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91-674: The Bubastite Portal gate is located in Karnak , within the Precinct of Amun-Re temple complex, between the temple of Ramesses III and the second pylon. It records the conquests and military campaigns c. 925 BC of Shoshenq I , of the Twenty-second Dynasty . Shoshenq has been identified with the biblical Shishaq , such that the relief is also known as the Shishak Inscription or Shishaq Relief . This gate

182-408: A "porch of drunkenness" built onto the temple by the pharaoh Hatshepsut , during the height of her twenty-year reign. In a later myth developed around the annual drunken Sekhmet festival, Ra, by then the sun god of Upper Egypt, created her from a fiery eye gained from his mother, to destroy mortals who conspired against him (Lower Egypt). In the myth, Sekhmet's blood-lust was not quelled at the end of

273-487: A century and a half later to the time of Ahab . A water system consists of a square shaft 35 metres (115 ft) deep, the bottom of which opens into a tunnel bored through rock for 100 metres (330 ft) to a pool of water. Megiddo's 5,000-year-old "Great Temple", dated to the Early Bronze Age IB (ca. 3000 BC), has been described by its excavators as "the most monumental single edifice so far uncovered in

364-522: A main corridor, paved with lime. The buildings were about twenty-one meters long by eleven meters wide. Separating the main corridor from outside aisles was a series of stone pillars. Holes were bored into many of these pillars so horses could be tied to them. The remains of stone mangers were found in the buildings. These mangers were placed between the pillars to feed the horses. It is suggested that each side could hold fifteen horses, giving each building an overall capacity of thirty horses. The buildings on

455-527: A merchant or trader who "consumed foods seasoned with turmeric or prepared with soy oil in the Levant, in South Asia, or elsewhere," indicating the possible existence of an Indo-Mediterranean trade. Sesamum protein ( sesame ), another South Asian product, was found in individual MGD011 (c. 1688–1535 BCE). Late Bronze age, as per radiocarbon datings in areas H and K of Tel Megiddo, began in the first half of

546-478: A number of scientists of the Napoleon expedition, including Vivant Denon , during 1798–1799. Claude-Étienne Savary describes the complex in rather great detail in his work of 1785; especially in light of the fact that it is a fictional account of a pretend journey to Upper Egypt, composed out of information from other travellers. Savary did visit Lower Egypt in 1777–78, and published a work about that too. This

637-633: A square or a trench because they must leave something for future archaeologists with better techniques and methods. During these excavations, it was discovered that there were around eight levels of habitation. Many of the uncovered remains are preserved at the Rockefeller Museum in Jerusalem and the Institute for the Study of Ancient Cultures . The East Slope area of Megiddo was excavated to

728-410: A village name, and name of the complex, is first attested in 1668, when two capuchin missionary brothers, Protais and Charles François d'Orléans, travelled though the area. Protais' writing about their travel was published by Melchisédech Thévenot ( Relations de divers voyages curieux , 1670s–1696 editions) and Johann Michael Vansleb ( The Present State of Egypt , 1678). The first drawing of Karnak

819-650: Is "hidden" or the "hidden god". Major construction work in the Precinct of Amun-Re took place during the Eighteenth Dynasty , when Thebes became the capital of the unified Ancient Egypt. Almost every pharaoh of that dynasty added something to the temple site. Thutmose I erected an enclosure wall connecting the Fourth and Fifth pylons, which comprise the earliest part of the temple still standing in situ . Hatshepsut had monuments constructed and also restored

910-571: Is 4 meters wide. Between the walls were narrow corridors, filled hip-deep with the remains of animal sacrifice. These walls lie immediately below the huge ‘megaron’ temples of the Early Bronze III (2700–2300 BCE). The megaron temples remained in use through the Intermediate Bronze period. Magnetometer research, before the 2006 excavations, found that the entire Tel Megiddo settlement covered an area of ca. 50 hectares, being

1001-615: Is a vast open site and includes the Karnak Open Air Museum . It is believed to be the second most visited historical site in Egypt; only the Giza pyramid complex near Cairo receives more visits. It consists of four main parts, of which only the largest is currently open to the public. The term Karnak often is understood as being the Precinct of Amun-Re only, because this is the only part most visitors see. The three other parts,

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1092-475: Is found in Paul Lucas ' travel account of 1704, ( Voyage du Sieur Paul Lucas au Levant ). It is rather inaccurate, and can be quite confusing to modern eyes. Lucas travelled in Egypt during 1699–1703. The drawing shows a mixture of the Precinct of Amun-Re and the Precinct of Montu, based on a complex confined by the three huge Ptolemaic gateways of Ptolemy III Euergetes / Ptolemy IV Philopator , and

1183-445: Is that large ramps were constructed of sand, mud, brick or stone and that the stones were then towed up the ramps. If stone had been used for the ramps, they would have been able to use much less material. The top of the ramps presumably would have employed either wooden tracks or cobblestones for towing the megaliths. There is an unfinished pillar in an out-of-the-way location that indicates how it would have been finished. Final carving

1274-520: Is the largest of the precincts of the temple complex, and is dedicated to Amun-Re , the chief deity of the Theban Triad . There are several colossal statues, including the figure of Pinedjem I which is 10.5 metres (34 ft) tall. The sandstone for this temple, including all of the columns, was transported from Gebel Silsila 100 miles (161 km) south on the Nile river. It also has one of

