76-456: Butkus Lithuanian surname m. : Butkus f. : (unmarried) Butkutė f. : (married) Butkienė, Butkuvienė f. : (short) Butkė Origin diminutive of Butkintas Butkus is the masculine form of a Lithuanian family name . Its feminine forms are: Butkienė or Butkuvienė (married woman or widow) and Butkutė (unmarried woman). The surname
152-660: A first name , forename , or Christian name ), together with a surname (also known as a last name or family name ). In the name "James Smith", for example, James is the first name and Smith is the surname. Surnames in the West generally indicate that the individual belongs to a family, a tribe, or a clan, although the exact relationships vary: they may be given at birth, taken upon adoption, changed upon marriage , and so on. Where there are two or more given names, typically only one (in English-speaking cultures usually
228-592: A suffix . For female names this may be -elė , -utė , -ytė , or -užė ; certain suffixes are more common to specific names over the rest. Also, as in many other cultures, a person may informally use a nickname ( pravardė ) in addition to or instead of a given name. Lithuanian surnames, like those in most of Europe, are hereditary and generally patrilineal , i.e., passed from the father to his children. Formally, Lithuanian surnames are divided into two groups—Lithuanian and non-Lithuanian ones. Non-Lithuanian surnames are typically of Slavic origin that currently possess
304-549: A forename followed by first and then second surnames (e.g. Josephine Awanto Nchang). The latter structure is rare in Francophone Cameroon, however, where a third structure prevails: First surname, second surname, forename (e.g. Awanto Nchang Josephine). Depending on national convention, additional given names (and sometimes titles ) are considered part of the name. The royalty , nobility , and gentry of Europe traditionally have many names, including phrases for
380-469: A given name is influenced by fashion. Many parents may name their child after a national hero or heroine, some otherwise famous person, or a character from a book, film, or TV show . However, many names used in today's Lithuania have been in use since the ancient times. Lithuanian male and female names are distinguished grammatically. Almost all Lithuanian female names end in the vowels -a or - ė , while male names almost always end in -s , and rarely in
456-446: A long list of traditional names; these include: These are the most ancient layer of Lithuanian personal names; a majority of them are dual- stemmed personal names, of Indo-European origin. These ancient Lithuanian names are constructed from two interconnected stems , the combination of which has been used to denote certain beneficial personal qualities, for example Jo-gaila means "a strong rider". Although virtually extinct following
532-408: A masculine surname usually ends in -as , -ys or -is , its feminine equivalent ends in -ienė or rarely -uvienė for married women and -aitė , -utė , -iūtė or -ytė for unmarried ones. Examples: There also is a rare archaic suffix for the unmarried feminine surname, -iukė , e.g., Martinaitis -> Martinaičiukė, which is a diminutive suffix. In 2003, Lithuanian laws allowed women to use
608-437: A person must have a given name , which is usually gender-specific, followed by the parents' family name . In onomastic terminology, given names of male persons are called andronyms (from Ancient Greek ἀνήρ / man, and ὄνομα / name), while given names of female persons are called gynonyms (from Ancient Greek γυνή / woman, and ὄνομα / name). Some given names are bespoke, but most are repeated from earlier generations in
684-486: A prefix instead of Patronymic suffix (father's given name) and the initials is/ are prefixed or listed first and then followed by the son's/ daughter's given name. One system used for naming, using only given names (without using family name or surname) is as below: for Tamil Hindu son's name using the initials system: S. Rajeev: (initial S for father's given name Suresh and Rajeev is the son's given name). The same Tamil Hindu name using Patronymic suffix last name system
760-412: A process on a mass scale. In 2009, the question of Lithuanians being allowed to fully Lithuanize their family names was raised again, but it received little support. A married woman usually adopts her husband's name. However, other combinations are legally possible. The wife may keep her maiden name ( mergautinė pavardė ) or add her husband's surname to hers, thus creating a double-barrelled name . It
836-539: A serpent prince from the fairy tale Eglė the Queen of Serpents , Jūratė , goddess of the sea, and Kastytis , from the legend about Jūratė and Kastytis . A distinctive practice dominated in the ethnic region of Lithuania Minor , then part of East Prussia , where Lithuanized German personal names were common, such as Ansas ( Hans ), Grėtė ( Grete ), Vilius ( Wilhelm ) among Prussian Lithuanians . Some of them are still in use among Lithuanians. The choice of
