Buumi (many variations : Buumy, Bumy, Bumi, etc.) was a royal title in the pre-colonial Serer Kingdoms of Sine , Saloum and Baol , as well as in the Jolof Empire .
56-568: In the Serer kingdoms, the Buumi was the first in line to inherit the throne of the Maad a Sinig (King of Sine) or Maad Saloum (king of Saloum). In some cases, a Buumi could act as regent if the king was too young, as was the case with Maad a Sinig Ama Joof Gnilane Faye Joof , whose uncle was appointed regent until he came of age. In Sine, the Buumi usually resided at Somb Rongodior . In many cases, he
112-486: A 15th-century Venetian navigator, slave trader, and chronicler, mistakenly distinguished between the "Sereri" (Serer people) and the "Barbacini" , which seems to indicate that he was referring to two different people when in fact, the Kingdom of Sine was a Serer Kingdom where the "King of Sine" ("Barbacini") i.e., Maad a Sinig took residence. Alvise Cadamosto never set foot in Serer country. Everything he wrote about
168-407: A Sinig Maad Saloum Teigne Lingeer Line of succession Buumi Thilas Loul Religious titles Saltigue This box: view talk edit Maad a Sinig (variations : Mad a Sinig , 'Maad Sine, Maat Sine, Bour Sine, Bur Sine, etc.) means king of Sine. The ancient Kingdom of Sine , now part of Senegal ,
224-487: A Sinig Ngum family Njie family Sarr family Sene family Teigne Thilas Related people Jola people Lebu people Toucouleur people Wolof people Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Maad_a_Sinig&oldid=1216751181 " Categories : Serer royalty Serer history Maad Hidden categories: Articles with short description Short description
280-470: A Sinig [ edit ] Maad a Sinig Waagaan Tening Jom Faye Maad a Sinig Wagane Kumba Sanjan Faye (var : Waagaan Kumbasaanjaan Faye in Serer language ). Maad a Sinig Laasuk Fanaan Faye Maad a Sinig Sanmoon Faye Maad a Sinig Niokhobaye Mane Niane Joof Maad a Sinig Gejopal Mane Niane Joof Maad a Sinig Ama Joof Gnilane Faye Joof , king of Sine (reigned : 1825-1853) Maad
336-881: A Sinig Kumba Ndoffene Famak Joof Maad a Sinig Kumba Ndoffene Famak Joof Maad a Sinig Kumba Ndoffene Fa Ndeb Joof Maad a Sinig Mahecor Joof Maad a Sinig Maysa Wali Jaxateh Manneh Maad a Sinig Ama Joof Gnilane Faye Joof Maad Ndaah Njemeh Joof Maad Semou Njekeh Joof Queens & Queen Mothers Lingeer Fatim Beye Lingeer Ndoye Demba Lingeer Ngoné Dièye Lingeer Selbeh Ndoffene Joof Serer maternal clans Dynasties and royal houses Faye family Guelowar Joof family Joos Maternal Dynasty The Royal House of Boureh Gnilane Joof The Royal House of Jogo Siga Joof The Royal House of Semou Njekeh Joof Families and royal titles Buumi Faye family Joof family Lamane Lingeer Loul Maad Maad Saloum Maad
392-3516: A Sinig Kumba Ndoffene Famak Joof , king of Sine (reigned: 1853-1871) Maad a Sinig Kumba Ndoffene Fa Ndeb Joof , king of Sine (reigned: 1898-1924) Maad a Sinig M'Backeh Kodu Njie (M'Backé Mak), king of Sine (reigned: 1884-1885) Maad a Sinig Mahecor Joof , king of Sine (reigned: 1924-1969) References [ edit ] ^ Oliver, Roland, Fage, John Donnelly & Sanderson, G. N. The Cambridge History of Africa , Cambridge University Press, 1985, p. 214 ISBN 0521228034 ^ Faal, Dawda, Peoples and empires of Senegambia: Senegambia in history, AD 1000-1900 , Saul's Modern Printshop, 1991, p. 17 ^ Ajayi, F. Ade & Crowder, Michael. History of West Africa , Volume 1. Longman, 1985, p. 468 ISBN 0582646839 ^ Galvan, Dennis C., The State Must be Our Master of Fire , University of California Press, 2004, p. 270 ISBN 9780520235915 ^ Diouf, Marcel Mahawa , Lances mâles : Léopold Sédar Senghor et les traditions Sérères , Centre d'études linguistiques et historiques par tradition orale, Niamey, 1996, p. 54 ^ Fata Ndiaye, « La saga du peuple sérère et l'Histoire du Sine », in Éthiopiques (revue) , numéro 54, vol. 7, 2e semestre 1991 [1] ^ Diouf, Chronique du royaume du Sine , loc. cit. , p. 712-733 ^ Klein, Martin A., Islam and Imperialism in Senegal. Sine-Saloum, 1847-1914 , Edinburgh University Press, 1968, p. XV ^ Sheridan, Michael J. et Nyamweru, Celia, African sacred groves: ecological dynamics & social change , James Currey, 2008, p. 141 ISBN 0821417894 v t e Serer topics Peoples Laalaa Ndut Niominka Noon Palor Saafi Seex Religion Key topics Ciiɗ Classical Ndut teachings Creation myth Criticism Festivals Jaaniiw Junjung Lamane Pangool Religion Sadax Saltigue Symbolism Women Xooy Supreme deities Kokh Kox Koox Kopé Tiatie Cac Roog (main) Other deities Kumba Njaay Takhar Tiurakh Sacred sites Fatick Sine River Sine-Saloum Somb Point of Sangomar Tattaguine Tukar Yaboyabo History Amar Godomat Cekeen Tumuli Khasso Kingdom of Baol Kingdom of Biffeche kingdom of Saloum Kingdom of Sine Serer prehistory Serer history States headed by Serer Lamanes Battle of Fandane-Thiouthioune Battle of Logandème Timeline of Serer history Western Sahara Demographics By region Gambia Mauritania Senegal Serer country Languages Cangin Lehar/Laalaa Ndut Noon Palor Safen Serer Culture Birth Saadj (or Chere or saay) Death Inheritance Marriage Mbalax Njuup Sabar Tama Tassu Njom Royalty Kings ( Maad ) and Lamanes (ancient kings / landowners) Lamane Jegan Joof Maad
