The Brown Hills ( 79°46′S 158°33′E / 79.767°S 158.550°E / -79.767; 158.550 ) are a group of mainly snow-free hills in the Cook Mountains of Antarctica .
50-751: The Brown Hills lie north of the lower reaches of Darwin Glacier . They are north of Diamond Hill and are adjacent to Diamond Glacier , a distributary of the Darwin Glacier. To the east they are bordered by the Ross Ice Shelf . On the west side, the Touchdown Glacier flows south to the Darwin Glacier between Roadend Nunatak and the Brown Hills. Reeves Bluffs are to the north of the hills. The hills were named for their color by
100-491: A hill pass . A mountain pass is typically formed between two volcanic peaks or created by erosion from water or wind. Mountain passes make use of a gap , saddle , col or notch . A topographic saddle is analogous to the mathematical concept of a saddle surface , with a saddle point marking the minimum high point between two valleys and the lowest point along a ridge. On a topographic map , passes can be identified by contour lines with an hourglass shape, which indicates
150-657: A basin in the Brown Hills separating the snouts of the Foggydog and Bartrum Glaciers from the northern edge of the Darwin Glacier. Explored by the VUWAE, 1962-63, and named from Samuel Butler's novel Erewhon. 79°45′S 159°34′E / 79.750°S 159.567°E / -79.750; 159.567 . A line of snow-free coastal hills 5 miles (8.0 km) long, standing 2 miles (3.2 km) east of Cooper Nunatak between Carlyon and Darwin Glaciers. Discovered and named by
200-564: A low spot between two higher points. In the high mountains, a difference of 2,000 meters (6,600 ft) between the summit and the mountain is defined as a mountain pass. Passes are often found just above the source of a river , constituting a drainage divide . A pass may be very short, consisting of steep slopes to the top of the pass, or a valley many kilometers long, whose highest point might only be identifiable by surveying . Roads and railways have long been built through passes. Some high and rugged passes may have tunnels bored underneath
250-419: A member of U.S. Navy Squadron VX-6 worked several seasons at McMurdo Station between 1958 and 1961. Mountain pass Aa mountain pass is a navigable route through a mountain range or over a ridge . Since mountain ranges can present formidable barriers to travel, passes have played a key role in trade, war, and both human and animal migration throughout history. At lower elevations it may be called
300-531: A nearby mountainside, as with the Eisenhower Tunnel bypassing Loveland Pass in the Rockies, to allow faster traffic flow throughout the year. The top of a pass is frequently the only flat ground in the area, and may be a high vantage point. In some cases this makes it a preferred site for buildings. If a national border follows the ridge of a mountain range, a pass over the mountains is typically on
350-515: A reentrant from the Darwin Glacier north into the Brown Hills. The Hatherton Glacier forms south of the head of the Darwin Glacier, below Turnstile Ridge, and flows southeast. The Lieske Glacier and Hinton Glacier enter the Hatherton Glacier from the south on either side of Dusky Ridge . The Ragotzkie Glacier enters the Hatherton Glacier to the southwest of Junction Spur. The Hatherton Glacier, which has turned to flow northeast, joins
400-786: A style of street racing which may take place on these roads. There are thousands of named passes around the world, some of which are well-known, such as the Khyber Pass close to the present-day Afghanistan-Pakistan border on the ancient Silk Road , the Great St. Bernard Pass at 2,473 metres (8,114 ft) in the Alps , the Chang La at 5,360 metres (17,590 ft), the Khardung La at 5,359 metres (17,582 ft) in Ladakh , India and
450-470: A team charged with the maintenance of mechanical equipment at the outlying U.S. stations. 79°02′S 157°45′E / 79.033°S 157.750°E / -79.033; 157.750 . A glacier in the Britannia Range, about 10 nautical miles (19 km; 12 mi) long, flowing northward along the west side of Mount Aldrich and coalescing with other north-flowing glaciers which enter
500-822: Is a large glacier in Antarctica . It flows from the polar plateau eastward between the Darwin Mountains and the Cook Mountains to the Ross Ice Shelf . The Darwin and its major tributary the Hatherton are often treated as one system, the Darwin–Hatherton. The lower part of the glacier was mapped by the British National Antarctic Expedition, 1901–04 (BrNAE), and the whole area traversed by New Zealand parties of
