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78-607: The Bucksbaum Award was established in 2000 by the Bucksbaum Family Foundation and the Whitney Museum of American Art . It is awarded biannually "to honor an artist , living and working in the United States , whose work demonstrates a singular combination of talent and imagination ." The $ 100,000 prize is the world's largest award given to an individual visual artist . The Bucksbaum Award

156-534: A branch at 55 Water Street , a building owned by Harold Uris , who gave the museum a lease for $ 1 a year. In 1983, Philip Morris International installed a Whitney branch in the lobby of its Park Avenue headquarters. In 1981, the museum opened an exhibition space in Stamford, Connecticut , housed at Champion International . In the late 1980s, the Whitney entered into arrangements with Park Tower Realty, IBM , and

234-472: A comfortable living, Sloan changed his technique and abandoned his characteristic urban subject matter in favor of nudes and portraits. This independence was entirely typical of him, to the dismay of his dealer, Charles Kraushaar. Rejecting as superficial the spontaneous painterly technique of Manet and Hals —and also of Robert Henri and George Luks—he turned instead to the underpainting and glazing method used by old masters such as Andrea Mantegna . It

312-434: A common artistic outlook and in the coming years promoted a new form of realism, known as the "Ashcan school" of American art. In 1893, Sloan and Henri founded the short-lived Charcoal Club together, whose members would also include Glackens, George Luks , and Everett Shinn . Towards the end of 1895, Sloan decided to leave The Philadelphia Inquirer to work in the art department of The Philadelphia Press . His schedule

390-436: A conservation laboratory, and a library and reading rooms. Two of the floors are fully devoted to the museum's permanent collection. The only permanent artwork commissioned for the site—its four main elevators—were conceived by Richard Artschwager . The new building's collection comprises over 600 works by over 400 artists. Observation decks on the floors five through eight are linked by an outdoor staircase. The new building

468-524: A department store by day, Sloan had, in fact, met her in a brothel. They were married on August 5, 1901, providing Sloan with an affectionate partner who believed in him absolutely, but whose lapses and mental instability led to frequent crises. A particularly close friend in their New York years, who helped the couple to weather many of these crises, was the artist John Butler Yeats , the elderly father of poet William Butler Yeats . By 1903, Sloan had produced almost sixty oil paintings but had yet to establish

546-601: A dispute with fellow editors Max Eastman and Floyd Dell, causing him to resign his position with that journal in 1916. He was never an ally of the Communist Party in the United States, although he remained hopeful that the Soviet Union would succeed in creating an egalitarian society. Throughout his life, he identified with left-wing political causes and expressed vehement disapproval of the inequities of

624-589: A good art department, but it is not known whether he gained any training there. Sloan worked several jobs in draughtsmanship, etching, and commercial artwork before he attended the Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts , where he studied briefly under Thomas Anshutz . The experience Sloan gathered from his various press jobs provided him with a certain amount of knowledge and allowed room for him to explore and expand in his free time. Henri's mentorship

702-491: A less realistic, more impressionistic style, Maurice Prendergast , Ernest Lawson , and Arthur B. Davies . The group was afterward collectively known as "The Eight." The Macbeth Galleries exhibition was intended as a rebuke to the restrictive exhibition practices of the powerful, conservative National Academy of Design. Sloan organized a touring exhibition of the paintings from that show that traveled to several cities from Newark to Chicago and elicited considerable discussion in

780-586: A letter, also in Artforum, asking their work to be withdrawn from the exhibition. (The first artist to withdraw was Michael Rakowitz , who withdrew his work before the Biennial opened.) A day later, a second wave of artists (Eddie Arroyo, Christine Sun Kim , Agustina Woodgate , and Forensic Architecture ) also withdrew. On July 25, 2019, Warren B. Kanders announced his resignation from the Board of Trustees of

858-580: A living artist because it could damage that artist's career, but it will trade a living artist's work for another piece by the same artist. The Frances Mulhall Achilles Library is a research library originally built on the collections of books and papers of founder Gertrude Vanderbilt Whitney, and the Whitney Museum's first director, Juliana Force. The library operates in the West Chelsea area of New York City. It contains Special Collections and

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936-574: A living." He disdained careerism among artists and urged his pupils to find joy in the creative process alone. The summer of 1918 was the last he spent in Gloucester. For the next thirty years, he spent four months each summer in Santa Fe, New Mexico , where the desert landscape inspired a new concentration on the rendering of form. Still, the majority of his works were completed in New York. As

