78-834: Buy As You View ( BAYV ) was a retail and consumer finance company, selling a range of electrical goods and home furniture. It provided a coin meter repayment and credit facility for products bought on a hire purchase , weekly payment basis with no deposit or credit checks. Hire purchase contracts are regulated by the Consumer Credit Act 1974 . Buy As You View is the trading name for Buy As You View Holdings and Dunraven Finance Limited. Both are subsidiaries of BAYV Investments Limited. Established in South Wales in 1972, initially as "Just Rentals", Buy As You View (since 1998), and still based in Bridgend , it operated in
156-535: A backyard , a front yard or both, which serve as additional areas where inhabitants can relax, eat, or exercise. The English word house derives directly from the Old English word hus, meaning "dwelling, shelter, home, house," which in turn derives from Proto-Germanic husan (reconstructed by etymological analysis) which is of unknown origin. The term house itself gave rise to the letter 'B' through an early Proto-Semitic hieroglyphic symbol depicting
234-439: A direct current (DC) electromechanical meter with a direct reading register, but instead developed an electrochemical metering system, which used an electrolytic cell to totalise current consumption. At periodic intervals the plates were removed and weighed, and the customer billed. The electrochemical meter was labor-intensive to read and not well received by customers. DC meters often measured charge in ampere hours. Since
312-416: A rooming house , unconnected individuals, that typically use a house as their home . Some houses only have a dwelling space for one family or similar-sized group; larger houses called townhouses or row houses may contain numerous family dwellings in the same structure. A house may be accompanied by outbuildings, such as a garage for vehicles or a shed for gardening equipment and tools. A house may have
390-419: A couple of watts at full load, which is registered on the meter. The disc is acted upon by two sets of induction coils , which form, in effect, a two phase linear induction motor . One coil is connected in such a way that it produces a magnetic flux in proportion to the voltage and the other produces a magnetic flux in proportion to the current . The field of the voltage coil is delayed by 90 degrees, due to
468-400: A distribution network, including reactive and actual. This is equal to the product of root-mean-square volts and amperes. Distortion of the electric current by loads is measured in several ways. Power factor is the ratio of resistive (or real) power to volt-amperes. A capacitive load has a leading power factor, and an inductive load has a lagging power factor. A purely resistive load (such as
546-545: A filament lamp, heater or kettle) exhibits a power factor of 1. Current harmonics are a measure of distortion of the wave form. For example, electronic loads such as computer power supplies draw their current at the voltage peak to fill their internal storage elements. This can lead to a significant voltage drop near the supply voltage peak which shows as a flattening of the voltage waveform. This flattening causes odd harmonics which are not permissible if they exceed specific limits, as they are not only wasteful, but may interfere with
624-892: A foundation. The garbage-sand mixture is also used to protect the house from flooding. In the United States, modern house construction techniques include light-frame construction (in areas with access to supplies of wood) and adobe or sometimes rammed-earth construction (in arid regions with scarce wood-resources). Some areas use brick almost exclusively, and quarried stone has long provided foundations and walls. To some extent, aluminum and steel have displaced some traditional building materials . Increasingly popular alternative construction materials include insulating concrete forms (foam forms filled with concrete), structural insulated panels (foam panels faced with oriented strand board or fiber cement), light-gauge steel , and steel framing . More generally, people often build houses out of
702-728: A house. The symbol was called "bayt", "bet" or "beth" in various related languages, and became beta , the Greek letter, before it was used by the Romans. Beit in Arabic means house, while in Maltese bejt refers to the roof of the house. Ideally, architects of houses design rooms to meet the needs of the people who will live in the house. Feng shui , originally a Chinese method of moving houses according to such factors as rain and micro-climates, has recently expanded its scope to address
780-437: A length of 32-100 ms. The meter constant (pulses per kWh) is programmable on some meters, but often fixed to 1000-10000 pulses per kWh . Other meters implement a similar pulse interface, but with an infrared LED instead of an electrical connection. The interface is also used on other kinds of meters, like water meters. Many meters designed for semi-automated reading have a serial port that communicates by infrared LED through