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#1732787459593912-457: A short form, without disclosing the marital status (ending in -ė instead of -ienė/-aitė/etc.: Adamkus → Adamkė). These names are used, although traditional forms are still predominant. According to the Department of Statistics of Lithuania , the most popular feminine family names are: Lithuanians pay great attention to the correct way of referring to or addressing other people depending on
988-427: A vowel -a or -ė , e.g. Mozė ( Moses ). If a masculine name ending in -a has a feminine counterpart, it ends in -ė , e.g. Jogaila and Jogailė . Female double-stemmed Lithuanian names always end in -ė . Diminutives are very popular in everyday usage, and are by no means reserved for children. The Lithuanian language allows for a great deal of creativity in this field. Most diminutives are formed by adding
1064-623: Is patronymic . Thus, all the children of Ivan Volkov would be named "[first name] Ivanovich Volkov" if male, or "[first name] Ivanovna Volkova" if female (-ovich meaning "son of", -ovna meaning "daughter of", and -a usually being appended to the surnames of girls). However, in formal Russian name order, the surname comes first, followed by the given name and patronymic, such as "Raskolnikov Rodion Romanovich". In many families, single or multiple middle names are simply alternative names, names honoring an ancestor or relative, or, for married women, sometimes their maiden names. In some traditions, however,
1140-493: Is Rajeev Suresh meaning Rajeev son of Suresh (Rajeev (first is son's given name) followed by Suresh (father's given name)). As a result, unlike surnames, while using patronymic suffix the same last name will not pass down through many generations. For Tamil Hindu daughters, the initials naming system is the same, eg: S. Meena. Using the Patronymic suffix system it is Meena Suresh: meaning Meena daughter of Suresh; Meena (first
1216-632: Is a rare archaic usage of a diminutive suffix, -iukas , appended to surnames, e.g., Dankša -> Dankšiukas, Kaplanas -> Kaplaniukas, Sederevičius -> Sederevičiukas. For toponymic and patronymic names the use of suffixes that cognate to the Slavic equivalent, such as -avičius (cognate of "-owicz"), -auskas (cognate of "-owski") is common: Jankauskas (cognate of Slavic Jankowski ), Adamkevičius (cognate of Adamkowicz or Adamkiewicz ), Lukoševičius (cognate of Łukaszewicz ). Lithuanian surnames have specific masculine and feminine forms. While
1292-434: Is a single word, known as a mononym . This can be true from birth, or occur later in life. For example, Teller , of the magician duo Penn and Teller , was named Raymond Joseph Teller at birth, but changed his name both legally and socially to be simply "Teller". In some official government documents, such as his driver's license , his given name is listed as NFN , an initialism for "no first name". The Inuit believe that
1368-401: Is a system describing the choice of personal name in a certain society. Personal names consist of one or more parts, such as given name , surname and patronymic . Personal naming systems are studied within the field of anthroponymy . In contemporary Western societies (except for Iceland, Hungary, and sometimes Flanders , depending on the occasion), the most common naming convention is that
1444-522: Is also considered bad luck to take the name of a living ancestor, as the Angel of Death may mistake the younger person for their namesake (although there is no such custom among Sephardi Jews ). Jews may also have a Jewish name for intra-community use and use a different name when engaging with the Gentile world. Chinese and Japanese emperors receive posthumous names . In some Polynesian cultures ,
1520-534: Is also possible, though rare, for the husband to adopt his wife's surname or to add his wife's surname to his family name. Family names first appeared in Lithuania around 1500, but were reserved for the Lithuanian nobility . They usually derived from patronymics . The use of family names gradually spread to other social groups: the townsfolk by the end of the 17th century, then the peasantry . People from
1596-463: Is always written in the Western order. The English and transliterated Chinese full names can be written in various orders. A hybrid order is preferred in official documents including the legislative records in the case for Hong Kong. Examples of the hybrid order goes in the form of Hong Kong actor “ Tony Leung Chiu-wai ” or Singapore Prime Minister " Lawrence Wong Shyun Tsai ", with family names (in
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#17327874595931672-495: Is commonly gendered (e.g. Mr., Mrs., Ms., Miss.) and might additionally convey marital status . Historically, professional titles such as "Doctor" and "Reverend" were largely confined to male professions, so these were implicitly gendered. In formal address, personal names, inclusive of a generational designation, if any, may be followed by one or more post-nominal letters giving office, honour, decoration, accreditation, or formal affiliation. The order given name(s), family name