448-847: A Sinig Maysa Wali Jaxateh Manneh fleeing with his family from Kaabu following a battle in 1335 which he calls the Battle of Troubang. The Senegalese historians and authors Babacar Sedikh Diouf and Biram Ngom notes that, the Guelowar dynasty who originated from Kaabu , offshoots of the Ñaanco dynasty of Kaabu, had a form of dynastic struggle in Kaabu, culminating in the Guelowars' migration to Serer territory—seeking refuge in Sine. The Serer, who had suffered religious and ethnic persecution several centuries earlier (and long after that ), resulting in
504-659: A better life. The inhabitants of Sine (the "Sine-Sine" ) rarely migrated. Some of the king's government (or the political structure of Sine) include: the Lamanes (provincial chiefs and title holders, not to be confused with the ancient Serer Lamanes ); the heir apparents such as the Buumi , Thilas and Loul (in that order); the Great Farba Kaba (chief of the army); the Farba Binda (minister of finance,
560-611: A case brought before him or the complainant was not satisfied with the judgment and needed their dispute to be decided by the Great Council of Lamans. This Council would elect one of their own as head of the Council. During the Guelowars' arrival in Sine, it was Lamaan Jame Ngom of Faajaal, a member of the Ngom family who was the figure head. He was the one who crowned Maysa Wali, the first Guelowar to rule in Serer country, and spoke
616-496: A conflict of succession. The Mandinka term "troubang" mean "genocide" ; "to wipe out"; or "to annihilate" a family, clan, or people. In essence, alluding to the defeat (whether through war or conflict) of the Guelowars by the reigning Ñaanco dynasty of Kaabu and/or were forced to leave—which historians pretty much agree on, culminating in the refuge status of the former. Serer oral history says that after Maysa Wali assimilated into Serer culture and served as legal advisor to
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#1732773303870672-643: A contingent of the country in times of war. At The Battle of Fandane-Thiouthioune (18 July 1867) also known as the Battle of Somb, the Buumi Somb commanded the army of eastern Sine. In the Kingdom of Saloum, which had a very similar political structure to Sine, the two most important were the Buumis of Kaymor and Mandak . In Sine, there was also the Buumi Nguess and Buumi Ndidor . Although they were all important figures, they should not be confused with
728-521: A corruption of the Serer title "Lamaan, which was the term used for the heads of lineages and communal territories", and suggests that the Serer lamans were probably at the forefront of resisting Islamization. Following their persecution, the Serers of Takrur who were Seex (or Seh) speaking people, a Serer language which the Fula language is most closely related to, headed south to join their Serer relatives in
784-738: A group in precolonial times, saw the entire Senegambia region as their home, as noted by the Tanzanian historian and author Godfrey Mwakikagile , who writes: In the 11th century, the native Serers of ancient Takrur (successor of the Ghana Empire ) were persecuted by the Muslims for refusing to abandon Serer religion in favour of Islam. In 1030, the usurper War Jabi invited the Muslim Almoravid Abdullah ibn Yasin to Takrur and converted to Islam. By 1035, he forced
840-534: A relatively unimportant father. His marriage, they claim, with a princess and priestess of Baol propped up his legitimacy as well as helping him conquer Saloum. The precolonial kingdoms of modern Senegal, whether they are Serer Kingdoms, Wolof, Fula, Mandinka, Jola, Toucouleur, etc., do not have a history of producing kings or queens born out of wedlock. The reverse is true amongst many of Europe's royal families, which have produced many "royal bastards" throughout European dynastic history. Portuguese explorers in