1014-604: A name for himself in the art world. In April 1904, he and Dolly moved to New York City and found quarters in Greenwich Village where he painted some of his best-known works, including McSorley's Bar , Sixth Avenue Elevated at Third Street , and Wake of the Ferry . He became increasingly prolific, but he sold little, and he continued to rely on his earnings as a freelancer for The Philadelphia Press , for which he continued to draw weekly puzzles until 1910. By 1905, he

1092-409: A new style related to the poster movement; these works combine the influences of European artists of the late nineteenth and early twentieth century, including Walter Crane , and reveal Sloan's study of Botticelli and Japanese prints. Sloan's early paintings may have been influenced by Thomas Eakins as a result of his time studying under Anshutz . In 1893, Sloan and Glackens became regulars at

1170-729: A new, more fluid and colorful style influenced by Van Gogh and the Fauves . Beginning in 1914, Sloan taught at the Art Students League , where for the next eighteen years he became a charismatic if eccentric teacher. Sloan also taught briefly at the George Luks Art School. His students respected him for his practical knowledge and integrity, but feared his caustic tongue; as a well-known painter who had nonetheless sold very few paintings, he advised his students, "I have nothing to teach you that will help you to make

1248-485: A night drawing class at the Spring Garden Institute , which provided him his first formal art training. He soon left Newton's business in quest of greater freedom as a freelance commercial artist in 1891, but this venture produced little income. In 1892, he began working as an illustrator in the art department of The Philadelphia Inquirer . Later that same year, Sloan began taking evening classes at

1326-711: A patron of the arts, she began acquiring art in 1905, and had achieved some success with the Whitney Studio and Whitney Studio Club, New York–based exhibition spaces she operated from 1914 to 1928 to promote the works of avant garde and unrecognized American artists. Whitney favored the radical art of the American artists of the Ashcan School such as John Sloan , George Luks , and Everett Shinn , as well as others such as Edward Hopper , Stuart Davis , Charles Demuth , Charles Sheeler , and Max Weber . With

1404-672: A restaurant in the museum, in March 2011. The space was designed by the Rockwell Group . The Whitney developed a new main building, designed by Renzo Piano , in the West Village and Meatpacking District in lower Manhattan . The new museum, at the intersection of Gansevoort and Washington Streets , was built on a previously city-owned site and marks the southern entrance to the High Line park. Construction began in 2010 and

1482-579: A result of his time in the Southwest, he and Dolly developed a strong interest in Native American arts and ceremonies and, back in New York, became advocates of Indian artists. In 1922 he organized an exhibition of work by Native American artists at the Society of Independent Artists in New York. He also championed the work of Diego Rivera , whom he called "the one artist on this continent who

1560-400: A subject to the viewer with all the immediacy of a snapshot. Sloan tended to observe city dwellers interacting in an intimate setting. A student of his wrote, he "concerned himself with what we call genre: street scenes, restaurant life, paintings of saloons, ferry boats, roof tops, back yards, and so on through a whole catalogue of commonplace subjects." Like Edward Hopper , Sloan often used

1638-601: A succession of jobs, and Henrietta Ireland Sloan, a schoolteacher from an affluent family. Sloan grew up in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania , where he lived and worked until 1904, when he moved to New York City. He and his two sisters (Elizabeth and Marianna) were encouraged to draw and paint from an early age. In the fall of 1884 he enrolled at the prestigious Central High School in Philadelphia, where his classmates included William Glackens and Albert C. Barnes . In

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1716-577: A weekly "open house" at Henri's studio, where he encouraged the young men to read Whitman and Emerson and led discussions of such books as George Moore 's Modern Painting and William Morris Hunt 's Talks on Art . Henri believed in the need to create a new, less genteel American art that spoke more immediately to the spirit of the age, an outlook that found ready adherents in Sloan and Glackens. As someone who painted city crowds and tenement rooms, shop girls and streetwalkers, charwomen and hairdressers, Sloan

1794-477: A young age, Sloan had been exposed to numerous books and reproductions through his uncle, Alexander Priestley, who held an extensive collection in his library. One major influence that he discovered was John Leech , an English caricaturist . When Sloan entered his position at The Philadelphia Press his newspaper drawings reflected the style of Leech, Charles Keene and George du Maurier . But by 1894 he had begun attracting attention with decorative illustrations in