1748-660: Is commonly known as the Western name order and is usually used in Western European countries and in non-Western European countries that have cultures predominantly influenced by Western Europe (e.g. the United States, Canada, Australia, and New Zealand). It is also used in non-Western regions such as North , East , Central and West India ; Pakistan; Bangladesh; Thailand; Saudi Arabia; Indonesia (non-traditional); Singapore; Malaysia (most of, non-traditional); and
1824-465: Is daughter's given name) followed by Suresh (father's given name). As a result, unlike surnames, while using patronymic suffix the same last name will not pass down through many generations. And after marriage the wife may or may not take her husband's given name as her last name instead of her father's. Eg: after marriage, Meena Jagadish: meaning Meena wife of Jagadish: Meena (first is wife's given name) followed by Jagadish (husband's given name). Hungary
1900-1158: Is derived from the diminutive form Butkus of the Lithuanian given name Butkintas. People [ edit ] Carl Butkus (1922–1978), American football player Darius Butkus (born 1972), Lithuanian footballer Dick Butkus (1942–2023), American football player Goda Butkutė (born 1999), Lithuanian pair skater Juozas Butkus (1893–1947), Lithuanian writer Luke Butkus (born 1979), American football player Rihards Butkus (born 1972), Latvian footballer Vytautas Butkus (born 1949), Lithuanian rower Zenonas Butkus [ lt ] (born 1951), Lithuanian historian References [ edit ] ^ Elsdon Coles Smith, ;;American Surnames , 1986, ISBN 0806311509 , p.83 See also [ edit ] All pages with titles containing Butkus All pages with titles containing Butkiene All pages with titles containing Butkuvienė All pages with titles containing Butkute All pages with titles containing Butke [REDACTED] Surname list This page lists people with
1976-564: Is different from North India where family name typically appears last or other parts of South India where patronymic names are widely used instead of family names. Tamil people , generally those of younger generations, do not employ caste names as surnames. This came into common use in India and also the Tamil diaspora in nations like Singapore after the Dravidian movement in 1930s, when
2052-524: Is different from Wikidata All set index articles Lithuanian surname A Lithuanian personal name , as in most European cultures, consists of two main elements: the given name ( vardas ) followed by the family name ( pavardė ). The usage of personal names in Lithuania is generally governed (in addition to personal taste and family custom) by three major factors: civil law , canon law , and tradition. Lithuanian names always follow
2128-464: Is especially done in Iceland (as shown in example) where people are known and referred to almost exclusively by their given name/s. Some people (called anonyms ) choose to be anonymous , that is, to hide their true names, for fear of governmental prosecution or social ridicule of their works or actions. Another method to disguise one's identity is to employ a pseudonym . For some people, their name
2204-713: Is known as Junichiro Koizumi in English. Japan has requested that Western publications cease this practice of placing their names in the Western name order and revert to the Eastern name order. Mongols use the Eastern naming order ( patronymic followed by given name), which is also used there when rendering the names of other East Asians. However, Russian and other Western names (with the exception of Hungarian names) are still written in Western order. Telugu people from Andhra Pradesh and Telangana traditionally use family name, given name order. The family name first format
2280-457: Is not referred to as Jinping Xi. Its sluggish response by Western publications was met with ire by Japanese politician Taro Kono , who stated that "If you can write Moon Jae-in and Xi Jinping in correct order, you can surely write Abe Shinzo the same way." Chinese, Koreans, and other East Asian peoples, except for those traveling or living outside of China and areas influenced by China, rarely reverse their Chinese and Korean language names to
2356-621: Is one of the few Western countries to use the Eastern naming order where the given name is placed after the family name. Mordvins use two names – a Mordvin name and a Russian name. The Mordvin name is written in the Eastern name order. Usually, the Mordvin surname is the same as the Russian surname, for example Sharononj Sandra (Russian: Aleksandr Sharonov ), but it can be different at times, for example Yovlan Olo (Russian: Vladimir Romashkin). In official documents as well as in verbal speech,
Butkus - Misplaced Pages Continue
2432-569: Is the set of names by which an individual person or animal is known. When taken together as a word-group , they all relate to that one individual. In many cultures, the term is synonymous with the birth name or legal name of the individual. In linguistic classification, personal names are studied within a specific onomastic discipline, called anthroponymy . As of 2023, aside from humans, dolphins and elephants have been known to use personal names. In Western culture , nearly all individuals possess at least one given name (also known as