1365-539: Is the site of the ancient city of Megiddo ( Greek : Μεγιδδώ ), the remains of which form a tell or archaeological mound, situated in northern Israel at the western edge of the Jezreel Valley about 30 kilometres (19 mi) southeast of Haifa near the depopulated Palestinian town of Lajjun and subsequently Kibbutz Megiddo . Megiddo is known for its historical, geographical, and theological importance, especially under its Greek name Armageddon . During

1456-400: Is thought by some scholars to be of dubious historicity; see Shishak § Biblical narrative . Karnak The Karnak Temple Complex , commonly known as Karnak ( / ˈ k ɑːr . n æ k / ), comprises a vast mix of temples , pylons , chapels, and other buildings near Luxor , Egypt. Construction at the complex began during the reign of Senusret I (reigned 1971–1926 BC) in

1547-540: Is thought to have a mixed Canaanite and Philistine character by archaeologists Yigael Yadin and Amihai Mazar (2005). It fell victim to fire, when the earliest fragmentary Gate 3165 from Stratum VIA in the Late Iron Age I (c. 1050–950 BCE) was destroyed along with the whole city at the end of this period, marking the end of Iron I in the Jezreel Valley and of Canaanite culture there. This destruction

1638-646: The Amarna Period (c. 1353–1336 BCE), Megiddo was a vassal of the Egyptian Empire . The Amarna Letter E245 mentions local ruler Biridiya of Megiddo. Other contemporary rulers mentioned were Labaya of Shechem and Surata of Akka, nearby cities. This ruler is mentioned in the corpus from the city of 'Kumidu', the Kamid al lawz. This indicates that there were relations between Megiddo and Kumidu. Megiddo's Stratum VIIB lasted until slightly before or in

1729-711: The Bronze Age , Megiddo was an important Canaanite city-state . During the Iron Age , it was a royal city in the Kingdom of Israel . Megiddo's strategic location at the northern end of the defile of the Wadi Ara , which acts as a pass through the Carmel Ridge , and its position overlooking the rich Jezreel Valley from the west gave it much of its importance. Excavations have unearthed 20 strata of ruins since

1820-942: The Great Hypostyle Hall also may have begun during the Eighteenth Dynasty (although most new building was undertaken under Seti I and Ramesses II in the Nineteenth). Merneptah , also of the Nineteenth Dynasty, commemorated his victories over the Sea Peoples on the walls of the Cachette Court , the start of the processional route (also known as the Avenue of Sphinxes ) to the Luxor Temple . The last major change to

1911-618: The Middle Kingdom ( c.  2000–1700 BC ) and continued into the Ptolemaic Kingdom (305–30 BC), although most of the extant buildings date from the New Kingdom . The area around Karnak was the ancient Egyptian Ipet-isut ("The Most Selected of Places") and the main place of worship of the 18th Dynastic Theban Triad , with the god Amun as its head. It is part of the monumental city of Thebes , and in 1979 it

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2002-744: The Neolithic phase, indicating a long settlement period. The site is protected as Megiddo National Park and is a World Heritage Site . Megiddo was known in the Akkadian language used in Assyria as Magiddu, Magaddu. In Egyptian , it was Maketi, Makitu, and Makedo. In the Canaanite-influenced Akkadian used in the Amarna letters , it was known as Magidda and Makida. It was Koinē Greek : Μαγεδών/Μαγεδδώ , Magedón/Mageddó in

2093-531: The Neolithic . The first Yarmukian culture remains were found at this level in 1930s excavations, but they were not recognized as such then. These remains, found in Area BB, were pottery, a figurine, and flint items. The Chalcolithic period came next, with significant content around 4500–3500 BCE, as part of the Wadi Rabah culture , at the following base level of Tel Megiddo, as other large tell sites in

2184-498: The Precinct of Mut , the Precinct of Montu , and the dismantled Temple of Amenhotep IV , are closed to the public. There also are a few smaller temples and sanctuaries connecting the Precinct of Mut, the Precinct of Amun-Re, and the Luxor Temple . The Precinct of Mut is very ancient, being dedicated to an Earth and creation deity, but not yet restored. The original temple was destroyed and partially restored by Hatshepsut , although another pharaoh built around it in order to change

2275-501: The Rosetta Stone translation. In his letters he wrote: "In this wonderful palace, I have contemplated the portraits of most of the old Pharaohs known for their great deeds, and these are true portraits.... one sees Mandoueï fighting the enemies of Egypt, and returning as triumphator to his homeland; farther along [in the series of images, one sees] the campaigns of Ramses-Sesostris; elsewhere, [one sees] Sésonchis hanging about at

2366-679: The Septuagint ; Latin: Mageddo in the Vulgate . The Book of Revelation describes an apocalyptic battle at Armageddon in Revelation 16 :16: Koinē Greek : Ἁρμαγεδών , romanized:  Harmagedōn , a transliteration of the Hebrew Har Megiddo "Mount Megiddo". From this surreal appearance in a well-known eschatological text, the term "Armageddon" has come to signify any world-ending catastrophe. Megiddo

2457-542: The Temple of Karnak . However, recalibration of radiocarbon datings, using calibration curve (IntCal20), supports Finkelstein's view that the destruction of Stratum V was due to Hazael 's campaign, c. 835 BCE (9th century BCE). Rulers of the Israelite Northern Kingdom improved the fortress from around 900 to 750 BCE. The palaces, water systems and fortifications of the site at this period were among