896-508: A severe defeat, and he was killed in that battle. The rulers of Sine retained their title ( Maad a Sinig ) throughout the colonial period and did not lose official recognition until 1969 after the death of Maad a Sinig Mahecor Joof (the last absolute monarch of Sine, reigned: 1924 – 1969). In 2019, the Serer people of Sine decided to reinstate their monarchy, and Maad a Sinig Niokhobaye Fatou Diène Diouf (commonly known as Maa Sinig Niokhobaye Diouf Fat Diène or Niokhobaye Fat Diéne Diouf)
952-464: A vassal of the Jolof Empire. It is for this reason that scholars agree that the Jolof Empire was not an empire founded by conquest, but through a voluntary confederacy of states. Serer oral tradition says that Sine never paid tribute to Ndiadiane Ndiaye nor any of his descendants, that the Jolof Empire never subjugated the kingdom, and Ndiadiane Ndiaye himself (a Serer ) received his name from
1008-431: Is a difference between lamans pre-Guelowar and lamans post Guelowar. The former had real powers and wealth, were heads of their states, and were the guardians custodians of Serer spirituality (A ƭat Roog) . The latter kept their wealth and titles but were merely provincial chiefs. However, due to their connection to Serer religion , they did maintain some power, and could dethrone a reigning monarch if threatened. Some of
1064-557: Is different from Wikidata Kingdom of Sine The Kingdom of Sine (or Siin in Serer , variations: Sin or Siine ) was a post-classical Serer kingdom along the north bank of the Saloum River delta in modern Senegal . The inhabitants are called Siin-Siin or Sine-Sine (a Serer plural form or Serer- demonym , e.g. Bawol-Bawol and Saloum-Saloum / Saluum-Saluum , inhabitants of Baol and Saloum respectively). The history of Sine, which has been inhabited by
1120-523: Is one of the totems of the Cengandum. The totem of the Wagadous is the mbose tree ( gardenia ternifolia ) whose genesis is found in the Serer creation narrative and Ndut classical teachings . For more on that, see Serer maternal clans and Serer creation myth . The lamanic families did maintain their lands, wealth and titles, though they did lose power with the establishment of a new order. There
1176-640: The Buumi ( heir apparent ). In the Jolof Empire , the title of Buumi was adopted in the late 15th century after a long period of succession disputes between paternal and maternal lineages. Buurba Tase Daagulen , supported by the Loogaar of Waalo , had managed to take the throne. The Buumi , a descendant of the Waalo-Waalo family in question, became an important and powerful figure, nearly equalling
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#17327733038701232-703: The Ghana Empire that ruled much of Senegal including Takrur by marrying into Serer lamanic families, notably the Joof , Ngom, and later the Njie family, especially in Baol , amongst other notable families and long before the Faal dynasty of Cayor and Baol in the 16th century—who succeeded the Joof, Ngom and Njie patriclans. The patriarch of the Faal paternal dynasty of Cayor and Baol, Damel – Teigne Amari Ngoneh Sobel Faal
1288-445: The laman council of electors . He was chosen by the lamans and people to rule. He served as King of Sine from c. 1350-1370. Almost a decade after his coronation, Maysa Wali elected the legendary Ndiadiane Ndiaye (Serer proper: Njaajaan Njaay ) in c. 1360 as first Emperor of the Jolof Empire . He was the first king of modern Senegal to voluntarily gave his allegiance to Ndiadiane Ndiaye and asked others to do so, thereby making Sine
1344-430: The 15th century referred to Sine as the kingdom of Barbaçim , a corruption of 'Bur-ba-Sine' ( Wolof for 'King of Sine'), and its people as Barbacins (a term frequently extended by early writers to Serer people generally, while others insisted that Serreos and Barbacins were completely distinct peoples.) Old European maps frequently denote the Saloum River as the "River of Barbacins/Barbecins". Alvise Cadamosto ,
1400-486: The 19th century. Mbegane Ndour was the king of Sine around the turn of the 16th century (approx. 1495-1514 ). Lilyan Kesteloot and Anja Veirman advanced the claim that, Mbegane defeated the Takruri marabout Moussa Eli Bana Sall, who at that time reigned over Saloum , by poisoning him with a viper. The authors then went on to claim that, Mbegane Ndour was born of the matrilineal royal clan, but out of wedlock and with