1872-596: Is a modern and contemporary American art museum located in the Meatpacking District and West Village neighborhoods of Manhattan in New York City . The institution was originally founded in 1930 by Gertrude Vanderbilt Whitney (1875–1942), a prominent American socialite , sculptor , and art patron after whom it is named. The Whitney focuses on collecting and preserving 20th- and 21st-century American art . Its permanent collection, spanning

1950-454: Is always give to an artist whose work is displayed in that year's Whitney Biennial , a showcase for young and lesser known American artists. The award recognizes an artist who "has the potential to make a lasting impact on the history of American art ." Previous Bucksbaum laureates include: Previous Bucksbaum jurors include: Whitney Museum of American Art The Whitney Museum of American Art , known informally as " The Whitney ",

2028-573: Is in the class of the old masters." The Society of Independent Artists , which Sloan had co-founded in 1916, gave Rivera and José Clemente Orozco their first showing in the United States in 1920. In 1943, Dolly Sloan died of coronary heart disease. The next year, Sloan married Helen Farr, a former student forty years his junior with whom he had been romantically involved for a time in the 1930s. On September 7, 1951, Sloan died of cancer while vacationing in Hanover, New Hampshire . The following January

2106-405: Is much more expansive and open than the old ones. As one New York Times review described the building: The Whitney ... has a series of events spaces at its margins: a flexible auditorium and four large terraces, three of which are linked by an outdoor staircase. ... It has timed tickets that are designed to control crowding, but people may linger longer than expected. After art they can retire to

2184-577: Is one of the artists most closely identified with the Ashcan School . Yet it was a term Sloan despised. He came to feel that it homogenized too many different painters, concentrated viewers' attention on content rather than style, and presupposed a muckraking intent. His wariness was not misplaced: exhibitions of Ashcan art in recent decades often stress its documentary quality and importance as part of an historical record, whereas Sloan felt that any artist worth anything had to be appreciated for his skilled brushwork, color, and composition. Unlike Henri, Sloan

2262-641: Is the largest repository of Edward Hopper's artwork and archival materials in the world), the Sanborn Hopper Archive, and the Arshile Gorky Research Collection, among others. From 1966 to 2014, the Whitney was located at 945 Madison Avenue on Manhattan's Upper East Side in a building designed by Marcel Breuer and Hamilton P. Smith. The museum closed in October 2014 to relocate to its current building, which

2340-596: The East 74th Street corner for a complementary addition. The project gradually lost the support of the museum's trustees, and the plans were dropped in 1989. In 1988, a satellite branch was opened at 33 Maiden Lane. Between 1995 and 1998, the building underwent a renovation and expansion by Richard Gluckman . In 2001, Rem Koolhaas was commissioned to submit two designs for a $ 200 million expansion. Those plans were dropped in 2003, causing director Maxwell L. Anderson to resign. New York restaurateur Danny Meyer opened Untitled,

2418-416: The Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts under the guidance of the realist Thomas Anshutz . Among his fellow students was his old schoolmate William Glackens. In 1892, Sloan met Robert Henri , a talented painter and charismatic advocate of artistic independence who became his mentor and closest friend. Henri encouraged Sloan in his graphic work and eventually convinced him to turn to painting. They shared

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2496-727: The American economic system . A pacifist, he also opposed the American entry into World War I . In 1913, Sloan painted a two-hundred-foot backdrop for the Paterson Strike Pageant , a controversial work of performance art and radical politics organized by activist John Reed and philanthropist Mabel Dodge . The play, a benefit staged for the striking silk mill workers of Paterson, New Jersey, took place in Madison Square Garden and incorporated over 1,000 participants. Sloan has been called "the premier artist of

2574-469: The Ashcan School who painted the inexhaustible energy and life of New York City during the first decades of the twentieth century". Also in 1913, Sloan participated in the legendary Armory Show . He served as a member of the organizing committee and also exhibited two paintings and five etchings. In that same year, the important collector Albert C. Barnes purchased one of Sloan's paintings; this