2548-529: The University of Chicago , financed by John D. Rockefeller Jr. , continuing until the outbreak of the Second World War . The work was led initially by Clarence S. Fisher , and later by P. L. O. Guy , Robert Lamon, and Gordon Loud. The Oriental Institute intended to completely excavate the whole tel, layer by layer. Money ran out before they could do so. Today, excavators limit themselves to

2639-550: The 15th and 16th centuries who visited only Lower Egypt and published their travel accounts, such as Joos van Ghistele and André Thévet , put Thebes in or close to Memphis . The first European description of the Karnak temple complex was by unknown Venetian in 1589 and is housed in the Biblioteca Nazionale Centrale di Firenze , although his account gives no name for the complex. Karnak ("Carnac") as

2730-642: The 16th century BC, (c. 1585–1545 BCE). At the Battle of Megiddo the city was subjugated by Thutmose III (r. 1479–1425 BCE), and became part of the Egyptian Empire. The city still prospered, and a massive and elaborate government palace was constructed in the Late Bronze Age. Thutmose III's campaign is attested in Stratum IX at Tel Megiddo, a well fortified site in Late Bronze Age I. In

2821-517: The EB I Levant and ranks among the largest structures of its time in the Near East." The structure includes an immense 47.5 by 22 meters sanctuary. The temple was more than ten times larger than a typical temple of that era and was determined to be the site of ritual animal sacrifice . Corridors were used as favissae (deposits of cultic artifacts) to store bones after ritual sacrifice. More than 80% of

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2912-602: The German Society for the Study of Palestine, excavating one main north-south trench and some subsidiary trenches and probes. Techniques used were rudimentary by later standards, and Schumacher's field notes and records were destroyed in World War I before being published. After the war, Carl Watzinger published the remaining data from the dig. In 1925, digging was resumed by the Oriental Institute of

3003-715: The Great recognized the Christian religion, and in 356 Constantius II ordered the closing of pagan temples throughout the Roman empire, into which Egypt had been annexed in 30 BC. Karnak was by this time mostly abandoned, and Christian churches were founded among the ruins, the most famous example of this is the reuse of the Festival Hall of Thutmose III 's central hall, where painted decorations of saints and Coptic inscriptions can still be seen. Thebes' exact placement

3094-616: The Jezreel Valley within Israel's coastal plain. In 1964, during Pope Paul VI 's visit to the Holy Land , Megiddo was the site where he met with Israeli dignitaries, including President Zalman Shazar and the Prime Minister Levi Eshkol . Famous battles include: A path leads up through a six-chambered gate, considered by some archaeologists to have been built by Solomon , but which Israel Finkelstein dates to

3185-488: The Johns Hopkins University team, led by Betsy Bryan (see below) the Precinct of Mut has been opened to the public. Six hundred black granite statues were found in the courtyard to her temple. It may be the oldest portion of the site. In 2006, Bryan presented her findings of a festival that included apparent intentional overindulgence in alcohol. Participation in the festival included the priestesses and

3276-569: The Karnak complex and other resources. The history of the Karnak complex is largely the history of Thebes and its changing role in the culture. Religious centers varied by region, and when a new capital of the unified culture was established, the religious centers in that area gained prominence. The city of Thebes does not appear to have been of great significance before the Eleventh Dynasty and previous temple building there would have been relatively small, with shrines being dedicated to

3367-459: The LORD, 'You abandoned me, so I have abandoned you to the hand of Shishaq.'" Then the princes of Israel and the king humbled themselves and said, "The LORD is righteous." When the LORD saw that they humbled themselves, the word of the LORD came to Shemaiah: "They have humbled themselves. I will not destroy them, but I will grant them some deliverance, and my wrath shall not be poured out on Jerusalem by

3458-718: The Omrides, found in Stratum VA-IVB, late Iron IIA period. It overlooks the excavations of the Institute for the Study of Ancient Cultures. A solid circular stone structure has been interpreted as an altar or a high place from the Canaanite period. Further on is a grain pit from the Israelite period for storing provisions in case of siege. There are stables, originally thought to date from the time of Solomon but now dated

3549-684: The Precinct of Amun-Re's layout was the addition of the First Pylon and the massive enclosure walls that surround the precinct, both constructed by Nectanebo I of the Thirtieth Dynasty . Ancient Greek and Roman writers wrote about a range of monuments in Upper Egypt and Nubia , including Karnak, Luxor temple, the Colossi of Memnon , Esna , Edfu , Kom Ombo , Philae , and others. In 323 AD, Roman emperor Constantine

3640-759: The [scroll] 11. g[...] = unknown 12. m[]ꜣ[] = Makkedah 13. rwbꜣ = Rubate Row II 14. tꜣꜥnkj = Taanach 15. šꜣnmꜥ = Shunem 16. bꜣtšꜣn swr = Beth-Shean 17. rwꜣḫbꜣ = Rehob 18. ꜣḫpwrwm = Hapharaim 19. jdrw[m] = Adoraim (unknown locality in Israelite Kingdom , different from Adoraim in Judah ) 20. (destroyed) 21. šꜣꜣwꜣd = unknown 22. mjꜣḥꜣnjmꜥ = Mahanaim 23. qbꜣꜥꜣnꜣ = Gibeon 24. bꜣtꜣḥwꜣrwn = Beth-Horon 25. qꜣdṯm = Kiriath-jearim or Gath-Gittaim 26. jywrwn = Aijalon Row III 27. mjkdjw = Megiddo 28. jdrw = (Ataroth-)Addar 29. ywd-hmꜥrwk = Yad Hammelek ("hand of