858-400: A living/eating area, a sleeping area, and (if suitable facilities and services exist) separate or combined washing and lavatory areas. Some larger properties may also feature rooms such as a spa room, indoor pool, indoor basketball court, and other 'non-essential' facilities. In traditional agriculture-oriented societies, domestic animals such as chickens or larger livestock often share part of
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#1732790560153936-596: A load of one kilowatt over a period of one hour , or 3,600,000 joules . Some electricity companies use the SI megajoule instead. Demand is normally measured in watts, but averaged over a period, most often a quarter- or half-hour. Reactive power is measured in "thousands of volt-ampere reactive -hours", (kvarh). By convention, a "lagging" or inductive load, such as a motor, will have positive reactive power. A "leading", or capacitive load, will have negative reactive power. Volt-amperes measures all power passed through
1014-409: A power supply, a metering engine, a processing and communication engine (i.e. a microcontroller ), and other add-on modules such as a real time clock (RTC), a liquid crystal display, infra red communication ports/modules and so on. The metering engine is given the voltage and current inputs and has a voltage reference, samplers and quantisers followed by an analog to digital conversion section to yield
1092-521: A register similar to gas meters; this had the advantage that the consumer could easily read the meter and verify consumption. The first accurate, recording electricity consumption meter was a DC meter by Hermann Aron , who patented it in 1883. Hugo Hirst of the British General Electric Company introduced it commercially into Great Britain from 1888. Aron's meter recorded the total charge used over time, and showed it on
1170-435: A result, the "private becomes ever more public, [and] the desire for a protective home life increases, fuelled by the very media that undermine it," writes Jonathan Hill . Work has been altered by the increase of communications. The "deluge of information" has expressed the efforts of work conveniently gaining access inside the house. Although commuting is reduced, the desire to separate working and living remains apparent. On
1248-580: A series of clock dials. The first specimen of the AC kilowatt-hour meter produced on the basis of Hungarian Ottó Bláthy 's patent and named after him was presented by the Ganz Works at the Frankfurt Fair in the autumn of 1889, and the first induction kilowatt-hour meter was already marketed by the factory at the end of the same year. These were the first alternating-current watt-hour meters, known by
1326-487: A smart meter and make it more readily available to users to help encourage conservation. House A house is a single-unit residential building . It may range in complexity from a rudimentary hut to a complex structure of wood , masonry , concrete or other material, outfitted with plumbing , electrical, and heating, ventilation, and air conditioning systems. Houses use a range of different roofing systems to keep precipitation such as rain from getting into
1404-464: A switch to interrupt or restore service. Historically, rotating meters could report their metered information remotely, using a pair of electrical contacts attached to a KYZ line. A KYZ interface is a Form C contact supplied from the meter. In a KYZ interface, the Y and Z wires are switch contacts, shorted to K for a measured amount of energy. When one contact closes the other opens to provide count accuracy security. Each contact change of state
1482-465: A vast and elaborate house may serve as a sign of conspicuous wealth whereas a low-profile house built of recycled materials may indicate support of energy conservation. Houses of particular historical significance (former residences of the famous, for example, or even just very old houses) may gain a protected status in town planning as examples of built heritage or of streetscape. Commemorative plaques may mark such structures. Home ownership provides
1560-422: A vertically mounted glass structure with a mercury reservoir at the top of the meter. As current was drawn from the supply, electrochemical action transferred the mercury to the bottom of the column. Like all other DC meters, it recorded ampere hours. Once the mercury pool was exhausted, the meter became an open circuit. It was therefore necessary for the consumer to pay for a further supply of electricity, whereupon,
1638-522: A visit by a company representative at least annually in order to verify customer-supplied readings and to make a basic safety check of the meter. In an induction type meter, creep is a phenomenon that can adversely affect accuracy, that occurs when the meter disc rotates continuously with potential applied and the load terminals open circuited. A test for error due to creep is called a creep test. Two standards govern meter accuracy, ANSI C12.20 for North America and IEC 62053. Electronic meters display
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#17327905601531716-496: A wide range of pay weekly household furniture items, including sofas , beds, pushchairs , bikes and dining room furniture. This approach to buy now pay later purchasing enabled Buy As You View customers to pay weekly for their household electrical and furniture items via a coin meter TV (in addition to Direct Debit and cash payments). Buy As You View were involved in supporting a number of community initiatives and local charities. These include supporting cancer charities such as