2652-1675: The Breuer building on Madison Avenue in 1966. It began collecting photography in 1991. Today, spanning the late 19th century to the present, the collection contains more than 25,000 artworks by upwards of 3,500 artists. Artists represented include Josef Albers , Joe Andoe , Edmund Archer , Donald Baechler , Thomas Hart Benton , Lucile Blanch , Jonathan Borofsky , Louise Bourgeois , Frank Bowling , Sonia Gordon Brown , Charles Burchfield , Alexander Calder , Suzanne Caporael , Norman Carton , Carolina Caycedo , Ching Ho Cheng , Talia Chetrit , Ann Craven , Anna Craycroft , Dan Christensen , Greg Colson , Susan Crocker , Ronald Davis , Stuart Davis , Mira Dancy , Lindsey Decker , Martha Diamond , Richard Diebenkorn , Daniella Dooling , Arthur Dove , Loretta Dunkelman , William Eggleston , Helen Frankenthaler , Georgia O'Keeffe , Arshile Gorky , Keith Haring , Grace Hartigan , Marsden Hartley , Robert Henri , Carmen Herrera , Eva Hesse , Hans Hofmann , Edward Hopper , Richard Hunt , Jasper Johns , Corita Kent , Franz Kline , Terence Koh , Willem de Kooning , Lee Krasner , Ronnie Landfield , Roy Lichtenstein , John Marin , Knox Martin , John McCracken , John McLaughlin , Robert Motherwell , Bruce Nauman , Louise Nevelson , Barnett Newman , Kenneth Noland , Paul Pfeiffer , Jackson Pollock , Larry Poons , Maurice Prendergast , Kenneth Price , Robert Rauschenberg , Man Ray , Mark Rothko , Morgan Russell , Albert Pinkham Ryder , Cindy Sherman , John Sloan , Frank Stella , Andy Warhol , and hundreds of others. Every two years,

2730-555: The Equitable Life Assurance Society of the United States , setting up satellite museums with rotating exhibitions in their buildings' lobbies. Each museum had its own director, with all plans approved by a Whitney committee. The institution attempted to expand its landmark building in 1978, commissioning UK architects Derek Walker and Norman Foster to design a tall tower alongside it, the first of several proposals from leading architects, but each time,

2808-667: The ISP selects 14 students for the Studio Program (artists), four for the Curatorial Program (curators) and six for the Critical Studies Program (researchers). It is a one-year program that includes both visiting and hired artists, art historians, and critics, and involves the reading of theory. Clark retired in 2023; its incoming director is Gregg Bordowitz . As of March 2011, the Whitney's endowment

2886-563: The Museum They Made was published in 1999. In 1961, the need for outside support finally forced the board to add outside trustees, including bankers Roy Neuberger and Arthur Altschul . David Solinger became the Whitney's first outside president in 1966. John Sloan John Sloan was born in Lock Haven, Pennsylvania , on August 2, 1871, to James Dixon Sloan, a man with artistic leanings who made an unsteady income in

2964-524: The Philadelphia Museum of Art. In 1971, his painting Wake of the Ferry (1907) was reproduced on a U.S. postage stamp honoring Sloan. His students included Peggy Bacon , Aaron Bohrod , Alexander Calder , Reginald Marsh , Xavier J. Barile , Barnett Newman , Minna Citron , and Norman Raeben . In 1939, he published a book of his teachings and aphorisms, Gist of Art , which remained in print for over sixty years. In American Visions ,

3042-590: The Studio Club used the gallery space of Wilhelmina Weber Furlong of the Art Students League to exhibit traveling shows featuring modernist work. The Whitney Museum of American Art was founded in 1930; at this time architect Noel L. Miller was converting three row houses on West 8th Street in Greenwich Village —one of which, 8 West 8th Street had been the location of the Studio Club—to be

3120-753: The Whitney Museum Archives. The archives contain the Institutional Archives, Research Collections, and Manuscript Collections. The Special Collections consist of artists' books, portfolios, photographs, titles in the Whitney Fellows Artist and Writers Series (1982–2001), posters, and valuable ephemera that relate to the permanent collection. The Institutional Archives include exhibition records, photographs, curatorial research notes, artist's correspondence, audio and video recordings, and trustees' papers from 1912 to

3198-514: The Whitney Museum of American Art presented a well-received retrospective of his career. Helen Farr Sloan , who became a noted philanthropist in her later years, oversaw the distribution of his unsold works to major museums throughout the country. Sloan's training consisted of his study and reproduction of works by painters such as Rembrandt , a few classes at various institutions, mentorship by Robert Henri , and his work experience as an etcher and draughtsman. The high school that Sloan attended had