3731-413: The animal remains were young sheep and goats. The rest were cattle. In 2010, a collection of jewelry pieces was found in a ceramic jug. The jewelry dates to around 1100 BC. The collection includes beads made of carnelian stone, a ring and earrings. The jug was subjected to molecular analysis to determine the contents. The collection was probably owned by a wealthy Canaanite family, likely belonging to

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3822-418: The battle and led to her destroying almost all of humanity, so Ra had tricked her by turning the Nile as red as blood (the Nile turns red every year when filled with silt during inundation) so that Sekhmet would drink it. The trick, however, was that the red liquid was not blood, but beer mixed with pomegranate juice so that it resembled blood, making her so drunk that she gave up slaughter and became an aspect of

3913-492: The buildings, enabling it to reach a size, complexity, and diversity not seen elsewhere. Few of the individual features of Karnak are unique, but the size and number of features are vast. The deities represented range from some of the earliest worshipped to those worshipped much later in the history of the Ancient Egyptian culture. Although destroyed, it also contained an early temple built by Amenhotep IV ( Akhenaten ),

4004-400: The conquest of Shoshenq I but by "the expansion of the highlanders into the valley, a development that soon brought about the emergence of the Israelite Northern Kingdom ." Applying Bayesian model inference (OxCal v.4.4 software), archaeologist Enrique Gil Orduña (2024) considers this destruction took place sometime around 986 to 983 BCE. There have been several contradictory proposals for

4095-482: The early Bronze Age Levant and among the largest structures of its time in the Near East . Samples, obtained by Israel Finkelstein's Megiddo Expedition, at the temple-hall in the year 2000, provided calibrated dates from the 31st and 30th century BCE. The temple is the most monumental Early Bronze I structure known in the Levant, if not the entire Ancient Near East. Archaeologists' view is that "taking into account

4186-519: The early deities of Thebes, the Earth goddess Mut and Montu . Early building was destroyed by invaders. The earliest known artifact found in the area of the temple is a small, eight-sided column from the Eleventh Dynasty, which mentions Amun-Re. Amun (sometimes called Amen) was long the local tutelary deity of Thebes. He was identified with the ram and the goose. The Egyptian meaning of Amun

4277-556: The feet of the Theban trinity ( Amun , Mut and Khonsu ), [and] the chiefs of more than thirty conquered nations, among which I found, as it should have been, fully spelled out, Ioudahamalek, "the kingdom of the Jews," or "[the kingdom] of Judah". There is in that [inscription] a commentary to connect to chapter 14 of the third book of Kings, which recounts in effect the arrival of Sésonchis (Sheshonq) at Jerusalem and his success [there]: thus,

4368-497: The fifth year of King Rehoboam , because they had been unfaithful to the LORD, Shishaq king of Egypt came up against Jerusalem with 1,200 chariots and 60,000 horsemen. And the people were without number who came with him from Egypt— Libyans, Sukkiim, and Ethiopians. And he took the fortified cities of Judah and came as far as Jerusalem . Then Shemaiah the prophet came to Rehoboam and to the princes of Judah, who had gathered at Jerusalem because of Shishak, and said to them, "Thus says

4459-463: The focus or orientation of the sacred area. Many portions of it may have been carried away for use in other buildings. The key difference between Karnak and most of the other temples and sites in Egypt is the length of time over which it was developed and used. Construction of temples started in the Middle Kingdom and continued into Ptolemaic times. Approximately thirty pharaohs contributed to

4550-403: The gentle Hathor . The complex interweaving of deities occurred over the thousands of years of the culture. This portion of the site is dedicated to the son of Mut and Amun-Re, Montu , a war-god. It is located to the north of the Amun-Re complex and is much smaller in size. It is not open to the public. The temple that Akhenaten (Amenhotep IV) constructed on the site was located east of

4641-419: The hair and smiting them by his mace. Behind and below him are the names of Canaanite towns in several rows. Many of these are lost, but initially, there were 156 names, and one of the most exciting names mentioned is 'The Field of Abram.' The inscriptions give no details about this expedition and mention only the victory over the Asiatics ( ꜥꜣm.w ). Below is a translation of the one hundred fifty-five names on

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4732-453: The hand of Shishaq. Nevertheless, they shall be servants to him, that they may know my service and the service of the kingdoms of the countries." So Shishaq king of Egypt came up against Jerusalem. He took away the treasures of the house of the LORD and the treasures of the king’s house. He took away everything. He also took away the shields of gold that Solomon had made, and King Rehoboam made in their place shields of bronze and committed them to

4823-420: The hands of the officers of the guard, who kept the door of the king’s house. And as often as the king went into the house of the LORD, the guard came and carried them and brought them back to the guardroom. And when he humbled himself the wrath of the LORD turned from him, so as not to make a complete destruction. Moreover, conditions were good in Judah. The account of Shishak carrying off treasures from Jerusalem