550-888: Is also used, particularly in Europe. In the highest mountain range in the world, the Himalayas, passes are denoted by the suffix "La" in Tibetan, Ladhakhi, and several other regional languages. Examples are the Taglang La at 5,328 m (17,480 ft) on the Leh-Manali highway , and the Sia La at 5,589 m (18,337 ft) in the Eastern Karakoram range. Scotland has the Gaelic term bealach (anglicised "balloch"), while Wales has
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#1732800945553600-771: Is the Brenner pass in the Alps . Some mountain passes above the tree line have problems with snow drift in the winter. This might be alleviated by building the road a few meters above the ground, which will make snow blow off the road. There are many words for pass in the English-speaking world. In the United States, pass is very common in the West , the word gap is common in the southern Appalachians , notch in parts of New England , and saddle in northern Idaho . The term col , derived from Old French,
650-577: The Advisory Committee on Antarctic Names (US-ACAN) for George McCleary, public information officer on the staff of the U.S. Antarctic Projects Officer (1959–61), whose labors helped to start the Bulletin of the USAPO. 79°48′S 158°10′E / 79.800°S 158.167°E / -79.800; 158.167 . A tributary of Darwin Glacier, flowing south between Roadend Nunatak and
700-738: The Advisory Committee on Antarctic Names after Karl W. Gatson of the United States Geological Survey (USGS), a topographic engineer on the joint 1975–76 USGS – British Antarctic Survey project to establish control points for Landsat mosaics of Palmer Land , and to establish geodetically tied independent survey nets in the Ellsworth Mountains and Antarctic Peninsula into a worldwide reference system using Doppler satellite control. 79°42′S 158°46′E / 79.700°S 158.767°E / -79.700; 158.767 . A large flat-topped hill at
750-617: The Antarctic ice sheet expanded, forming grounded ice in the Ross Sea. This would cause the ice streams flowing into the Ross Sea to be buttressed and thickened, and there is some evidence to support this. However, there is contradictory evidence from the upper Hatherton Glacier that suggests the ice extent there was lower in the LGM than it is today. Darwin and Hatherton glaciers both thinned steadily by about 500 metres (1,600 ft) during
800-724: The Commonwealth Trans-Antarctic Expedition (1956–58). The glacier was named in association with the Darwin Mountains. The Darwin Glacier flows relatively slowly compared to other glaciers in the Transantarctic Mountains, at less than 100 metres (330 ft) per year. There are small scale fluctuations due to daily tidal cycles downstream from its grounding line. During the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM)
850-526: The Darwin Mountains to the south. It turns to flow southeast past the Darwin Mountains to the southwest and the Brown Hills of the Cook Mountains to the north. McCleary Glacier drains southward into Darwin Glacier east of Walker Cirque and just west of Tentacle Ridge . It is joined from the north by the Touchdown Glacier between Roadend Nunatak and the Brown Hills. The Diamond Glacier is
900-594: The Palakkad Gap at 140 metres (460 ft) in Palakkad , Kerala , India . The roads at Mana Pass at 5,610 metres (18,410 ft) and Marsimik La at 5,582 metres (18,314 ft), on and near the China–India border respectively, appear to be world's two highest motorable passes. Khunjerab Pass between Pakistan and China at 4,693 metres (15,397 ft) is also a high-altitude motorable mountain pass. One of
950-559: The BrNAE (1901-04). 79°45′S 158°45′E / 79.750°S 158.750°E / -79.750; 158.750 . A cluster of ice-free peaks occupying the isolated ridge between Bartrum and Foggydog Glaciers in the Brown Hills. Mapped by the VUWAE (1960-61) and named for H. Richard Blank, geologist with the expedition. Not: Blank Peninsula. 79°42′S 158°36′E / 79.700°S 158.600°E / -79.700; 158.600 . A small but prominent ice-covered plateau at