1456-485: The Guelowar's arrival in Sine, there were three notable rulers using the Serer title laman (Seereer proper: laamaan , abbreviated to the Serer vocable lam — meaning to inherit ). They were: These leaders had successors after Maissa Wali (the first Guelowar king) ascended the throne. However, their power and influence waned. The Wagadous were a 9th century maternal dynasty of Soninke origin, and offshoots of
1512-664: The King of Oussouye (Maan Sibiloumbaye Diédhiou) to help effect economic and cultural development, as well as bring about peace in Casamance , following decades long of the Casamance conflict —which has plagued the Gambia , Senegal , and Guinea-Bissau since 1982. Since 2023, he has been vocal in calling for a peaceful transition of political power in preparation for Senegal's 2024 Presidential Elections. The Serer Kingdom of Saloum also reinstated their monarchy in 2017 culminating in
1568-516: The Kingdom of Sine is unclear, but in the 13th or 14th century Mandinka migrants entered the area from the southeast. They were led by a matrilinial clan known as the Gelwar . Near Niakhar they encountered the Serer, who had already established a system of lamanic authorities, and joined to create a Gelwaar-led state with its capital at or near a Serer lamanic estate at Mbissel . Father Henry Gravrand reports an oral tradition that one Maad
1624-717: The Lamanic Era, and to a greater extent the Wagadou Era, coincided with the arrival of the Guelowars in the 14th century (c. 1335). The Wagadous continued to rule in Baol as the reigning maternal dynasty in that country, although they did receive competition from other emerging matriclans vying for power, and by the time the Damel - Teigne Lat Sukabe Ngoneh Jaye Faal came on the throne in the 18th century, they completely lost power. Lat Sukabe enforced his own matriclan ( Geej ). In
1680-463: The Muslims. The introduction of Islam in Takrur led to "the Serer exodus" from Takrur, later the region of Fouta. In the writings of early Arab sources such as Al Bakri–relating to Takrur, the terms lamlam, lemlem, or damdam became associated with "non-believers" of Islam in the region. According to historians and authors Ibrahima Thiaw (2013) and Abdoulaye Bara Diop (1968), these words may have been
1736-576: The Senegambia region in his paper "Vestiges historiques, trémoins matériels du passé clans les pays Sereer" (1993), historian and author Professor Charles Becker writes that: According to historian David Galvan, "The oral historical record, written accounts by early Arab and European explorers, and physical anthropological evidence suggest that the various Serer peoples migrated south from the Futa Tooro region (Senegal River valley) beginning around
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1792-574: The Serer Mbosseh (or Mboosé) tradition and pangool . The Mbosseh is one of the Serer holy festivals . The Serer community Kaolack , what was historically part of the Kingdom of Saloum , have their own way of celebrating the Mbosseh, and believed it to be the mythical protector of their town. The Wagadous have close ties to the Cengandum and Kagaw. A type of serpent called cocom in Serer,
1848-598: The Serer actually came from his Wolof interpreters. Like most of their subjects in the 19th century, the Serer Kings of Sine and Saloum continued to follow Serer religion . On 18 July 1867, the prolific 19th century Sengalese Muslim cleric, jihadist, and slave trader Maba Diakhou Bâ was defeated at The Battle of Fandane-Thiouthioune fighting against the King of Sine Maad a Sinig Kumba Ndoffene fa Maak Joof —when he tried to launch jihad in Sine, but failed. Maba and his allied forces namely Jolof and Cayor suffered
1904-579: The Serer exodus from the north ( Takrur ) in the 11th century, agreed to grant them asylum, an asylum sanctioned by the Council of Great Lamans (the Serer landowning class). Through marriage, the Serer–Guelowar alliance was born—where Serer men from the noble families of Sine and later Saloum, married Guelowar women and the offsprings of those unions ruled as kings, and the children of such unions and their descendants identifying themselves as Serer, spoke
1960-405: The Serer language, followed Serer religion and customs, and saw themselves as Serer. On the subject of Maysa Wali, the first Guelowar to rule in Serer country, Diouf writes: Charles Becker notes that Gravrand had not recognised that this is actually a description of the 1867 (or 1865) Battle of Kansala although he agrees that the migration of the Guelowar can probably be explained by a war or
