to NCAA probations for rule violations. Also, the conference's quality of play suffered a marked decline. The SWC champion lost the last seven times in which it received an automatic bid to the game, and the last national champion for almost four decades to play in the Cotton Bowl Classic was Notre Dame in 1977 (eventual national champions Alabama and Clemson would later play in

2208-589: The 2000 Classic. The Arkansas Razorbacks , now a member of the SEC (as of 1992 ), and Texas Longhorns, now a member of the Big XII (as of 1996 ) faced off in the first college football game of the last year of the 20th Century. After a lackluster first half ended with the game tied 3–3, the Razorbacks opened things up, led by Offensive MVP running back Cedric Cobbs . Arkansas beat their former hated rival, 27–6, holding

2300-638: The 2024 and 2025 seasons but are no longer obligated to be met. The winner of the Cotton Bowl is awarded the Field Scovell Trophy. The Cotton Bowl Classic was founded in Dallas in 1937 at the Texas State Fair Grounds , when Texas oil executive J. Curtis Sanford financed the first bowl game. Texas Christian and star quarterback Sammy Baugh took on Marquette , winning 16–6, but the game lost money even though some 17,000 attended. Nonetheless, Sanford persevered, and in 1938

2392-477: The 4th quarter work of freshman fullback Robert (Bob) Lee Clodfelter, who was to mature under Weeb Ewbank at Washington University in St. Louis the next three years. In 1947 LSU and Arkansas played in front of 38,000 people to a scoreless tie in what would later become known as the "Ice Bowl." LSU got the better of Arkansas most of the game, but the game truly belonged to the weatherman. In 1948 Penn State , in

2484-562: The AP and UPI (Coaches) polls national titles before the bowl games (which was standard at that time), Arkansas still had a chance to claim a share of the national championship with a victory over Nebraska. After a hard-fought defensive battle, the Hogs prevailed 10–7. That victory, coupled with an Alabama loss in the Orange Bowl to Texas (a team Arkansas defeated in Austin, Texas.), gave Arkansas

2576-651: The BCS and ESPN had forestalled any possibility of the Cotton Bowl Classic joining the BCS until 2015 at the earliest. Later findings that the Fiesta Bowl reimbursed employees more than $ 46,000 for political contributions could have opened the door for the Cotton Bowl to replace the Fiesta in the BCS bowl rotation; however, the Fiesta Bowl did not lose its BCS rotation. In the 2010 Cotton Bowl Classic played between

2668-441: The BCS in 2011. The Cotton Bowl had recently been remodeled and expanded to over 92,000 seats as part of a long-term drive to regain major status for the bowl game. However, Dallas' frequently cold January weather had been a longstanding concern, and was thought to have hampered any prospect of upgrading the game to the BCS. In contrast, the new stadium would offer top amenities and a retractable roof. A new four-year agreement between

2760-791: The Big 12 after the Bowl Alliance and its successor, the Bowl Championship Series –usually the championship game loser or a division runner-up. From 1996 to 1998, the other participant was either the champion of the Western Athletic Conference or the runner-up of the Pac-10 Conference . In 1996, the No. 5 BYU Cougars joined Notre Dame as the only programs outside of a major conference to play in

2852-516: The Broncos drew just 2,000 fans on opening night, well short of a sellout, and attendance got worse from there. (The lanes were eventually removed from the Bronco Bowl and it became a popular music venue for rock and roll acts including A-ha , Bob Dylan , U2 , and Bruce Springsteen before closing in 2003.) Other teams also got off to less-than-promising starts. Jesse Weingart, a co-owner of

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2944-488: The Cotton Bowl Classic was a 12–7 loss to Texas in 1962. The 2004 Cotton Bowl Classic would also be New York Giants quarterback Eli Manning 's last college football game. Manning led his team to beat Oklahoma State 31–28. The 2007 Cotton Bowl Classic was between Auburn Tigers and the Nebraska Cornhuskers ; Auburn won 17–14. In the 2008 Cotton Bowl Classic, Missouri 's running back Tony Temple broke