4914-399: The identity that we have established between the Egyptian Sheschonck, the Sésonchis of Manetho and the Shishak or Scheschôk of the Bible is confirmed in the most satisfactory manner." One facade shows King Shoshenq I, Takelot I , and Osorkon I of the Twenty-second Dynasty of Egypt making offerings to the gods and goddesses . Another scene shows Shoshenq grasping a group of captives by

5005-399: The inscription. Row I - Listing of the Nine bows 1. tꜣ rsy - Southern Land (i.e. Upper Egypt) 2. tꜣ mḥw = Northern Land (i.e. Lower Egypt) 3. jwn.tjw = Tribesmen 4. ṯhnw = Tjehenu 5. sḫt[-jꜣmw] - Field [of tents] 6. mn[.tjw] = Bedouin 7. pḏ[.tjw swt] = Bow[men of the feather] 8. šꜣt = Swamp (Upper Nubia ) 9. ḥꜣ[.w-n]b.w = Northerners 10. mj.tj ꜥ[r.t] = Copy of

5096-3350: The king") 30. []rwt = unknown 31. ḥꜣjꜣnm = Henam 32. ꜥꜣrn = Aruna 33. bꜣrwmꜣꜥ = Borim 34. ḏꜣdpṯrw = Giti-Padalla 35. y[]hꜣ[]mꜣ = Yehem 36. bꜣtꜥꜣrwmmꜣ = Beth 'Olam 37. kꜣꜥqꜣrw = unknown 38. šꜣjwkꜣ = Socoh 39. bꜣttꜣpw = Beth-Tappuah Row IV 40. jbꜣrjꜣ = unknown 41. [...]ḥtp = unknown 42. (destroyed) 43. (destroyed) 44. (destroyed) 45. bꜣtḏb[...] = unknown 46. nbk[...] = unknown 47. [...]i[...] = unknown 48. (destroyed) 49. (destroyed) 50. (destroyed) 51. [...]ssḏ[...] = unknown 52. (destroyed) Row V 53. [p]nwjrw = Penuel 54. ꜣḥꜣdšꜣt = Hadashah? 55. pktṯ / pꜣ-wr-ktṯ = unknown / "The great ktṯ ‍ " 56. jdmjꜣ = Adam 57. ḏꜣ[m]rwmmꜣ = Zemaraim 58. [...]drw = Migdol 59. [...]rwḏꜣjꜣ = Tirzah 60. [...]nꜣrw = unknown 61. [...]j = unknown 62. (destroyed) 63. (destroyed) 64. [...]gꜣpn = unknown 65. pꜣ-ꜥmq = "The valley" Row VI 66. ꜥꜣjꜣḏꜣj = Ezem 67. jnꜣrw = unknown 68. pꜣ ꜣḥqꜣrwj = "the fort" 69. ftjywšꜣj = Photis 70. jrhrwrw = Jehallel / El-Hallal 71. pꜣ ꜣḥqꜣrwj = "the fort" 72. mrbꜣrmj = unknown 73. šꜣbꜣrwṯ = "stream" 74. ngbꜣrwy = of (Ezion-)Geber 75. šꜣbꜣrwṯ = "stream" 76. wꜣꜣrkytj = unknown 77. pꜣ ꜣḥqꜣrwj = "the fort" 78. nꜥḏꜣytj = unknown 79. dd[ ]j = unknown 80. ḏꜣpꜣqj = Sapek 81. mj[]j[] = unknown 82. tꜣp[...] = unknown Row VII 83. gꜣnꜣt = unknown 84. pꜣ nꜣgbw = "The Negev " 85. ꜥꜣḏꜣḥꜥṯ = unknown 86. tꜣšdnꜣw = unknown 87. pꜣ ꜣḥqꜣrw[t] = "the fort" 88. šꜣnꜣyj = unknown 89. hꜣqꜣ = unknown 90. pꜣ ng[bw] = "The Neg[ev]" 91. wꜣhṯrwwꜣk[...] = unknown 92. pꜣ nꜣgbw = "The Negev" 93. jšꜣḥtjw[t] = Shuhah ? 94. pꜣ ꜣḥgrwj = "the fort" 95. ꜣḥꜣnnj = (Ben-)Hanan 96. pꜣ ꜣḥgrwj = "the fort" 97. jrwqꜣd = El-Gad 98. jdꜣmꜣmt = unknown 99. ꜣḥꜣnꜣny = (Ben-)Hanan Row VIII 100. jdrj = Adar 101. pꜣ ꜣḥgrw = "the fort" 102. [ṯrwꜣ]ꜣn = Tilon? 103. ꜣḥydbsꜣ = "Highlands"? 104. šꜣrwnrwjm = Shaaraim 105. []y[...] = "Highlands"? 106. dwꜣꜣṯ = unknown 107. ꜣḥqrwjm = "forts" 108. ꜥꜣrwdjꜣt = Arad 109. [rwbꜣṯ] = "Great" 110. ꜥꜣrwdjt = Arad (Tel Malhata?) 111. nbꜣpꜣttṯ = unknown 112. yꜣrẖjm = Yeroham 113. [...]j = unknown 114. (destroyed) 115. (destroyed) 116. jd[...] = unknown Row IX 117. [jdr...] = Adar 118. [...bꜣyj] = unknown 119. [...ḥgj] = unknown 120. []ꜣrywk = unknown 121. frwtjmjj = Peleth ? 122. [ꜥ]tbꜣr = unknown 123. bpꜣjrwrḏꜣ = unknown 124. bꜣṯꜥnṯ = Beth-Anath 125. šꜣrꜣḥꜣn = Sharuhen 126. jrmꜥṯn = El-mattan 127. grwn = "threshing floor"? 128. jdꜣmꜣm = unknown 129. [...]rꜣḥṯ = unknown 130. [...]r = unknown 131. mꜥrw[...] = unknown 132. jrwr[...] = unknown 133. ywrwꜣ[...] = Yurza Row X 134. (destroyed) 135. (destroyed) 136. (destroyed) 137. (destroyed) 138. (destroyed) 139. ywrḥm = Yehoram 140. jwnn = Onam 141. (destroyed) 142. ꜣg[...] = Unknown 143. (destroyed) 144. (destroyed) 145. mꜥ[...] = unknown 146. j[]d[...] = unknown 147. (destroyed) 148. (destroyed) 149. [...]ꜣ = unknown 150. ywrwdn = uncertain Row X extension 1a. šꜣrwdd = unknown 2a. rpꜣḥ = Raphiah 3a. rwbn = Laban 4a. ꜥngrwn = unknown 5a. hꜣm = unknown The Biblical narrative recounts: In