2016-547: The Serer people for centuries, can be divided into three main Serer historic periods (see below). For the Timeline of Serer history and Serer ancient history , see those articles. At the time of the Serer lamans, Sine was not called Sine. Instead, the Sine was divided into seven lamanic states ruled by lamans, namely: Njafaj; Ña-UI; Joral; Ngohe-Pofin; Hiréna (west of Sine at the Petite Côte ); and Singandum — which covers
2072-559: The Sine (and later in Saloum), their demise was a result of the Guelowar's arrival where Serer lamanic families formed marriage alliance with the Guelowars. The Wagadous are still found in Serer country, though they have lost their power and dominance post-Guelowar. They now tend to form alliances with the matriclans Jafun , as well as the Cegandum and Kagaw , two of the oldest Serer matriclans. The Cengandum (or Jegandoum) are linked to
2128-477: The contentious coronation of King of Saloum Thierno Coumba Daga Ndao on 21 May 2017 at Kahone (the precolonial capital of Saloum). He is the maternal uncle of the current King of Sine Niokhobaye Fatou Diène Diouf. The economic base of Sine was agriculture and fishing. Millet and other crops were grown. Sine was very reluctant to grow groundnut for the French market, in spite of French colonial directives. It
2184-507: The eleventh century, when Islam first came across the Sahara." Over generations these people, possibly Pulaar speaking herders originally, migrated through Wolof areas and entered the Siin and Saluum river valleys. This lengthy period of Wolof-Serer contact has left us unsure of the origins of shared "terminology, institutions, political structures, and practices." The actual foundation of
2240-505: The mouth of Maysa Waly. The historian Sylviane Diouf states that "Each vassal kingdom—Walo, Takrur, Kayor, Baol, Sine, Salum, Wuli, and Niani—recognized the hegemony of Jolof and paid tribute." The Serer Kingdoms of Sine and Saloum were the first to leave the Jolof Empire, at least twenty-nine years before the famous Battle of Danki in 1549, the battle which saw the other kingdoms gained their independence from Jolof. The Serer Kingdoms of Sine and Saloum also survived up to 1969 whilst
2296-512: The natives of Takrur to convert to Islam but the Serer natives refused to submit to Islam. The Serer lamans in particular, who were the guardians of Serer spirituality, leaders and the landowning class, put up a strong resistance against the allied Muslim forces (the Black African tribes who converted to Islam and their Arabo-Berber allies) partly to preserve their religion, but also to preserve their assets and power. They were defeated by
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2352-470: The notable Serer lamanic families included the Sarr family, the Joof family , the Ngom family, etc. These lamanic families formed a great council (the Great Council of Lamans ) to settle disputes. It was similar to a higher court where the lamans sat to hear or disputes brought in front of them so they could pass judgement. It was the last resort if a laman from another part of Serer country could not decide on
2408-533: The other Kingdoms such as Waalo , Jolof , Cayor , Baol , etc., fell in the 19th century. Futa Toro collapsed following the Futa Revolution of 1776 caused by Islamist who ousted their Animist Denianke dynasty. Although Futa tried to re-establish itself post 1776 under the banner of Islamism and Islamic jihads, it collapsed again when it was incorporated into the French colonial empire in the second half of
2464-616: The power of the Buurba himself. This power-sharing setup was designed to bring the succession crises to an end. One of the earliest Buumi of Jolof, and the most well-known, was Buumi Jeleen Yatta Ntanye (also known as Bemoi amongst the Portuguese). In 1488 he visited the King John II of Portugal to seek support to claim the throne of Jolof. The King of Portugal granted this request, after his conversion to Catholicism, but Jeleen
2520-458: The proclamation words or crowning speech to him so he could repeat it during his coronation ceremony. Lamaan Jame Ngom was renowned for organising Serer wrestling tournaments in his country (Faajaal). It was through those tournaments that the patriarch of the Faye family , the "great Serer wrestler" Boukar Djillakh Faye demonstrated his skills and was given the hand of a princess in marriage. It