3036-451: The Cotton Bowl after the 2015 and 2018 seasons, respectively). Finally, the Cotton Bowl Classic was played outdoors during cold weather on occasion (most notably the 1979 game). Meanwhile, the Fiesta Bowl , unhindered by conference tie-ins and played in generally warm weather, propelled itself to major-bowl status by attracting national championship contenders, most notably with its January 1987 matchup between Penn State and Miami . In

3128-551: The Cotton Bowl in the modern era, defeating the Kansas State Wildcats 19–15, winning an NCAA record 14th game, and finishing the season ranked fifth in the country with a 14–1 record. In 1999, the Cotton Bowl arranged for a team from the Southeastern Conference to be the Big 12 opponent, and Southwestern Bell (now AT&T) began sponsoring the event. More often than not, the SEC representative

3220-528: The Cotton Bowl stadium, the 8–4, No. 20 Ole Miss Rebels defeated the 11–1, No. 7 Texas Tech Red Raiders , 47–34. Tech quarterback Graham Harrell broke the NCAA record in this game for most touchdown passes thrown by anyone in Cotton Bowl Classic history. In 2010, the Cotton Bowl Classic moved to the new Cowboys Stadium (now AT&T Stadium) in Arlington, as part of a bid by bowl officials to make it part of

3312-631: The Darkroom, and Introduction to the Spectrum of Light and Photography. Snyder’s professional career was cut short in the summer of 1980 when he was in a catastrophic automobile accident and suffered a major brain concussion and shattered hip. His head had to be cut from the roof of the car with the Jaws of Life . As a consequence of the accident, he was obliged to turn down photographic assignments and book offers, and forced to give up teaching. His recovery

3404-456: The East and West Coasts, and documented life in well-known countercultural communities. As one reviewer put it, "Look back on this era and you recall Woodstock, San Francisco’s Haight Ashbury, rock festivals, flower children, and the communes. In 1964, Snyder began an odyssey from coast to coast, capturing the mood in spectacular color. With camera in hand, he is just as much an artist as the man with

3496-691: The Grantland Rice Trophy emblematic of the national championship awarded by the Football Writers Association of America (FWAA). In the 1966 game, Arkansas put its 22-game winning streak at risk playing LSU, who defeated the Razorbacks, 14–7. The 1967 game was moved to Saturday, December 31, 1966, due to the Dallas Cowboys hosting the NFL Championship Game at the stadium on New Year's Day,

3588-787: The Inferno series were exhibited at the Municipal Art Society of New York in 1987. Snyder attended Syracuse University where he met and was influenced by the radical ideas of artist Aldo Tambellini , who was then a graduate student teaching in the art department. His creative alliance with Tambellini continued after Snyder left Syracuse to study painting and photography at Cooper Union and enroll in Alexey Brodovitch ’s Design Laboratory at The New School . When Tambellini moved to Manhattan, Snyder joined his emerging Group Center, an artists’ collective intent on challenging

3680-569: The Irish and quarterback Joe Montana roll to a 38–10 victory. The Irish vaulted from fifth to first in the final polls with the victory. The 1973 game featured Texas and Alabama once again playing in a bowl game. Alabama led 13–10 going into the 4th quarter when Texas quarterback, Alan Lowry, ran the bootleg to perfection and scrambled 32 yards for the go-ahead touchdown. Again, Texas defeated Alabama and Bear Bryant , 17–13. The 1976 Cotton Bowl showcased SWC co-Champ Arkansas against SEC stalwart Georgia. The Razorbacks had beaten No. 2 Texas A&M in

3772-659: The LA Toros gave up the ghost on January 15, 1962, the league dropped the divisional setup and declared Detroit the "first half" champion; the league started the "second half" with the remaining six teams starting January 28. Fan interest remained low; even in Detroit, who led the NBL in attendance, the Thunderbirds actually rolled a late-season match behind closed doors, rather than distribute free tickets. Twin Cities claimed

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3864-748: The LENA sculpture shows at St. Mark’s Church in-the-Bowery . His huge triplicate panels of the Apollo 11 Moon landing were shown in the Queens Museum exhibition, Television’s Impact on Contemporary Art. The Magic Circle Exhibition at the Bronx Museum of Art included Snyder’s polarized light box In 1965, Snyder met and formed a close association with Timothy Leary , producing multimedia shows for Leary that reflected his psychedelic philosophy and ideas. During 1965–67, Snyder spent considerable time at