1794-620: Is ANSI C12.18 . Some industrial meters use protocols for programmable logic controllers , like Modbus or DNP3 . One protocol proposed for this purpose is DLMS/COSEM which can operate over any medium, including serial ports. The data can be transmitted by Zigbee , Wi-Fi , telephone lines or over the power lines themselves . Some meters can be read over the internet. Other more modern protocols are also becoming widely used, like OSGP (Open Smart Grid Protocol). Electronic meters now also use low-power radio , GSM , GPRS , Bluetooth , IrDA , as well as RS-485 wired link. The meters can store
1872-399: Is a major part of meter design. The processing and communication section has the responsibility of calculating the various derived quantities from the digital values generated by the metering engine. This also has the responsibility of communication using various protocols and interface with other addon modules connected as slaves to it. RTC and other add-on modules are attached as slaves to
1950-471: Is a series of dials which record the amount of energy used. The dials may be of the cyclometer type, an odometer-like display that is easy to read where for each dial a single digit is shown through a window in the face of the meter, or of the pointer type where a pointer indicates each digit. With the dial pointer type, adjacent pointers generally rotate in opposite directions due to the gearing mechanism. The amount of energy represented by one revolution of
2028-457: Is considered one pulse. The frequency of pulses indicates the power demand. The number of pulses indicates energy metered. When incorporated into an electromechanical meter, the relay changes state with each full or half rotation of the meter disc. Each state change is called a "pulse." KYZ outputs were historically attached to "totaliser relays" feeding a "totaliser" so that many meters could be read all at once in one place. KYZ outputs are also
2106-426: Is made to rotate at a speed proportional to the power passing through the meter. The number of revolutions is thus proportional to the energy usage. The voltage coil consumes a small and relatively constant amount of power, typically around 2 watts which is not registered on the meter. The current coil similarly consumes a small amount of power in proportion to the square of the current flowing through it, typically up to
2184-487: Is to provide convenient real-time feedback to users so they can change their energy using behaviour. Recently, low-cost energy feedback displays have become available, that may be able to measure energy (Watt-hours), momentary power (wattage), and may additionally be able to measure the MAINS voltage, current, uptime, apparent power , capturing peak wattage and peak current, and have a manually set clock. The display may indicate
2262-483: The 17th Century Dutch house was smaller, and was only inhabited by up to four to five members. This was because they embraced "self-reliance" in contrast to the dependence on servants, and a design for a lifestyle centered on the family. It was important for the Dutch to separate work from domesticity, as the home became an escape and a place of comfort . This way of living and the home has been noted as highly similar to
2340-694: The Cory Band which began in 1998. In 2004, Cory was removed from the band's name in appreciation of the continued support from Buy As You View and for some time, the band was simply known as the Buy As You View band. BAYV worked in partnership with the Consumer Credit Trade Association and the Credit Services Association to ensure that they kept up to date and complied with credit legislation in
2418-572: The North East , Yorkshire, the Midlands , the North West and Scotland and employed 700 staff nationally. Repayments were originally made via a coin box in the customer's house, which representatives would call at to empty regularly. Later, repayments would be made online, via direct debit, or in cash. In each case, a payment meter connected to the customer's television set would deactivate
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2496-536: The Westinghouse Electric Corporation applied the induction principle previously used only in AC ampere hour meters to produce a watt-hour meter of the modern electromechanical form, using an induction disk whose rotational speed was made proportional to the power in the circuit. The Bláthy meter was similar to Shallenberger and Thomson meter in that they are two-phase motor meter. Although
2574-583: The autonomous buildings , the super insulated houses and houses built to the Passivhaus standard. Buildings with historical importance have legal restrictions. New houses in the UK are not covered by the Sale of Goods Act . When purchasing a new house, the buyer has different legal protection than when buying other products. New houses in the UK are covered by a National House Building Council guarantee. With