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3276-450: The Whitney Museum. Kanders cited no wish to play a role in the museum's demise and urged fellow trustees to step up and assume leadership of the Whitney. The museum displays paintings , drawings , prints , sculptures , installation art , video, and photography . The original 600 works in the permanent collection grew to about 1,300 with the opening of the second building in 1954. This number grew to around 2,000 following its move to

3354-552: The Whitney's burden of having to finance two large museum spaces. The occupation of the old space was later postponed to 2016. After an April 30, 2015, ceremonial ribbon-cutting attended by Michelle Obama and Bill de Blasio , the new building opened on May 1, 2015. The Board of Trustees has come under criticism since November 2018 by groups including Decolonize This Place , the Chinatown Art Brigade , and W.A.G.E. , for vice chair Warren Kanders ' ownership of

3432-664: The Whitney, where it appeared with shows by Louise Nevelson and Andrew Wyeth as the first exhibits in the new museum. The institution grappled with space problems for decades. In 1967, the museum opened a satellite space called the Art Resources Center (ARC). Originally intended to be located in the South Bronx, the ARC opened on Cherry Street on the Lower East Side. From 1973 to 1983, the Whitney operated

3510-536: The aid of her assistant, Juliana R. Force , Whitney collected nearly 700 works of American art. In 1929, she offered to donate over 500 to the Metropolitan Museum of Art , but the museum declined the gift. This, along with the apparent preference for European modernism at the recently opened Museum of Modern Art , led Whitney to start her own museum, exclusively for American art, in 1929. Whitney Library archives from 1928 reveal that during this time,

3588-511: The art editor of The Masses with the December 1912 issue and contributed powerful anti-war and anti-capitalist drawings to other socialist publications as well, such as the Call and Coming Nation . As Sloan was never entirely comfortable with propaganda, his work for these magazines did not always contain overt political content. His belief that "The Masses" was becoming too doctrinaire led to

3666-675: The collection of the Whitney Museum of American Art , The Haymarket (1907) in the collection of the Brooklyn Museum , Yeats at Petitpas in the collection of the Corcoran Gallery of Art, McSorley's Bar (1912) in the collection of the Detroit Institute of Arts, The 'City' from Greenwich Village (1922) in the collection of the National Gallery of Art, and The White Way (1927) in the collection of

3744-441: The company Safariland , which manufactured tear gas used against the late-2018 migrant caravans ; 120 scholars and critics published an open letter to the Whitney Museum asking for the removal of Kanders from the museum board; additional signatories after the letter's initial posting included almost 50 artists who have been selected for the 2019 Whitney Biennial. A series of nine weeks of protest by Decolonize This Place highlighted

3822-605: The critic Robert Hughes praised Sloan's art for "an honest humaneness, a frank sympathy, a refusal to flatten its figures into stereotypes of class misery ... He saw his people as part of larger totality, the carnal and cozy body of the city itself." In American Painting from the Armory Show to the Depression , art historian Milton Brown called Sloan "the outstanding figure of the Ash Can School." To his friend,

3900-409: The effort was abandoned, because of the cost, the design, or both. To secure additional space for the museum's collections, then-director Thomas N. Armstrong III developed plans for a 10-story, $ 37.5 million addition to the main building. The proposed addition, designed by Michael Graves and announced in 1985, drew immediate opposition. Graves had proposed demolishing the flanking brownstones down to

3978-543: The eighth-floor cafe, the terraces or the lines of comfy leather couches facing glass walls overlooking the Hudson and Greenwich Village at either end of the fifth floor. The museum needed to raise $ 760 million for the building and its endowment. In May 2011, the Metropolitan Museum of Art announced it had entered into an agreement to occupy the Madison Avenue building for at least eight years starting in 2015, easing

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4056-513: The late-19th century to the present, comprises more than 25,000 paintings, sculptures, drawings, prints, photographs, films, videos, and artifacts of new media by more than 3,500 artists. It places particular emphasis on exhibiting the work of living artists as well as maintaining institutional archives of historical documents pertaining to modern and contemporary American art, including the Edward and Josephine Hopper Research Collection (the museum