3956-528: The Lakewood area. "Woodrow" became the first high school ever to produce two Heisman winners. For 53 years, the SWC champion played as the home team in the Cotton Bowl Classic, a tie-in which continued through the 1994 season . Until the mid-1980s, the contest was almost universally counted as a major New Year's Day bowl. However, by the late 1980s, the Cotton Bowl Classic's prestige had fallen significantly. During

4048-468: The Longhorns a possible national title. The 1989 game between UCLA and Arkansas was highly publicized in the Dallas area because Bruin quarterback Troy Aikman was expected to be the top pick in the 1989 NFL draft ; the first pick was held by the Dallas Cowboys . Much was made of Cowboys longtime head coach Tom Landry watching Aikman practice at Texas Stadium , UCLA's practice facility for game preparation. Landry never got to draft Aikman, because he

4140-470: The Longhorns faced a highly talented Mississippi Rebels team. The game was a low scoring meeting that came down to the final quarter as Texas won 12–7. The 1963 game featured the returning Texas Longhorns and the LSU Tigers , who, like Mississippi, were from the SEC. Lynn Amedee 's 23-yard field goal gave the Tigers a 3–0 halftime lead after Texas had missed their own which led to an 80-yard drive. This

4232-676: The Longhorns to negative yards rushing, and sacking the Texas QB a bowl-record 8 times. The 2003 Cotton Bowl Classic saw a rematch between the Texas Longhorns and the LSU Tigers. LSU led at the half 17–7 however Roy Williams of Texas had a tremendous breakout in the second half to lead Texas to victory over the Tigers, 35–20. The 2004 Cotton Bowl Classic saw the return of the Mississippi Rebels , whose last appearance in

4324-545: The Longhorns up 14–10 with 2:05 remaining. Alabama's Joey Jones returned the ensuing kickoff to the Texas 38-yard line, and Tide quarterback Walter Lewis took over with 1:54 left. On the very next play, UT's William Graham picked off a Lewis pass at the one. The Longhorns took a safety to insure better field position and Texas once again stunned Alabama and the Bear with a 14–12 victory. The 1984 game featured No. 7 Georgia of

4416-508: The Maimonides Dream telepathy Laboratory. When documenting the social turmoil of the 1960s and 1970s, Snyder made portraits of many countercultural figures––among them Abbie Hoffman , Timothy Leary , Ram Dass , Lenore Kandel , Bobby Beausoleil , Allen Ginsberg , Yayoi Kusama , Arthur Kleps , Angus Maclise , Gerard Malanga , The Grateful Dead , and Janis Joplin . He captured the underground art scenes flourishing on both

4508-419: The NBL a sixteen-team loop. Ultimately, when the NBL began play in the fall of 1961, it featured ten teams in two divisions: The minimum salary was $ 6,000, with some such as Buzz Fazio making upwards of $ 20,000, a payday that rivaled many top PBA bowlers; the entire league payroll set at $ 800,000. For his part, PBA secretary Ed Elias did not consider the NBL a threat to his organization: "At no time has

4600-468: The PBA ever opposed the idea of a National Bowling League. Having struggled through our early formative days, we knew full well the many problems that could arise for any such new organization. However, we were quick to welcome the idea of additional employment for the man who makes his living bowling. The National Bowling League offered just that, and if it had succeeded as originally planned, it would have meant additional income, prestige and recognition for

4692-473: The SEC against undefeated No. 2 Texas of the SWC. Texas led 9–3 with more than four minutes to play in a battle of field goals between Georgia's Kevin Butler and Texas' Jeff Ward. A Chip Andrews (Georgia) punt was muffed by Texas defensive back Craig Curry late in the fourth quarter, then Georgia quarterback John Lastinger ran 17 yards for a touchdown with 3:22 left to play to capture a 10–9 victory, costing

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4784-707: The Tide. After the Aggies defeated the Tide 20–16, Bryant embraced Stallings and carried him off the field. In 1969, Texas was off and running with its new offensive formation, the Wishbone. After dismantling all opponents of the 1968 season, Texas won the SWC crown again and this time faced the Tennessee Volunteers, in what was a lopsided win for Texas with almost 400 rushing yards. Texas won 36–13. The 1970 game featured Notre Dame 's return to bowl games after