2652-552: The contemporary family and their dwellings. By the end of the 17th century, the house layout was transformed to become employment-free, enforcing these ideas for the future. This came in favour for the Industrial Revolution , gaining large-scale factory production and workers. The house layout of the Dutch and its functions are still relevant today. In the American context, some professions, such as doctors, in
2730-524: The kitchen or another room. Some large houses in North America have a recreation room . In traditional agriculture-oriented societies, domestic animals such as chickens or larger livestock (like cattle) may share part of the house with humans. The social unit that lives in a house is known as a household . Most commonly, a household is a family unit of some kind, although households may also have other social groups , such as roommates or, in
2808-426: The 1880s, had easily predictable usage; billing was based on the number of lamps or motors installed in a building. However, as usage spread, and especially with the invention of pluggable appliances , it also became more variable, and the electric utilities sought a means to bill customers based on actual rather than estimated usage. Many experimental types of meter were developed. Thomas Edison at first worked on
2886-572: The 19th and early 20th century typically operated out of the front room or parlor or had a two-room office on their property, which was detached from the house. By the mid 20th century, the increase in high-tech equipment created a marked shift whereby the contemporary doctor typically worked from an office or hospital . Technology and electronic systems has caused privacy issues and issues with segregating personal life from remote work . Technological advances of surveillance and communications allow insight of personal habits and private lives. As
2964-544: The Joshua Foundation and Macmillan Cancer Support . BAYV have also helped local sports teams to purchase equipment such as football kits and rugby kits, as well as giving talks to youngsters in local schools in and around the communities in which they operate. In addition to their recent community initiatives, Buy As You View were known in and around the South Wales area for their long-term sponsorship of
3042-612: The TV should payments be in default — regardless of whether the customer had financed the television with the company. In 2016 Buy as You View compensated 59,000 customers a total of £939,000 for fees charged from 2001 onwards after the Financial Conduct Authority raised concerns about the company's treatment of customers in arrears, in particular the transparency of their fees and the practice of using payment meters to restrict customers' access to TVs. In September 2017
3120-487: The UK and Europe. Electricity meter#Prepayment meters An electricity meter , electric meter , electrical meter , energy meter , or kilowatt-hour meter is a device that measures the amount of electric energy consumed by a residence , a business , or an electrically powered device over a time interval. Electric utilities use electric meters installed at customers' premises for billing and monitoring purposes. They are typically calibrated in billing units,
3198-583: The classic way of attaching electricity meters to programmable logic controllers , HVACs or other control systems. Some modern meters also supply a contact closure that warns when the meter detects a demand near a higher electricity tariff , to improve demand side management . EN 62053-31 (formerly DIN 43864) defines the S0 interface , which is a galvanically isolated open collector output. Voltage and current are limited to 27 V and 27 mA, respectively. Each metered amount of electrical energy produces one impulse with
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3276-445: The coil's inductive nature, and calibrated using a lag coil. This produces eddy currents in the disc and the effect is such that a force is exerted on the disc in proportion to the product of the instantaneous current and instantaneous voltage. A permanent magnet acts as an eddy current brake , exerting an opposing force proportional to the speed of rotation of the disc. The equilibrium between these two opposing forces results in
3354-545: The company was placed into administration after incurring what administrators EY described as "significant losses". On 3 June 2019 the company ceased to collect any further payments from customers, who were allowed to keep any items they had purchased. Buy As You View (BAYV) specialised in television, washing machine , mobile phone, computer (laptop, PC, Wii and PlayStation), washer , dryer , fridge freezer, dishwasher , vacuum cleaner and cooker rentals. In addition to renting household electrical items, BAYV also offered
3432-473: The construction process. They include: In the developed world, energy-conservation has grown in importance in house design. Housing produces a major proportion of carbon emissions (studies have shown that it is 30% of the total in the United Kingdom ). Development of a number of low-energy building types and techniques continues. They include the zero-energy house , the passive solar house ,