2508-420: Is too common to allow an easy identification. For example, former Spanish Prime Minister José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero is often called just Zapatero . In Argentina, only the father's last name is used, in most cases. In Portugal, Brazil and most other Portuguese-speaking countries, at least two surnames are used, often three or four, typically some or none inherited from the mother and some or all inherited from
2584-573: The 16th century . This led to Lithuanian personal and family names to be written by applying Slavic phonetics and morphology . The influence of Slavic naming only grew when Lithuania formed a bi-federation with the Crown of the Kingdom of Poland later on. However, in the 1930s, politicians considered passing legal acts, which would allow Lithuanians to adopt alternative family names of Lithuanian origin, but this suggestion faced many legal barriers and
2660-519: The Christianization of Lithuania , they continued to exist as surnames , such as Goštautas , Kęsgaila , Radvila or in their Slavicised versions, as well as in toponyms . The existing surnames and written sources have allowed linguists such as Kazimieras Būga to reconstruct these names. In the period between World War I and World War II these names returned to popular use after a long period of neglect. Children are often named in honor of
2736-837: The Eastern name order , began to be prominently used in Ancient China and subsequently influenced the East Asian cultural sphere ( China , Japan, Korea, and Vietnam) and particularly among the Chinese communities in Cambodia, Laos, Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore, or the Philippines. It is also used in the southern and northeastern parts of India, as well as in Central Europe by Hungary and Romania . In Uganda,
2812-512: The Machiguenga of the Amazon, do not use personal names. A person's personal name is usually their full legal name ; however, some people use only part of their full legal name, a title , nickname , pseudonym or other chosen name that is different from their legal name, and reserve their legal name for legal and administrative purposes. It is nearly universal for people to have names;
2888-480: The Polish language . The honorific style of Lithuanian origin is Tamsta ( vocative case Tamsta ), which can be used either as a gender-neutral honorific style or a polite way to refer to someone whose name is unknown. However, the latter is rarely practiced today in the standard Lithuanian language. The given name(s) normally comes before the surname. However, in a list of people sorted alphabetically by surname,
2964-475: The Self respect movement in the 1950s and 1960s campaigned against the use of one's caste as part of the name. Patronymic naming system is: apart from their given name, people are described by their patronymic, that is given names (not surnames) of their father. Older generations used the initials system where the father's given name appears as an initial, for eg: Tamil Hindu people's names simply use initials as
3040-646: The United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child declares that a child has the right to a name from birth. Common components of names given at birth can include: In Spain and most Latin American countries, two surnames are used, one being the father's family name and the other being the mother's family name. In Spain, the second surname is sometimes informally used alone if the first one
3116-425: The souls of the namesakes are one, so they traditionally refer to the junior namesakes, not just by the names ( atiq ), but also by kinship title, which applies across gender and generation without implications of disrespect or seniority. In Judaism , someone's name is considered intimately connected with their fate, and adding a name (e.g. on the sickbed) may avert a particular danger. Among Ashkenazi Jews it
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3192-445: The surname Butkus . If an internal link intending to refer to a specific person led you to this page, you may wish to change that link by adding the person's given name (s) to the link. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Butkus&oldid=1233277657 " Categories : Surnames Lithuanian-language surnames Hidden categories: Articles with short description Short description
3268-447: The 19th century, they have come to be used in all strata of society and may be considered equivalent to the English "Mr." and "Ms." There is a separate style, Panelė ("Miss"), applied to an unmarried woman, and Ponaitis ("Mister"), traditionally applied to an unmarried man but these days the latter style is rarely used in practice. Although widely used, the honorific styles Ponas and Ponia came into Lithuanian as direct loanwords from