4876-483: The art of photography. Photographs from these sessions appear in Aquarian Odyssey, which The New York Times called: “a penetrating trip into the turbulent sixties in psychedelic color. This fascinating book is a basic primer for the street photographer interested in documenting life around him, and on what can be accomplished with a minimum of equipment and a maximum of imagination. It is a masterful treatise on shooting color in available light, revealing street candids, and

4968-428: The bowl game rushing record by gaining 281 yards on 24 carries. (The record was previously held by Rice's Dickey Maegle, who had rushed for 265 yards.) Missouri beat Arkansas 38–7. In April 2008, Cotton Bowl Classic officials announced that in 2009 and 2010 the game would be moved from its traditional start time of 10 a.m. CST on January 1 to 1 p.m. CST on January 2. In the final Cotton Bowl Classic game to be held in

5060-401: The bowler himself, and added recognition for the bowling industry — something we are all seeking continually." On July 17, 1960 the NBL held its first draft, selecting Billy Welu first (Miami), and Don Carter second (Fort Worth). Later rounds selected major league baseball stars Mickey Mantle and Yogi Berra , who were both bowling alley owners. On September 5, 1960 Fred Riccillii became

5152-466: The brush." City life, with its club scenes and radical avant-garde art also drew Snyder’s attention. Using only available light, he made a series of photographs of The Living Theatre ’s “ Paradise Now ,” and Angus MacLise’s opera “Orfeo.” He spent many all-night stints in Ira Cohen ’s Mylar Chamber, photographing countercultural figures such as William Burroughs and Jack Smith and teaching Cohen

5244-494: The champion Thunderbirds, said he believed most league players would return to the PBA even if the NBL returned. On July 9, 1962, Tobolowski officially announced the end of the NBL. The book Let's Go Bowling! claimed that "most bowlers hesitated to give up their status as part of the PBA to join (the NBL)." Teams marked with (*) did not finish season. Don Snyder Donald Roger Snyder (June 14, 1934 – August 29, 2010)

5336-422: The crowded lawn chairs, beach blankets, sun umbrellas, and sand castles. The gaudy race-track horses of Steeplechase and the red billowing cloud of the Parachute Jump also captured his photographic imagination, as did the multiple freak shows and sideshow facades on which he was paid to paint mermaids and monsters. Still underage, Snyder began working in a narrow, cramped darkroom behind one of Coney Island’s “5 for

5428-455: The expanded cinema festival at The Film-Makers' Cooperative , and staged multimedia shows at other public venues such as The Millennium Film Workshop and The Electric Circus . Snyder’s slides projected onto nudes were printed on an array of perforated stamps and included in issue No. 9 of the multimedia magazine, Aspen . His slide images formed the solar centers of Angus MacLise’s New World Solar Calendar (Fluxus Codex page 398). He

5520-412: The fabrics were projected on white-clad modern dancers as they undulated down the runway in the novel textures. In 1966, Snyder spearheaded a professional company of 5 artists called The Adventures of Multimedia. The group soon garnered media spreads in newspapers and prominent magazines, and it was featured in primetime TV shows on WNBC and WNET. The group received a commission from Paraphernalia to make

5612-602: The film and made prints for her in his spare time. They traded photographs, and he continued to make occasional prints for her after he left Alan Arbus’s employ. They remained friends until her death in 1971. During this early period, Snyder worked as a high-fashion photographer, and multiple examples of his creative fashion photography were published in his first book, Don Snyder’s World of Photography , which illustrated his innovations in lighting and special effects. He sold photographs as record jackets and book covers and they appeared in periodicals such as The Village Voice ,

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5704-473: The final time that Bear Bryant would face the Longhorns. Having lost to Texas in all meetings prior, Alabama went into the fourth quarter ahead 10–0 and it would appear that the Bear would finally get a win over Texas while at Alabama. But the Longhorns scored their first points with a quarterback draw by Robert Brewer on a 3rd-and-long with 10:38 remaining. On Texas' next possession, Terry Orr scored from eight yards out to cap an 11-play, 80-yard drive to put