1000-578: The Britannia Range, draining the northwest slopes of Mount Olympus and flowing north, westward of Johnstone Ridge, to enter Hatherton Glacier. Named by a University of Waikato geological party, 1978–79, led by M.J. Selby. Named for John D. McCraw, Dean of Science, University of Waikato, Hamilton, N.Z., a member on a 1959-60 field party to the McMurdo Dry Valleys. 79°05′S 156°50′E / 79.083°S 156.833°E / -79.083; 156.833 . A tributary glacier draining
1050-498: The Brown Hills, flowing west between Bowling Green Plateau and Blank Peaks. Mapped by the VUWAE (1962-63). Named after J.A. Bartrum (1885-1949), Professor of Geology at the University of Auckland, New Zealand. 79°47′S 158°40′E / 79.783°S 158.667°E / -79.783; 158.667 A glacier between Blank Peaks and Mount Rich in the Brown Hills. Mapped by the VUWAE (1962-63) and so named because in plan
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#17328009455531100-584: The Brown Hills. Mapped by the VUWAE (1962–63) and so named because the glacier was used as a landing site for aircraft supporting the expedition. 79°51′S 159°00′E / 79.850°S 159.000°E / -79.850; 159.000 A small distributary glacier of the Darwin Glacier, flowing east-northeast into the narrow valley on the north side of Diamond Hill. Mapped by the VUWAE (1962–63) and named after Diamond Hill. 79°55′S 157°35′E / 79.917°S 157.583°E / -79.917; 157.583 . A large glacier flowing from
1150-594: The CTAE (1956–58) for J.E. Gawn, radio operator at Scott Base who worked closely with the field parties. 79°52′S 160°20′E / 79.867°S 160.333°E / -79.867; 160.333 . A coastal point with some rocky exposures at the south side of the mouth of Darwin Glacier, where the latter flows into Ross Ice Shelf. Mapped by the USGS from tellurometer surveys and Navy air photos, 1959-63. Named by US-ACAN for James H. (Scot) MacDonald, journalist who as
1200-542: The Darwin Glacier Party of the Commonwealth Trans-Antarctic Expedition (1956–58). During glacial periods, Diamond Glacier would probably have flowed over the Brown Hills to the Ross Ice Shelf. Exposure ages of five glacial erratics from the Brown Hills range from 7,000 to 205,000 years ago, which implies that until 7,000 years ago the Brown Hills saddle was ice-covered. Simpson 2002 proposes that
1250-610: The Darwin Glacier Party of the CTAE (1956–58). 79°55′S 159°05′E / 79.917°S 159.083°E / -79.917; 159.083 . A comparatively narrow constriction through which the lower Darwin Glacier flows, causing the ice to bank up somewhat in the vicinity of Diamond Hill . The descriptive name was given by the Darwin Glacier Party of the CTAE (1956–58). 79°56′S 158°40′E / 79.933°S 158.667°E / -79.933; 158.667 . A series of about eight spectacular icefalls, in an east-west line, falling steeply from Bucknell Ridge into
1300-471: The Darwin Glacier Party of the CTAE, 1956–58, who named it because of the green color of its surface. 79°33′S 156°50′E / 79.550°S 156.833°E / -79.550; 156.833 . A broad glacier about 10 nautical miles (19 km; 12 mi) long, draining southward into Darwin Glacier just west of Tentacle Ridge. Mapped by the United States Geological Survey (USGS) from tellurometer surveys and Navy air photos, 1959-63. Named by
1350-582: The Darwin Glacier east of Junction Spur . The Darwin Glacier flows east through The Nozzle between Diamond Hill to the north and the Gawn Ice Piedmont to the south to enter the Ross Ice Shelf north of MacDonald Point. 79°30′S 155°00′E / 79.500°S 155.000°E / -79.500; 155.000 . A large névé on the west side of the Cook and Darwin Mountains which feeds
1400-501: The Darwin Glacier, indenting the north side of the Darwin Mountains between Colosseum Ridge and Kenneth Ridge . An islandlike nunatak, Richardson Hill , rises above the ice of the valley. The descriptive name was given by the VUWAE (1962–63). 79°50′S 154°36′E / 79.833°S 154.600°E / -79.833; 154.600 . A ridge about 9 nautical miles (17 km; 10 mi) long, lying 3 nautical miles (5.6 km; 3.5 mi) north of Westhaven Nunatak at
1450-527: The Darwin and Hatherton Glaciers. Named for its association with Darwin Glacier by the N.Z. Darwin Glacier Party of the CTAE, 1956-58. 79°38′S 156°30′E / 79.633°S 156.500°E / -79.633; 156.500 . An almost impenetrable icefall near Tentacle Ridge , 45 metres (148 ft) high and 15 nautical miles (28 km; 17 mi) long, extending in an arc for almost