5187-417: The largest known Early Bronze Age I site in the Levant. In 2014, Pierre de Miroschedji stated that Tel Megiddo had around 25 hectares in the Early Bronze IA and IB periods, when most settlements in the region only covered a maximum area of 5 hectares, but that excavations suggest large sites like Tel Megiddo were "sparsely built, with dwellings disorderly distributed and separated by open spaces." Tel Megiddo

5278-523: The largest obelisks, weighing 328 tons and standing 29 metres (95 ft) tall. Located to the south of the newer Amun-Re complex, this precinct was dedicated to the mother goddess , Mut , who became identified as the wife of Amun-Re in the Eighteenth Dynasty Theban Triad. It has several smaller temples associated with it and has its own sacred lake , constructed in a crescent shape. This temple has been ravaged, many portions having been used in other structures. Following excavation and restoration works by

5369-629: The last king of the Israelite Northern Kingdom, was vassal to Tiglath-Pileser III. The site was rebuilt as an administrative center for Tiglath-Pileser III's occupation of Samaria . In 609 BCE, Megiddo was conquered by Egyptians under Necho II , during the Battle of Megiddo . Its importance soon dwindled, and it was thought as finally abandoned around 586 BCE. Since that time it would have remained uninhabited, preserving ruins pre-dating 586 BCE without settlements ever disturbing them. Archaeologist Eric Cline considers that Tel Megiddo came to an end later, around 350 BCE, during Achaemenid times . Then,

5460-433: The last quarter of the third millennium BCE. Early in the second millennium BCE, at the beginning of the Middle Bronze Age (ca. 1950 BCE), urbanism once again took hold throughout of the southern Levant. Large urban centers served as political power in city-states. By the later Middle Bronze Age, the inland valleys were dominated by regional centers such as Megiddo, which reached a size of more than 20 hectares, including

5551-432: The latest 2020 calibration curve (IntCal20), and concluded that the initial establishment of Stratum VB belongs to the 10th century BC, during the time of the possible United Monarchy , based on two radiocarbon samples. These two samples are RTT-5498 and RTK-6755, dated to 961 cal BC (median) and 928 cal BCE (median) respectively. Four other samples from Stratum VA-IVB, which are RTK-6408, 6760, 6429, and RTT-3948, belong to

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5642-528: The main complex, outside the walls of the Amun-Re precinct. It was destroyed immediately after the death of its builder, who had attempted to overcome the powerful priesthood who had gained control over Egypt before his reign. It was so thoroughly demolished that its full extent and layout is unknown. The priesthood of that temple regained their powerful position as soon as Akhenaten died, and were instrumental in destroying many records of his existence. Tel Megiddo Tel Megiddo (from Hebrew : תל מגידו )

5733-462: The manpower and administrative work required for its construction, it provides the best manifestation for the first wave of urban life and, probably, city-state formation in the Levant". To the South of this temple there is an unparalleled monumental compound. It was excavated by the Megiddo Expedition in 1996 and 1998, and belongs to the later phase of Early Bronze IB, ca. 3090–2950 BCE. It consists of several long, parallel stone walls, each of which

5824-440: The massive 113 m long, 43 m high and 15 m thick, First Pylon of the Precinct of Amun-Re. Karnak was visited and described in succession by Claude Sicard and his travel companion Pierre Laurent Pincia (1718 and 1720–21), Granger (1731), Frederick Louis Norden (1737–38), Richard Pococke (1738), James Bruce (1769), Charles-Nicolas-Sigisbert Sonnini de Manoncourt (1777), William George Browne (1792–93), and finally by

5915-444: The most elaborate Iron Age constructions found in the Levant. There is a putative "Solomonic gate" (Gate 2156), which belongs to Stratum VA-IVB, dated by recent excavations and new radiocarbon analysis by Megiddo Expedition, led by Israel Finkelstein, during the time of the Omrides , (c. 886–835 BCE), in the Late Iron Age IIA (around 900–780 BCE). Hendrik J. Bruins recalibrated Israel Finkelstein's radiocarbon available samples, using