3344-415: The Philippines. Within alphabetic lists and catalogs, however, the family name is generally put first, with the given name(s) following and separated by a comma (e.g. Jobs, Steve ), representing the "lexical name order". This convention is followed by most Western libraries, as well as on many administrative forms. In some countries, such as France, or countries previously part of the former Soviet Union,
3420-448: The Western naming order. Western publications also preserve this Eastern naming order for Chinese, Korean and other East Asian individuals, with the family name first, followed by the given name. In China, Cantonese names of Hong Kong people are usually written in the Eastern order with or without a comma (e.g. Bai Chiu En or Bai, Chiu En). Outside Hong Kong, they are usually written in Western order. Unlike other East Asian countries,
3496-564: The Westernized name order back to the Eastern name order in official documents (e.g. identity documents , academic certificates , birth certificates , marriage certificates , among others), which means writing family name first in capital letters and has recommended that the same format be used among the general Japanese public. Japan has also requested Western publications to respect this change, such as not using Shinzo Abe but rather Abe Shinzo, similar to how Chinese leader Xi Jinping
3572-642: The adoption of Christianity in 1387. They are mostly borrowed in their Polish versions: Jonas ( St. John ), Vladislovas / Vladas ( St. Ladislaus ), Kazimieras / Kazys ( St. Casimir ), Ona ( St. Anne ), etc. There are popular names constructed from the words for celestial bodies ( Saulė for the Sun , Aušrinė for Venus ), events of nature ( Audra for storm, Aušra for dawn , Rasa for dew , Vėjas for wind, Aidas for echo ), plants ( Linas / Lina for flax , Eglė for spruce ), and river names ( Ūla , Vilija for River Neris ). Some names were created by
3648-515: The ancient Lithuanian personal names, such as Budrys , Girdenis , Tylenis , Vilkas , Amantas , Bukantas , Rimgaila , Vizgirda , Tarvydas . A number of them were identified from historical names of villages, farmsteads, etc., often in plural, named after the founding families, e.g., Darbutas . A cognominal surname derives from a person's nickname, usually based on a physical or character trait. Examples: Examples of occupational surnames : A toponymic surname usually derives from
3724-565: The authors of literary works and spread in public use through them. Such names followed the rules of the Lithuanian language; therefore it is sometimes difficult to tell whether the name is fictitious and had never existed before. Notably, Gražina , Živilė by Adam Mickiewicz , Daiva by Vydūnas , Šarūnas by Vincas Krėvė and others. There are some popular names of gods and goddesses from Lithuanian mythology that are used as personal names, such as Laima , goddess of luck, Žemyna , goddess of earth, Gabija , goddess of fire; Žilvinas ,
3800-530: The case of the American presidents George H. W. Bush and his son George W. Bush , distinct middle initials serve this purpose instead, necessitating their more frequent use. The improvised and unofficial "Bush Sr." and "Bush Jr." were nevertheless tossed about in banter on many entertainment journalism opinion panels; alternatively, they became distinguished merely as "W." and "H. W.". In formal address, personal names may be preceded by pre-nominal letters , giving title (e.g. Dr., Captain ), or social rank, which
3876-466: The comma may be dropped and the swapped form of the name be uttered as such, perceived as a mark of bureaucratic formality. In the USSR and now Russia, personal initials are often written in the "family name - given name - patronymic name" order when signing official documents ( Russian : ФИО , romanized : FIO ), e.g. " Rachmaninoff S.V. ". The order family name, given name , commonly known as
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#17327874595933952-544: The example, Leung and Wong) shared in the middle. Therefore, the anglicised names are written in the Western order (Tony Leung, Lawrence Wong) and the Chinese names are written in the Eastern order (Leung Chiu-wai, 梁朝偉; Wong Shyun Tsai, 黄循财). Japanese use the Eastern naming order (family name followed by given name). In contrast to China and Korea, due to familiarity, Japanese names of contemporary people are usually "switched" when people who have such names are mentioned in media in Western countries; for example, Koizumi Jun'ichirō
4028-600: The family name should be written in all capitals when engaging in formal correspondence or writing for an international audience. In Hungarian, the Eastern order of Japanese names is officially kept, and Hungarian transliteration is used (e.g. Mijazaki Hajao in Hungarian ), but Western name order is also sometimes used with English transliteration (e.g. Hayao Miyazaki). This is also true for Hungarian names in Japanese, e.g. Ferenc Puskás (Japanese: プシュカーシュ・フェレンツ , written in
4104-413: The father, in that order. Co-parental siblings most often share an identical string of surnames. For collation, shortening, and formal addressing, the last of these surnames is typically preferred. A Portuguese person named António de Oliveira Guterres would therefore be known commonly as António Guterres. In Russia , the first name and family name conform to the usual Western practice, but the middle name