3510-410: The design of interior spaces, with a view to promoting harmonious effects on the people living inside the house, although no actual effect has ever been demonstrated. Feng shui can also mean the "aura" in or around a dwelling, making it comparable to the real estate sales concept of "indoor-outdoor flow". The square footage of a house in the United States reports the area of "living space", excluding
3588-416: The digitised equivalents of all the inputs. These inputs are then processed using a digital signal processor to calculate the various metering parameters. The largest source of long-term errors in the meter is drift in the preamp, followed by the precision of the voltage reference. Both of these vary with temperature as well, and vary wildly when meters are outdoors. Characterising and compensating for these
3666-465: The disc is denoted by the symbol Kh which is given in units of watt-hours per revolution. The value 7.2 is commonly seen. Using the value of Kh one can determine their power consumption at any given time by timing the disc with a stopwatch. P = 3600 ⋅ K h t {\displaystyle P={{3600\cdot Kh} \over t}} . Where: For example, if Kh = 7.2 as above, and one revolution took place in 14.4 seconds,
3744-416: The disc rotating at a speed proportional to the power or rate of energy usage. The disc drives a register mechanism which counts revolutions, much like the odometer in a car, in order to render a measurement of the total energy used. Different phase configurations use additional voltage and current coils. The disc is supported by a spindle which has a worm gear which drives the register. The register
3822-463: The dwelling space. Houses generally have doors or locks to secure the dwelling space and protect its inhabitants and contents from burglars or other trespassers. Most conventional modern houses in Western cultures will contain one or more bedrooms and bathrooms , a kitchen or cooking area, and a living room . A house may have a separate dining room , or the eating area may be integrated into
3900-468: The energy used on an LCD or LED display, and some can also transmit readings to remote places. In addition to measuring energy used, some electronic meters can also record other parameters of the load and supply such as instantaneous and maximum rate of usage demands, voltages, power factor and reactive power used etc. They can also support time-of-day billing, for example, recording the amount of energy used during on-peak and off-peak hours. The meter has
3978-420: The entire usage profiles with timestamps and relay them at the click of a button. The demand readings stored with the profiles accurately indicate the load requirements of the customer. This load profile data is processed at the utilities for billing and planning purposes. AMR ( Automatic Meter Reading ) and RMR (Remote Meter Reading) describe various systems that allow meters to be checked remotely, without
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#17327905601534056-482: The faceplate of the meter. In some multi-unit buildings, a similar protocol is used, but in a wired bus using a serial current loop to connect all the meters to a single plug. The plug is often near a more easily accessible point. In the European Union, the most common infrared and protocol is "FLAG", a simplified subset of mode C of IEC 61107 . In the United States and Canada, the favored infrared protocol
4134-454: The fifth millennium BC and with its contents still preserved was for example excavated at Tell Madhur in Iraq . Roman architect Vitruvius ' theories have claimed the first form of architecture as a frame of timber branches finished in mud, also known as the primitive hut . Philip Tabor later states the contribution of 17th century Dutch houses as the foundation of houses today. As far as
4212-768: The garage and other non-living spaces. The "square metres" figure of a house in Europe reports the area of the walls enclosing the home, and thus includes any attached garage and non-living spaces. The number of floors or levels making up the house can affect the square footage of a home. Humans often build houses for domestic or wild animals , often resembling smaller versions of human domiciles. Familiar animal houses built by humans include birdhouses , hen houses and dog houses , while housed agricultural animals more often live in barns and stables . Many houses have several large rooms with specialized functions and several very small rooms for other various reasons. These may include
4290-825: The general public in 1908. Prefab techniques became popular after World War II . First small inside rooms framing, then later, whole walls were prefabricated and carried to the construction site . The original impetus was to use the labor force inside a shelter during inclement weather. More recently, builders have begun to collaborate with structural engineers who use finite element analysis to design prefabricated steel-framed homes with known resistance to high wind loads and seismic forces . These newer products provide labor savings, more consistent quality, and possibly accelerated construction processes. Lesser-used construction methods have gained (or regained) popularity in recent years. Though not in wide use, these methods frequently appeal to homeowners who may become actively involved in