6006-616: The northern side of the city were similar in their construction. There was no central courtyard. The capacity of the buildings of the north was about three hundred horses altogether. Both complexes could hold from 450 to 480 horses combined. The buildings were found during excavations between 1927 and 1934. The head excavator initially interpreted the buildings as stables. Since then, his conclusions have been challenged by James B. Pritchard , Dr Adrian Curtis of Manchester University Ze'ev Herzog , and Yohanan Aharoni , who suggest they were storehouses, marketplaces or barracks. In February 2023,

6097-409: The original Precinct of Mut , that had been ravaged by the foreign rulers during the Hyksos occupation. She had twin obelisks , at the time the tallest in the world, erected at the entrance to the temple. One still stands, as the second-tallest ancient obelisk still standing on Earth ; the other has toppled and is broken. Another of her projects at the site, Karnak's Red Chapel or Chapelle Rouge ,

6188-400: The other 12 are 21 metres (69 ft) tall with a diameter of over 3 metres (9.8 ft). The architraves , on top of these columns, are estimated to weigh 70 tons. These architraves may have been lifted to these heights using levers . This would be a time-consuming process and also would require great balance to get to such heights. A common alternative theory regarding how they were moved

6279-458: The period of the Omrides, dated to 865, 858, 858, and 857 cal BCE (median) respectively. Tel Megiddo became an important city, before being destroyed, possibly by Aramaean raiders. The Aramean occupation was around 845–815 BCE. Jeroboam II (c. 789–748 BCE) reigned over Megiddo. Tiglath-Pileser III of Assyria conquered Megiddo in 732 BCE, turning it to the capital of the Neo-Assyrian Empire 's province of Magiddu. Hoshea (c. 732–721 BCE),

6370-567: The pharaoh who later would celebrate a nearly monotheistic religion he established that prompted him to move his court and religious center away from Thebes. It also contains evidence of adaptations, where the buildings of the ancient Egyptians were used by later cultures for their own religious purposes, such as Coptic churches. The Great Hypostyle Hall in the Precinct of Amun-Re has an area of 50,000 sq ft (5,000 m ) with 134 massive columns arranged in 16 rows. One hundred and twenty-two of these columns are 10 metres (33 ft) tall, and

6461-437: The political history of the Early Iron Age excavation layers. The destruction of Stratum V was attributed, by Yadin and Mazar, to Shoshenq I , the first pharaoh of the 22nd Dynasty of Egypt , who would have taken Megiddo sometime around 926 BCE, which is attested in a cartouche on a stele fragment, found in a spoil heap of the Shumacher excavation by the Oriental Institute team, and in a partial and damaged list of toponyms at

6552-556: The population. Historical records of tens of thousands attending the festival exist. These findings were made in the temple of Mut because when Thebes rose to greater prominence, Mut absorbed the warrior goddesses, Sekhmet and Bast , as some of her aspects. First, Mut became Mut- Wadjet -Bast, then Mut-Sekhmet-Bast (Wadjet having merged into Bast), then Mut also assimilated Menhit , another lioness goddess, and her adopted son's wife, becoming Mut-Sekhmet-Bast-Menhit, and finally becoming Mut- Nekhbet . Temple excavations at Luxor discovered

6643-445: The region, was located near a spring. Megiddo's Early Bronze Age I (3500–2950 BCE) was originally worked in 1933–1938 by the Oriental Institute, now the Institute for the Study of Ancient Cultures . Decades later, a temple from the end of this period was found and dated to Early Bronze Age IB (ca. 3000 BCE) and described by its excavators, Adams , Finkelstein, and Ussishkin, as "the most monumental single edifice so far uncovered" in

6734-576: The reign of Ramesses III (c. 1184–1153 BCE). Iron Age I (c. 1150–950 BCE) began in Tel Megiddo around 1150 BCE. Egypt's control of this Canaanite region ended around 1130 BCE, as Stratum VIIA was destroyed around this date or shortly thereafter, attested in the palace and adjacent Level H-11 building. A Canaanite dynasty still controlled the city after the Egyptians abandoned the region. The beginning of Philistine Bichrome pottery at Megiddo

6825-542: The remains of two elite brothers buried with Cypriot pottery , food and other valuable possessions were found in a Bronze Age tomb . Bioarchaeologists identified the early evidence of a Bronze Age cranial surgery called trepanation in one of the brothers. The study published in PLOS One , reports that the younger brother died in his teens or early 20s, most likely from an infectious illness like leprosy or tuberculosis . The older brother, who died immediately after

6916-607: The ruling elite. The Megiddo ivories are thin carvings in ivory found at Tel Megiddo, mostly excavated by Gordon Loud. The ivories are on display at the Institute for the Study of Ancient Cultures in Chicago and the Rockefeller Museum in Jerusalem. They were found in the stratum VIIA or Late Bronze Age layer of the site. Carved from hippopotamus incisors from the Nile , they show Egyptian stylistic influence. An ivory pen case

7007-427: The surgery, had angular notched trephination and was thought to be between the ages of 20 and 40. A 30-millimetre (1.2-inch) square-shaped hole was created on the frontal bone of the skull after his scalp was cut with a sharp instrument with a bevelled edge. Megiddo has been excavated three times and is currently being excavated. The first excavations were carried out between 1903 and 1905 by Gottlieb Schumacher for