4180-468: The first three names (given name, father's name, father's father's name) and the family name at the end, to limit the name in government-issued ID. Men's names and women's names are constructed using the same convention, and a person's name is not altered if they are married. Some cultures, including Western ones, also add (or once added) patronymics or matronymics , for instance as a middle name as with Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky (whose father's given name
4256-475: The first) is used in normal speech. Another naming convention that is used mainly in the Arabic culture and in different other areas across Africa and Asia is connecting the person's given name with a chain of names, starting with the name of the person's father and then the father's father and so on, usually ending with the family name (tribe or clan name). However, the legal full name of a person usually contains
4332-758: The historical Birutė , Aldona , Rimgailė etc. The use of Christian names in the Lithuanian language long predates the adoption of Christianity by Lithuanians. The linguistic data attest that first Biblical names started to be used in Aukštaitija as early as the 11th century. The earliest stratum of such names originates from Old Church Slavonic ; they were borrowed by Eastern Orthodoxy in their Byzantine versions. Examples of such names are Antanas ( St. Anthony ), Povilas or Paulius ( St. Paul ), Andrius ( St. Andrew ) and Jurgis ( St. George ), while female names include Kotryna ( St. Catherine ) and Marija ( St. Mary ). The later influx of Christian names came after
4408-457: The lands that they own. The French developed the method of putting the term by which the person is referred in small capital letters. It is this habit which transferred to names of Eastern Asia, as seen below. An example is that of Marie-Joseph-Paul-Yves-Roch Gilbert du Motier, who is known as the Marquis de La Fayette . He possessed both the lands of Motier and La Fayette. The bare place name
4484-436: The level of social distance, familiarity and politeness. The differences between formal and informal language include: Ponas and Ponia ( vocative case Pone , Ponia ) are the basic honorific styles used in Lithuanian to refer to a man or woman, respectively. In the past, these styles were reserved to members of the szlachta and played more or less the same roles as "Lord" or "Sir" and "Lady" or "Madam" in English. Since
4560-427: The most revered historical Lithuanian rulers; these are some of the most popular names. They include Vytautas , Gediminas , Algirdas , and Žygimantas . In line with the double-stemmed names, shorter variants containing only one stem were also used, such as Vytenis and Kęstutis . Since there are few pre-Christian female names attested in written sources, they are often reconstructed from male variants, in addition to
4636-435: The name of a deceased chief becomes taboo . If he is named after a common object or concept, a different word has to be used for it. In Cameroon , there is "a great deal of mobility" within naming structure. Some Cameroonians, particularly Anglophone Cameroonians, use "a characteristic sequencing" starting with a first surname, followed by a forename then a second surname (e.g. Awanto Josephine Nchang), while others begin with
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#17327874595934712-466: The name of a village or town, or the name of a topographic feature. Examples: A patronymic surname derives from a given name of a person and usually ends in a suffix suggesting a family relation. Native Lithuanian patronymic suffixes are - aitis, -utis, -ytis , -ėlis . Patronymic suffixes -vičius/-vičiūtė/-vičienė are borrowed from Ruthenian suffix -vich . Examples: A number of surnames are diminutives of popular first names. There also
4788-468: The ordering "traditional family name first, Western origin given name second" is also frequently used. When East Asian names are transliterated into the Latin alphabet , some people prefer to convert them to the Western order, while others leave them in the Eastern order but write the family name in capital letters . To avoid confusion, there is a convention in some language communities, e.g., French, that
4864-479: The partially Lithuanized endings -auskas , -iauskas , - inskas , -ickas , -eckis , -avičius , - evičius , or -iškis for males and their corresponding forms for married and unmarried females. This is mainly due to historical reasons such as Grand Duchy of Lithuania using Ruthenian as its official written language instead of Lithuanian since the first written records of the Baltic language date back only to