1500-478: The Darwin calcic suite, a K-series, I-type, volcanic arc granitoid, includes the Carlyon Granitoid among other rock types. The Brown Hills are mostly made up of the Carlyon Granitoid, which includes an variably foliated, biotite-hornblende granodiorite and granite. 79°44′S 158°44′E / 79.733°S 158.733°E / -79.733; 158.733 . A small steeply crevassed glacier in
1550-440: The Hatherton Glacier 3.6 nautical miles (6.7 km; 4.1 mi) west of Junction Spur in the Darwin Mountains. The glacier is steep without crevasses. Named by the members of a New Zealand Antarctic Research Program (NZARP) field group who had a dramatic overturn with their toboggan while driving down the glacier. 79°07′S 156°35′E / 79.117°S 156.583°E / -79.117; 156.583 . Glacier in
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1600-504: The Hatherton Glacier to the southwest of Junction Spur. Named by US-ACAN for Robert A. Ragotzkie, project director for United States Antarctic Program (USARP) studies of lakes in the ice-free valleys. He made personal studies in Victoria Land in the 1962-63 season. 80°03′S 158°00′E / 80.050°S 158.000°E / -80.050; 158.000 An icefall 2.5 nautical miles (4.6 km; 2.9 mi) wide in
1650-458: The border, and there may be a border control or customs station, and possibly a military post. For instance, Argentina and Chile share the world's third-longest international border , 5,300 kilometres (3,300 mi) long, which runs north–south along the Andes mountains and includes 42 mountain passes. On a road over a pass, it is customary to have a small roadside sign giving the name of
1700-536: The east side of Bowling Green Plateau in the Cook Mountains. Mapped by the Darwin Glacier Party of the CTAE (1956-58). Named after D. Wright, a member of the CTAE who accompanied Sir Edmund Hillary to the South Pole. Darwin Glacier (Antarctica) The Darwin Glacier ( 79°53′S 159°00′E / 79.883°S 159.000°E / -79.883; 159.000 ( Darwin Glacier ) )
1750-406: The east-central part of Ragotzkie Glacier. The icefall is a significant distributary of Ragotzkie ice to Alley Glacier, which occupies the valley to the east. Named by US-ACAN in association with Ragotzkie Glacier. 79°58′00″S 158°05′00″E / 79.9666667°S 158.0833333°E / -79.9666667; 158.0833333 A glacier that drains the north slopes of Britannia Range in
1800-473: The glacier is shaped like the head and neck of a dog, with a moraine suggesting a collar and a glacial lake in the position of the ears. Fog accumulated regularly over the glacier. 79°50′S 158°19′E / 79.833°S 158.317°E / -79.833; 158.317 . A prominent ice-free feature in the Brown Hills, rising to 1,490 metres (4,890 ft) and projecting southward into Darwin Glacier just east of Touchdown Glacier. The descriptive name
1850-654: The last deglaciation between 9,000 and 3,000 years ago. It seems that they lost about half their catchment area to the Byrd Glacier and/or Mulock Glacier , and also that convergent ice flowing from the Byrd and Mulock glaciers strongly buttresses the Darwin and Hatherton glaciers. The Darwin Glacier originates in the Darwin Névé, on the west rim of the polar plateau. It flows east past the Meteorite Hills of
1900-406: The narrowest portion of Darwin Glacier near its mouth. Named by the Darwin Glacier Party of the CTAE (1956–58) for W.J. Cranfield, a member of the party. 79°58′S 160°12′E / 79.967°S 160.200°E / -79.967; 160.200 . An ice piedmont and snow slope occupying the coastal platform between Darwin Glacier and Byrd Glacier . Named by the Darwin Glacier Party of
1950-482: The north side of Darwin Glacier. So named by the Victoria University of Wellington Antarctic Expedition (VUWAE) (1962–63) because of its use as a landmark for manhauling sledge journeys and aircraft flights which supported the expedition and landed there. 79°49′S 156°35′E / 79.817°S 156.583°E / -79.817; 156.583 . A broad valley occupied by a lateral lobe of
2000-420: The north side of the Brown Hills in the Cook Mountains. Named by the VUWAE (1962-63). Prof. Charles C. Rich, geologist and deputy leader of the VUWAE, was affiliated with Bowling Green State University, Ohio. 79°40′S 158°35′E / 79.667°S 158.583°E / -79.667; 158.583 . An ice-filled east–west col between Reeves Plateau and Bowling Green Plateau in the Cook Mountains. It