4368-432: The growth of dense settlement, humans designed ways of identifying houses and parcels of land. Individual houses sometimes acquire proper names , and those names may acquire in their turn considerable emotional connotations. A more systematic and general approach to identifying houses may use various methods of house numbering . Houses may express the circumstances or opinions of their builders or their inhabitants. Thus,
4446-438: The house with humans. Most conventional modern houses will at least contain a bedroom, bathroom, kitchen or cooking area, and a living room. The names of parts of a house often echo the names of parts of other buildings, but could typically include: Little is known about the earliest origin of the house and its interior; however, it can be traced back to the simplest form of shelters. An exceptionally well-preserved house dating to
4524-591: The houses accommodated numerous people, including family, relatives, employees, servants and their guests. Their lifestyles were largely communal, as areas such as the Great Hall enforced the custom of dining and meetings and the Solar intended for shared sleeping beds. During the 15th and 16th centuries, the Italian Renaissance Palazzo consisted of plentiful rooms of connectivity. Unlike
4602-656: The idea of the home is concerned, the home of the home is the Netherlands . This idea's crystallization might be dated to the first three-quarters of the 17th century, when the Dutch Netherlands amassed the unprecedented and unrivalled accumulation of capital, and emptied their purses into domestic space. In the Middle Ages , the Manor Houses facilitated different activities and events. Furthermore,
4680-467: The induction meter would only work on alternating current, it eliminated the delicate and troublesome commutator of the Thomson design. Shallenberger fell ill and was unable to refine his initial large and heavy design, although he did also develop a polyphase version. The most common unit of measurement on the electricity meter is the kilowatt hour [ kWh ], which is equal to the amount of energy used by
4758-404: The instantaneous voltage ( volts ) and current ( amperes ) to give energy used (in joules , kilowatt-hours etc.). Meters for smaller services (such as small residential customers) can be connected directly in-line between source and customer. For larger loads, more than about 200 ampere of load, current transformers are used, so that the meter can be located somewhere other than in line with
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#17327905601534836-545: The most common one being the kilowatt hour ( kWh ). They are usually read once each billing period. When energy savings during certain periods are desired, some meters may measure demand, the maximum use of power in some interval. "Time of day" metering allows electric rates to be changed during a day, to record usage during peak high-cost periods and off-peak, lower-cost, periods. Also, in some areas meters have relays for demand response load shedding during peak load periods. The earliest commercial uses of electric energy, in
4914-545: The name of Bláthy-meters. The AC kilowatt hour meters used at present operate on the same principle as Bláthy's original invention. Also around 1889, Elihu Thomson of the American General Electric company developed a recording watt meter (watt-hour meter) based on an ironless commutator motor. This meter overcame the disadvantages of the electrochemical type and could operate on either alternating or direct current. In 1894 Oliver Shallenberger of
4992-480: The nearest available material, and often tradition or culture govern construction-materials, so whole towns, areas, counties or even states/countries may be built out of one main type of material. For example, a large portion of American houses use wood, while most British and many European houses use stone, brick, or mud. In the early 20th century, some house designers started using prefabrication . Sears, Roebuck & Co. first marketed their Sears Catalog Homes to
5070-651: The need to send a meter reader. An electronic meter can transmit its readings by telephone line or radio to a central billing office. Large commercial and industrial premises may use electronic meters which record power usage in blocks of half an hour or less. This is because most electricity grids have demand surges throughout the day, and the power company may wish to give price incentives to large customers to reduce demand at these times. These demand surges often correspond to meal times or, famously, to advertisements interrupting popular television programmes . A potentially powerful means to reduce household energy consumption
5148-447: The operation of other equipment. Harmonic emissions are mandated by law in EU and other countries to fall within specified limits. In addition to metering based on the amount of energy used, other types of metering are available. Meters which measured the amount of charge ( coulombs ) used, known as ampere hour meters , were used in the early days of electrification. These were dependent upon