5796-406: The first player to sign. The first name player to sign was Steve Nagy . Others included Buzz Fazio , Ed Lubanski, Billy Golembiewski, Joe Joseph , and Bob Hitt. Don Carter, probably the best-known bowler in the country at the time and already sponsored by Budweiser , turned down a $ 1,000 per week contract, half-interest in a goat farm, and a cut of the gate. Bowling was popular on television at

5888-406: The game hosted the champion of the Southwest Conference (SWC) against a team invited from elsewhere in the country, frequently a major independent or a runner-up from the Southeastern Conference (SEC). Following the dissolution of the SWC in 1996, the game hosted a runner-up from the Big 12 Conference , facing an SEC team from 1999 to 2014. The Cotton Bowl Classic has served as one of six bowls in

5980-463: The game made a profit as Rice defeated Byron White 's Colorado 28–14 in front of a crowd of 37,000. Some 40,000 attended the 1939 match between Saint Mary's College of California and Texas Tech , with the Gaels upsetting the undefeated Red Raiders 20–13. In 1940, an underdog Clemson team surprised the Boston College Eagles 6–3, in the first and only appearance at the Cotton Bowl Classic by Tigers coach Frank Howard . Attendance at this game

6072-402: The game. Three of the four Heisman Trophy winners from the 1984–87 seasons finished their college career in the Cotton Bowl Classic: Doug Flutie for Boston College in January 1985, Bo Jackson of Auburn in 1986, and Tim Brown of Notre Dame in 1988. Brown and fellow Heisman winner Davey O'Brien , who played in the 1937 Cotton Bowl, both attended nearby Woodrow Wilson High School in

6164-417: The hegemony of the art establishment In the late 1950s, Snyder began working for the fashion and advertising photographer Alan Arbus , developing and printing commercial photographs in Arbus’s darkroom. There he met and formed a friendship with Diane Arbus . Although she had already quit working at the studio, she often stopped by with photos she had just made on the streets of New York, and Snyder developed

6256-464: The highest average team score with 217.19. On May 9, 1962, acting commissioner Edward Tobolowski announced the NBL would return in 1963, later proposing a shortened 16-week season beginning in January. After suffering stiff financial losses, however, the league also wanted to eliminate player salaries and have bowlers roll for prize money (reportedly as much as $ 250,000) instead. NBL bowlers were unsurprisingly not fond of this idea; Ed Lubanski, captain of

6348-561: The league awarded "charter franchises" to Los Angeles, Fort Worth, San Antonio, Dallas, Chicago, Omaha and Raleigh, N.C., as well as "provisional franchises" to Fresno, Calif., Miami, New York, Cleveland and Houston. In a meeting in Dallas in May 1960, several other cities made presentations to join the league, including Detroit, San Francisco, St. Louis, Minneapolis-St. Paul, Atlanta and Salt Lake City. Several other cities (including Denver, Boston, Birmingham, Tucson/Phoenix and San Diego) were awarded 30-day options on franchises, with an eye to make

6440-417: The margin of victory as TCU won, 28–27. TCU QB Chuck Curtis passed for 174 yards, threw for two touchdowns and rushed for another to lead the Frogs. In 1960, Syracuse defeated Texas 23–14 to win the national championship . Syracuse was led by bowl MVP Ernie Davis , who ran for one touchdown, caught a Cotton Bowl Classic record 87-yard touchdown, and intercepted a pass leading to a third touchdown. There

6532-424: The minds of many fans, the Fiesta replaced the Cotton as a major bowl. Despite this, the Cotton Bowl Classic still retained enough prestige that it was included as one of the top bowls in the Bowl Coalition when it was formed in 1992. However, in 1995, the new Bowl Alliance (the predecessor of the BCS) chose to include the Fiesta over the Cotton in its rotation. While it was still capable of landing Top 10 teams, it

6624-537: The next year, but this time, the Irish ended the Longhorns' 30-game winning streak with a 24–11 victory, denying Texas the Associated Press national championship (the Longhorns had already clinched the regular season championship in the UPI poll, a pre-bowl poll until the 1974 season; Nebraska won the AP title). Texas and Notre Dame met again in the 1978 game, with the Longhorns again top-ranked, only to see