2050-647: The north slopes of Mount Olympus in Britannia Range and flowing north between Johnstone and Dusky Ridges into Hatherton Glacier. Named by the US-ACAN for Bruce J. Lieske, meteorologist who wintered at Little America V in 1957. 79°03′S 157°10′E / 79.050°S 157.167°E / -79.050; 157.167 . A tributary glacier in the Britannia Range, flowing north between Forbes Ridge and Dusky Ridge into Hatherton Glacier. Named by US-ACAN for Chief Construction Mechanic Clarence C. Hinton, Jr., USN. Hinton wintered at McMurdo Station, 1963, and headed
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2100-423: The northwest extremity of Britannia Range. So named by the Darwin Glacier Party (1957) of the CTAE because snow passages resembling turnstiles occur throughout its length. 79°53′S 157°29′E / 79.883°S 157.483°E / -79.883; 157.483 . A rocky spur marking the eastern extremity of the Darwin Mountains and the junction of the Hatherton and Darwin Glaciers. Mapped and named by
2150-479: The pass and its elevation above mean sea level . Apart from offering relatively easy travel between valleys, passes also provide a route between two mountain tops with a minimum of descent. As a result, it is common for tracks to meet at a pass; this often makes them convenient routes even when travelling between a summit and the valley floor. Passes traditionally were places for trade routes, communications, cultural exchange, military expeditions etc. A typical example
2200-524: The polar plateau generally eastward along the south side of the Darwin Mountains and entering Darwin Glacier at Junction Spur. Mapped by the Darwin Glacier Party of the CTAE (1956–58). Named for Trevor Hatherton, Scientific Officer in Charge of Antarctic Activities, Dept. of Scientific and Industrial Research, Wellington, New Zealand. 79°54′S 157°15′E / 79.9°S 157.25°E / -79.9; 157.25 . A short tributary glacier of
2250-696: The similar bwlch (both being insular Celtic languages). In the Lake District of north-west England, the term hause is often used, although the term pass is also common—one distinction is that a pass can refer to a route, as well as the highest part thereof, while a hause is simply that highest part, often flattened somewhat into a high-level plateau. In Japan they are known as tōge , which means "pass" in Japanese. The word can also refer to narrow, winding roads that can be found in and around mountains and geographically similar areas, or specifically to
2300-582: The vicinity of Ward Tower and flows north to Darwin Glacier. Named by Advisory Committee on Antarctic Names (US-ACAN) after Richard B. Alley, Department of Geosciences, Pennsylvania State University, U.S. Antarctic Project (USAP) glaciologist who has specialized in the study of ice streams of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet. 79°32′00″S 156°31′00″E / 79.5333333°S 156.5166667°E / -79.5333333; 156.5166667 Description: A prominent glacier-filled cirque at
2350-505: The west side of the terminus of McCleary Glacier in Cook Mountains. The cirque opens to Darwin Glacier near the head. Named after Carlton Walker, Facilities, Maintenance, and Construction Supervisor at South Pole Station during U.S. Antarctic Project (USAP) South Pole Station Modernization. 79°48′S 158°02′E / 79.800°S 158.033°E / -79.800; 158.033 . A conspicuous nunatak 4 nautical miles (7.4 km; 4.6 mi) west-northwest of Bastion Hill along
2400-420: The whole width across the Darwin Glacier. Named by the Darwin Glacier Party of the Commonwealth Trans-Antarctic Expedition (CTAE) (1956–58) for its similarity to the circle of an opera house. 79°43′S 156°10′E / 79.717°S 156.167°E / -79.717; 156.167 . Glacier on the west side of Haskell Ridge , flowing north from the Darwin Mountains into Darwin Glacier. Mapped by
2450-522: Was given by the Darwin Glacier Party of the CTAE (1956-58). 79°47′S 158°48′E / 79.783°S 158.800°E / -79.783; 158.800 An isolated peak in the Brown Hills, 5 miles (8.0 km) northwest of Diamond Hill . Named by the VUWAE (1962-63) for Charles C. Rich, USARP geologist who served as deputy leader and geologist of the expedition. 79°48′S 158°34′E / 79.800°S 158.567°E / -79.800; 158.567 . An extensive ice-free area forming
2500-404: Was named by the Advisory Committee on Antarctic Names in association with Bowling Green Plateau. 79°43′S 158°51′E / 79.717°S 158.850°E / -79.717; 158.850 . A jagged ridge, 3 nautical miles (6 km) long with an elevation of 1158m. It runs east from the southern part of Bowling Green Plateau in the Brown Hills of the Cook Mountains. It was named by
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