4940-576: The roles of the first and middle given names are reversed, with the first given name being used to honor a family member and the middle name being used as the usual method to address someone informally. Many Catholic families choose a saint 's name as their child's middle name or this can be left until the child's confirmation when they choose a saint's name for themselves. Cultures that use patronymics or matronymics will often give middle names to distinguish between two similarly named people: e.g., Einar Karl Stefánsson and Einar Guðmundur Stefánsson. This
5016-484: The rules of the Lithuanian language . Lithuanian male names have preserved the Indo-European masculine endings ( -as ; -is ; -us ). These gendered endings are preserved even for foreign names. A child in Lithuania is usually given one or two given names. Nowadays the second given name is rarely used in everyday situations. As well as modern names, parents can choose a name or names for their child from
5092-530: The same Eastern order "Puskás Ferenc"). Starting from the Meiji Restoration in 1868, the Western name order was primarily used among the Japanese nobility when identifying themselves to non-Asians with their romanized names. As a result, in popular Western publications, this order became increasingly used for Japanese names in the subsequent decades. In 2020, the Government of Japan reverted
5168-424: The same culture. Many are drawn from mythology, some of which span multiple language areas. This has resulted in related names in different languages (e.g. George , Georg , Jorge ), which might be translated or might be maintained as immutable proper nouns. In earlier times, Scandinavian countries followed patronymic naming, with people effectively called "X's son/daughter"; this is now the case only in Iceland and
5244-457: The senior or junior generation (or both) may be designed with the name suffix "Sr." or "Jr.", respectively (in the former case, retrospectively); or, more formally, by an ordinal Roman number such as "I", "II" or "III". In the Catholic tradition, papal names are distinguished in sequence, and may be reused many times, such as John XXIII (the 23rd pope assuming the papal name "John"). In
5320-414: The surname usually comes first. In many formal situations the given name is omitted altogether. Informal forms of address are normally used only by relatives, close friends and colleagues. In such situations diminutives are often preferred to the standard forms of given names. Personal name A personal name , full name or prosoponym (from Ancient Greek prósōpon – person, and onoma –name)
5396-400: The syllables or logograms of given names are not hyphenated or compounded but instead separated by a space (e.g. Chiu En). Outside East Asia, it is often confused with the second syllables with middle names regardless of name order. Some computer systems could not handle given name inputs with space characters. Some Chinese, Malaysians and Singaporeans may have an anglicised given name, which
5472-422: The villages did not have last names until the end of the 18th century. In such cases their village of origin was usually noted in documents. The process ended only in the mid-19th century, and due to the partial Polonization of society at the time many names were influenced by Polish form of the name. Based on origin, several groups of Lithuanian family names may be recognized. A number of surnames evolved from
5548-466: Was Ilya), or as a last name as with Björk Guðmundsdóttir (whose father is named Guðmundur ) or Heiðar Helguson (whose mother was named Helga). Similar concepts are present in Eastern cultures. However, in some areas of the world, many people are known by a single name, and so are said to be mononymous . Still other cultures lack the concept of specific, fixed names designating people, either individually or collectively. Certain isolated tribes, such as
5624-442: Was criticized by some linguists who believed such family names to be of historical importance. Although some did manage to change their last names during the interwar period , Unlike countries such as Finland where Fennomans urged their compatriots to change their family names of Swedish origin into Finnish ones, or Estonia, where 17% of the population Estonianized their surnames in 1935-1940, Lithuanians never underwent such
5700-615: Was recently re-introduced as an option in the Faroe Islands . It is legally possible in Finland as people of Icelandic ethnic naming are specifically named in the name law. When people of this name convert to standards of other cultures, the phrase is often condensed into one word, creating last names like Jacobsen (Jacob's Son). There is a range of personal naming systems: Different cultures have different conventions for personal names. When names are repeated across generations,
5776-542: Was used formerly to refer to the person who owned it, rather than the land itself (the word "Gloucester" in "What will Gloucester do?" meant the Duke of Gloucester ). As a development, the bare name of a ship in the Royal Navy meant its captain (e.g., "Cressy didn't learn from Aboukir") while the name with an article referred to the ship (e.g., "The Cressy is foundering"). A personal naming system, or anthroponymic system,
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