7098-522: The town of al- Lajjun , not to be confused with the al-Lajjun archaeological site in Jordan , was built up near to the site, but without inhabiting or disturbing its remains. The Megiddo church is next to Megiddo Junction , inside the precinct of the Megiddo Prison . It was built within the ancient city of Legio . It is believed to date to the 3rd century, making it one of the oldest churches in

7189-544: The transitional Iron I/II. The Iron I/II transition saw a fierce conflagration that consumed Stratum VIA. The transition saw the end of the old culture which had lingered since the Late Bronze and the beginning of a new culture forming the Northern Kingdom. Scholars debate the exact timing of this transition. The city represented by Stratum VI is considered completely Canaanite by Israel Finkelstein . It

7280-548: The upper and lower cities. A royal burial was found in Tel Megiddo, dating to the later phase of the Middle Bronze Age, around 1700–1600 BCE, when the power of Canaanite Megiddo was at its peak and before the ruling dynasty collapsed under the might of Thutmose's army. In mortuary contexts, in a dental calculus of individual MGD018 (c. 1630–1550 BCE), at Tel Megiddo, turmeric and soybean proteins were found, which are South Asian products, suggesting he may have been

7371-421: The world. It was a few hundred yards from the Roman base camp of Legio VI Ferrata . A centurion donated one of the mosaics found in the church. Megiddo is south of Kibbutz Megiddo by 1 kilometre (0.62 mi). Today, Megiddo Junction is on the main road connecting the center of Israel with lower Galilee and the north. It lies at the northern entrance to Wadi Ara , an important mountain pass connecting

7462-594: Was "caused by the growing proto-Israelite power in the central hill country, out of which [emerged] the Northern Kingdom of Israel [that] should be dated to the first half of the 10th century BCE," related to "the biblical narrative of the war led by Deborah and Barak in Judges 4–5." Ben-Dor Evian and Finkelstein (2023), based on an updated Bayesian model and recent radiocarbon datings , proposed that Stratum VIA ended sometime between 999 and 974 BCE, not due to

7553-510: Was added to the UNESCO World Heritage List along with the rest of the city. Karnak gets its name from the nearby, and partly surrounded, modern village of El-Karnak, 2.5 kilometres (1.6 miles) north of Luxor. The original name of the temple was Ipet-isut , meaning "The Most Select of Places". The complex's modern name "Karnak" comes from the nearby village of el-Karnak, which means "fortified village". The complex

7644-480: Was after 1124 BCE, or in the period (c. 1128–1079 BCE), based on radiocarbon datings with a confidence of 95.4%. Stratum VIB (Iron IA; Early Iron I) can be aligned with the late 20th Dynasty of Egypt. The Transitional Iron IA/IB may reflect the end of the Egyptian Empire in the Southern Levant. Stratum VIA (Iron IB; Late Iron I) correspond with the 21st Dynasty in Egypt and ends with destruction at

7735-628: Was erected by the kings of the Twenty-second Dynasty of Egypt , also known as the "Bubastite Dynasty". It is located to the south-east side of the Temple of Ramesses III. Although Karnak had been known to Europeans since the end of the Middle Ages, the possible significance of the Bubastite Portal was not apparent prior to the decipherment of hieroglyphs. Jean-François Champollion visited Karnak in 1828, six years after his publication of

7826-450: Was executed after the drums were put in place so that it was not damaged while being placed. Several experiments moving megaliths with ancient technology were made at other locations – some of which are amongst the largest monoliths in the world. The sun god's shrine was built so that it has light focused upon it during the winter solstice . In 2009, UCLA launched a website dedicated to virtual reality digital reconstructions of

7917-404: Was found inscribed with the cartouche of Ramses III . At Megiddo two stable complexes were excavated from Stratum IVA, one in the north and one in the south. Stratum VA-IVB has also been proposed for this area. The southern complex contained five structures built around a lime paved courtyard. The buildings were divided into three sections. Two long stone paved aisles were built adjacent to

8008-516: Was important in the ancient world. It guarded the western branch of a narrow pass on the most important trade route of the ancient Fertile Crescent , linking Egypt with Mesopotamia and Anatolia and known today as Via Maris . Because of its strategic location, Megiddo was the site of several battles. It was inhabited approximately from 5000 to 350 BCE, or even, as Megiddo Expedition archaeologists suggest, since around 7000 BCE. Archaeological Stratum XX in Tel Megiddo began around 5000 BCE during

8099-528: Was intended as a barque shrine and originally may have stood between her two obelisks. She later ordered the construction of two more obelisks to celebrate her sixteenth year as pharaoh; one of the obelisks broke during construction, and thus, a third was constructed to replace it. The broken obelisk was left at its quarrying site in Aswan , where it still remains. Known as the unfinished obelisk , it provides evidence of how obelisks were quarried. Construction of

8190-620: Was still among the large fortified sites, between 5 and 12 hectares, during the Early Bronze II-III period, when its palace testifies that it was a real city-state "characterized by a strong social hierarchy, a hereditary centralized power, and the functioning of a palatial economy." The town declined in the Early Bronze Age IV period (2300–2000 BCE) as the Early Bronze Age political systems collapsed at

8281-455: Was unknown in medieval Europe, though both Herodotus and Strabo give the exact location of Thebes and how long up the Nile one must travel to reach it. Maps of Egypt, based on the 2nd century Claudius Ptolemaeus ' mammoth work Geographia , had been circulating in Europe since the late 14th century, all of them showing Thebes' (Diospolis) location. Despite this, several European authors of

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