6716-577: The open field. Alabama 's Tommy Lewis jumped off the bench and tackled Moegle. The referee, Cliff Shaw, saw what happened and signaled touchdown even though Moegle was "tackled" at the 42-yard line. The 1957 Classic matched the TCU Horned Frogs against the Jim Brown -led Syracuse Orangemen . Brown rushed for 135 yards, scored three touchdowns and kicked three extra points but a fourth-quarter blocked extra point by TCU's Chico Mendoza proved

6808-716: The original New York team, had his franchise rights terminated in April 1961, and he threatened to sue the league. The new owners, unable to find a home on top of Grand Central Station , wound up remodeling a movie theater in distant Totowa, New Jersey , about 20 miles from Manhattan; the Gladiators home opener on October 17 drew just 600 fans. Meanwhile, the Los Angeles Toros built a new facility, Jefferson Street Arena, which could hold only 1,200 fans; even on opening night, they couldn't sell it out, drawing only 950 fans in

6900-554: The second-half title and faced Detroit in the best-of-five "NBL World Series" on May 4–6, 1962 in Allen Park, Michigan . The Thunderbirds swept the Skippers in three straight matches (winning the finale, 27-15 in front of about 1,000 spectators), and claimed the only National Bowling League title. Don Bickford of Dallas finished with the best average score at 220.45, edging out Broncos teammate J. B. Solomon at 220.30; Dallas also had

6992-484: The time. Prior to the game, sportswriters boasted that Texas did not belong in the same league as Georgia Tech. Texas proved the public wrong by defeating the Yellow Jackets 14–7 in what was mostly a defensive battle. This Cotton Bowl was the first bowl appearance for Texas as the Longhorns would go on to appear in a record 22 Cotton Bowls, the most of any team. In 1946, Missouri was defeated by Texas , despite

7084-458: The time; NBC carried "Championship Bowling", while other local and national programs included "Make That Spare", "Bowling for Dollars", and "Celebrity Bowling." The NBL tried to place its matches on ABC , but that network also chose the PBA. (ABC televised PBA matches on the Saturday afternoon "Pro Bowlers Tour" from 1961–97; the program later aired on CBS and is now seen on FS1 .) Without

7176-642: The undefeated Maryland Terrapins. Houston won 30–21, handing the Terps their only loss of the year. The 1979 Cotton Bowl Classic , nicknamed the Chicken Soup Game, featured one of the most historic comebacks in bowl history. Notre Dame trailed Houston 34–12 midway through the fourth quarter. Thanks to a blocked punt and the brilliance of future NFL Hall of Famer Joe Montana , the Irish rallied to win 35–34, their second consecutive Cotton Bowl Classic victory. The 1982 game between Texas and Alabama would be

7268-413: Was a brawl on the field just before the end of the first half; some said it was because of Texas taking cheap shots at Ernie Davis. The University of Texas president Logan Wilson called for an NCAA hearing on the fight after the game. Syracuse Athletic Director Lew Andreas asserted that no one from his university had accused Texas of dirty play, and attributed those claims to members of the media. The issue

7360-532: Was an American photographer and multimedia artist. Immersed in the social upheaval of the 1960s, he is best known for his iconic photographs of the counterculture , collected in his 1979 book Aquarian Odyssey: A Photographic Trip into the Sixties . Don Snyder was raised on Coney Island , which left an imprint on his art and creativity. He acquired a camera at an early age and spent his teenage years photographing families clustered on rock jetties or cavorting among

7452-410: Was commissioned by Jean Houston and Bob Masters to create an altered-states multimedia chamber at their Foundation for Mind Research. The high-end fabric designer Jack Lenor Larsen reproduced a series of Snyder’s slides on innovative new fabrics, and Larsen presented the fabric line to fellow designers and members of the fashion industry in a multimedia light show created by Snyder. Slides chosen for

7544-542: Was commissioned to make a feature-length film of experimental erotica for Maurice Girodias , which he shot in the Berkshires. His last known film was a documentary of Jack Smith starring in his original play, “Song for Rent.” The film was shown at the Museum of Modern Art in 2011 and is in the museum’s permanent collection. Sculpture was a medium Snyder also liked to work in. His works of sculpture were first exhibited at