5226-429: The other hand, some architects have designed homes in which eating, working and living are brought together. In many parts of the world, houses are constructed using scavenged materials. In Manila 's Payatas neighborhood, slum houses are often made of material sourced from a nearby garbage dump. In Dakar , it is common to see houses made of recycled materials standing atop a mixture of garbage and sand which serves as
5304-526: The physical integration of the corridor into housing by the 19th century. Sociologist Witold Rybczynski wrote, "the subdivision of the house into day and night uses, and into formal and informal areas, had begun." Rooms were changed from public to private as single entryways forced notions of entering a room with a specific purpose. Compared to the large scaled houses in England and the Renaissance,
5382-404: The power consumption over the week graphically. A study using a consumer-readable meter in 500 Ontario homes by Hydro One showed an average 6.5% drop in total electricity use when compared with a similarly sized control group. Hydro One subsequently offered free power monitors to 30,000 customers based on the success of the pilot. Projects such as Google PowerMeter , take information from
5460-444: The power is 1800 watts. This method can be used to determine the power consumption of household devices by switching them on one by one. Most domestic electricity meters must be read manually, whether by a representative of the power company or by the customer. Where the customer reads the meter, the reading may be supplied to the power company by telephone , post or over the internet . The electricity company will normally require
5538-533: The processing and communication section for various input/output functions. On a modern meter most if not all of this will be implemented inside the microprocessor, such as the RTC, LCD controller, temperature sensor, memory and analog to digital converters. Remote meter reading is a practical example of telemetry . It saves the cost of a human meter reader and the resulting mistakes, but it also allows more measurements, and remote provisioning. Many smart meters now include
5616-512: The qualities and uses of the Manor Houses, most rooms of the palazzo contained no purpose, yet were given several doors. These doors adjoined rooms in which Robin Evans describes as a "matrix of discrete but thoroughly interconnected chambers." The layout allowed occupants to freely walk room to room from one door to another, thus breaking the boundaries of privacy . An early example of
5694-574: The same corridor. English architect Sir Roger Pratt states "the common way in the middle through the whole length of the house, [avoids] the offices from one molesting the other by continual passing through them." Social hierarchies within the 17th century were highly regarded, as architecture was able to epitomize the servants and the upper class. More privacy is offered to the occupant as Pratt further claims, "the ordinary servants may never publicly appear in passing to and fro for their occasions there." This social divide between rich and poor favored
5772-580: The segregation of rooms and consequent enhancement of privacy may be found in 1597 at the Beaufort House built in Chelsea, London . It was designed by English architect John Thorpe who wrote on his plans, "A Long Entry through all". The separation of the passageway from the room developed the function of the corridor . This new extension was revolutionary at the time, allowing the integration of one door per room, in which all universally connected to
5850-399: The service conductors. The meters fall into two basic categories, electromechanical and electronic. The most common type of electricity meter is the electromechanical watt-hour meter. On a single-phase AC supply, the electromechanical induction meter operates through electromagnetic induction by counting the revolutions of a non-magnetic, but electrically conductive, metal disc which
5928-400: The supplier's agent would unlock the meter from its mounting and invert it restoring the mercury to the reservoir and the supply. In practice the consumer would get the supply company's agent in before the supply ran out and pay only for the charge consumed as read from the scale. The agent would then reset the meter to zero by inverting it. In 1885 Ferranti offered a mercury motor meter with
6006-538: The supply voltage remaining constant for accurate measurement of energy usage, which was not a likely circumstance with most supplies. The most common application was in relation to special-purpose meters to monitor charge / discharge status of large batteries. Some meters measured only the length of time for which charge flowed, with no measurement of the magnitude of voltage or current being made. These are only suited for constant-load applications and are rarely used today. Electricity meters operate by continuously measuring
6084-399: The voltage of the supply should remain substantially constant, the reading of the meter was proportional to actual energy consumed. For example, if a meter recorded that 100 ampere hours had been consumed on a 200-volt supply, then 20 kilowatt-hours of energy had been supplied. An early type of electrochemical meter used in the United Kingdom was the 'Reason' meter. This consisted of
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