2576-453: The south. The Serer exodus from Takrur only affected the Serers of Takrur, not the entire Serer group which is very diverse and spread throughout the region. Ancient Takrur was part of Serer country. Although Takrur (later the Fouta region) became Islamic, it losts its Serer identity following the Serer exodus. In summarizing the influence of Serer culture, history , religion and tradition on
2632-492: The throne. Since Sine is now part of independent Senegal, Niokhobaye Diouf is a constitutional monarch with no official powers, compared to his predecessors. His role is simply ceremonial and diplomatic. He does however, have great influence in the and has been able utilise his influence on the President of Senegal (notably Macky Sall ), and the old pleasant cousinship between the Serer and Jola people by liaising with
2688-420: The two banks of the Sine valley. Charles Becker and Victor Martin's paper on the settlement of Sine prior to the Guelowar period (c. 1350 – 3 August 1969, and from 8 February 2019 – present, following the coronation of the current King of Sine Niokhobaye Fatou Diène Diouf ), posits that, Sine had about sixty villages and all these villages were governed by the lamans. Niokhobaye Diouf notes that, just before
2744-410: Was a pre-colonial Serer kingdom . Their kings were titled Maad or Maad (also spelled Mad or Maat ). The royal title Maad is sometimes used interchangeably with their ancient kings and landowners - the Lamanes . Between 1350 and 1969 (the Guelowar period - the last maternal dynasty in Serer country), more than fifty Serer kings have been crowned Maad a Sinig. Kings of Sine titled Maad
2800-581: Was assassinated by Pero Vaz da Cunha upon arriving at the mouth of the Senegal River . Da Cunha, the leader of the expedition, was afraid to stay in Senegal and risk dying of disease, but claimed that Jeleen had committed treason, hence why he was killed. Maad a Sinig Title for the King of Sine in the Serer language Serer royal and religious titles [REDACTED] Royal titles Lamane (also religious ) Maad Maad
2856-490: Was crowned King of Sine ( Maad a Sinig ) on 8 February 2019 at Diakhao , the precolonial capital of Sine. He belongs the Royal House of Semou Njekeh Joof via the branch of Maad a Sinig Semou Maak Joof, and a member of the Guelowar matrilineage through his mother Lingeer Fatou Diène. On 8 February 2020, fifty-one years after the death of the former King, Mahecor Joof, Niokhobaye Diouf celebrated his first anniversary on
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#17327733038702912-623: Was during the Guelowar Era when Sine was named "Sine", named after Sine-o-Méo Manneh (Serer proper: Siin o Meo Maane), sister of Maysa Wali Manneh (the one who named it after his sister ). The Serer ethnic group are very diverse, and include the Serer Seex (pronounced Seh or Seeh ); subgroups of the Seex with their various dialects of Serer proper; and the Cangin speaking Serers ; who as
2968-493: Was elected by the Maad a Sinig , but the Great Jaraff and the Council of Electors decided which member of the royal family succeeded to the throne. When a Maad a Sinig died without nominating a Buumi, as was the case with Maad a Sinig Mbackeh Ndeb Njie, the " thilas " (the second in line to the throne) could succeed him, as was the case with Maad a Sinig Kumba Ndoffene Fa Ndeb Joof . The Buumi had their own army and led
3024-409: Was later adopted, succession struggles in the late 19th century between the royal houses hampered production. However, the Kingdom of Sine was less susceptible to hunger and indebtedness, a legacy which continued right up to the last absolute monarch of Sine – Maad a Sinig Mahecor Joof . It was very common for people from other states to migrate to the Serer kingdoms of Sine and Saloum in search of
3080-417: Was less dependent on groundnut than other states. Deeply rooted in Serer conservatism and Serer religion , for several decades during the 19th century, the Serer farmers refused to grow it or when they did, they ensured that their farming cycle was not only limited to groundnut production. Their religious philosophy of preserving the ecosystem affected groundnut production in Sine. Even after mass production
3136-513: Was the maternal grandson of Lingeer Sobel Joof (mother of Lingeer Ngoneh Sobel Njie, Amari's mother). The Princess Sobel Joof originated from the Joof royal family of Lambaye (the precolonial capital of Baol), and was of Wagadou matrilineage, and so was her grandson Amari. She was a descendant of Maad Ndaah Njemeh Joof via the Yungari Ndaah Joof branch. The Faal family simply continued the old dynasty through marriage. The collapse of
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