7636-481: Was dropped shortly thereafter. In 1961, Davis became the first black athlete to win the Heisman Trophy , but died of leukemia before his pro career could begin. Duke defeated Arkansas 7–6 in the 1961 game. Duke scored with 2:45 remaining and recovered a fumble on the ensuing series to win the game. In 1962, Texas would again be selected to play in the Cotton Bowl after winning another SWC crown. This time

7728-421: Was fired the next month, but his successor, Jimmy Johnson , did. UCLA and Aikman won, 17–3. The Cotton Bowl Classic has seen its share of great quarterbacks. Sammy Baugh , Davey O'Brien , Babe Parilli , Bobby Layne , Norm Van Brocklin , Y. A. Tittle , Bart Starr , Roger Staubach , Ken Stabler , Joe Theismann , Joe Montana , Dan Marino , Doug Flutie , Troy Aikman , and Eli Manning all have played in

7820-632: Was given as 20,000. Later that year, a group of prominent Dallas citizens took over the staging of the game as the Cotton Bowl Athletic Association. A few months later, the CBAA became an agency of the Southwest Conference . From 1941 to 1994, the SWC's champion hosted the Cotton Bowl Classic. In 1943, The Texas Longhorns represented the SWC in their first ever bowl game against a highly ranked Georgia Tech team at

7912-414: Was no longer in a position to decide the national championship. In 18 of the 21 seasons since 1995, the Cotton Bowl has featured two ranked opponents. In the other three seasons, one of the teams was ranked (2002, 2003, and 2010). In 1995, the SWC gave up control of the Cotton Bowl Classic as part of its planned dissolution after the season. From 1999 to 2014, the Cotton Bowl Classic had the second pick from

8004-467: Was oilman J. Curtis Sanford, who had come up with the idea of football's Cotton Bowl in 1937. He poured millions into his team, building the Bronco Bowl, a 72-lane alley that was one of the largest bowling centers in the country at the time. The Broncos' home matches were located in a special section that featured six lanes and 18 rows of seats in a semicircle; there was even a seven-piece jazz band to entertain between games. Dallas won their opener 22-2, but

8096-559: Was played six weeks after the assassination of John F. Kennedy (coincidentally, a retired Naval officer) in Dallas. The 1964 game is the second bowl game in college football history to pair the No. 1 and No. 2 teams in the nation (the 1963 Rose Bowl being the first). In 1965, the Arkansas Razorbacks took an undefeated record (10–0) into the Classic versus a 9–1 Nebraska Cornhuskers team. Although Alabama had been awarded

8188-490: Was shot in Millbrook and appeared on the front page of The Village Voice in 1974. Snyder taught at the School of Visual Arts (SVA) from 1974 to 1980, passing along his innovative photographic expertise in courses such as: Lensless Photography, Photo-Rayograms, Secrets of Light, Multimedia Photography and Filmmaking, Experiments with Light, Special Effects Photography, Painting with Light, Light Graphics, Darkroom Graphics, After

8280-572: Was slow and his injuries plagued him for the rest of his life. Although he pursued his creative endeavors, he became more reclusive and seldom left his studio in Chelsea. Snyder’s health gradually deteriorated and he died of a massive heart attack in his studio on August 29, 2010. Cotton Bowl Classic The Cotton Bowl Classic (also known as the Cotton Bowl ) is an American college football bowl game that has been held annually in

8372-490: Was the first field goal in the Classic since 1942. Amedee recovered a Longhorn fumble at the 37 early in the third quarter and Jimmy Field scored 5 plays later on a touchdown run. Buddy Hamic recovered a Longhorn fumble to set up an Amedee field goal 13 plays later as the Tigers shut the Longhorns out. In 1964, No. 1 Texas completed an undefeated season by defeating No. 2 Navy (led by Heisman Trophy winner and future Dallas Cowboys quarterback Roger Staubach ). The game

8464-584: Was the runner-up from the West Division. However, Tennessee appeared in 2001 and 2005, and Missouri appeared in 2014. Through 2008, the Cotton Bowl Classic continued to be played on New Year's Day (except in 2004 and 2006, when the game was moved to January 2) and was usually the second game of the day to kick off, generally following the Outback Bowl . This decade was kicked off in grand fashion, as two former Southwest Conference rivals faced off in

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