4134-462: The museum $ 131 million, the biggest donation in the Whitney's history. Donations for new purchases dropped to $ 1.3 million in 2010 from $ 2.7 million in 2006. The museum's director is Scott Rothkopf (since 2023). Former directors include Adam D. Weinberg (2003–2023), Maxwell L. Anderson (1998–2003), David A. Ross (1991–1997), Thomas Armstrong III (1974–1990), and Juliana Force (1931–1948). For years, Gertrude Vanderbilt Whitney supported

4212-542: The museum hosts the Whitney Biennial , an international art show which displays many lesser-known artists new to the American art scene. It has displayed works by many notable artists, and has featured unconventional works, such as a 1976 exhibit of live body builders , featuring Arnold Schwarzenegger . In addition to its traditional collection, the Whitney has a website, Artport, that features "Net Art" that changes regularly. The Whitney will not sell any work by

4290-508: The museum left its original location and moved to a small structure on 54th Street connected to and behind the Museum of Modern Art on 53rd Street. On April 15, 1958, a fire on MOMA's second floor that killed one person forced the evacuation of paintings and staff on MOMA's upper floors to the Whitney. Among the paintings evacuated was A Sunday Afternoon on the Island of La Grande Jatte , which

4368-431: The museum single-handedly, as did her daughter, Flora Whitney Miller , after her, and until 1961, its board was largely family-run. Flora Payne Whitney served as a museum trustee, then as vice president. From 1942 to 1974, she was the museum's president and chair, after which she served as honorary chair until her death in 1986. Her daughter Flora Miller Biddle served as president until 1995. Her book The Whitney Women and

4446-400: The museum's home, as well as a residence for Whitney. The new museum opened in 1931. Juliana Force became the museum's first director, and under her guidance, it concentrated on displaying the works of new and contemporary American artists. She declared at the opening, "There may be pictures here that you do not like, but they are here to stay, so you may as well get used to them." In 1954,

4524-456: The narrative techniques used in the realist fiction and Hollywood films he enjoyed. Sloan was described as an "early twentieth-century realist painter who embraced the principles of Socialism and placed his artistic talents at the service of those beliefs." Yet whenever Sloan was asked about the social context of his paintings or about his fervent Socialism , he said that his paintings were made with "sympathy, but no social consciousness ... I

4602-629: The period from 1906 to early 1913, the diary soon grew beyond its initial purpose, and its publication in 1965 supplied researchers with a detailed chronicle of Sloan's activities and interests and a portrait of the pre-war art world. Sloan's growing discontent with what he called "the Plutocracy's government" led him to join the Socialist Party in 1910. Dolly Sloan also became active in Socialist projects at this time. John Sloan became

4680-424: The perspective of the window in his painting, in order to gain a tight focus, but also to observe his subject undetected. He wrote in his diary, in 1911; "I am in the habit of watching every bit of human life I can see about my windows, but I do it so that I am not observed at it ... No insult to the people you are watching to do so unseen." Sloan's attention to isolated incidents within the urban environment recalls

4758-518: The present. Highlights : Books and materials in the library can be accessed in the museum's database. The Whitney Independent Study Program (ISP) was founded in 1968 by Ron Clark. The Whitney ISP has helped start the careers of artists, critics, and curators including Jenny Holzer , Andrea Fraser , Julian Schnabel , Kathryn Bigelow , Roberta Smith , and Félix González-Torres , as well as many other well-known cultural producers. The program includes both art history and studio programs. Each year,

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4836-423: The press about less academic approaches to art and new definitions of acceptable subject matter. A doctor who was consulted in an effort to help Dolly overcome her drinking problem suggested a scheme to Sloan: he was to start a diary in which he would include his fondest thoughts of her, with the expectation that she would surreptitiously read it and be freed of her disabling fear that Sloan would leave her. Spanning

4914-403: The spring of 1888, his father experienced a mental breakdown that left him unable to work, and Sloan became responsible, at the age of sixteen, for the support of his parents and sisters. He dropped out of school in order to work full-time as an assistant cashier at Porter and Coates, a bookstore and seller of fine prints. His duties were light, allowing him many hours to read the books and examine

4992-403: The theoretical and critical study of the practices, institutions, and discourses that constitute the field of culture". In 2023, with 768,000 visitors, the Whitney was the 26th most-visited museum in the United States and the 89th most-visited art museum in the world. Gertrude Vanderbilt Whitney , the museum's namesake and founder, was a well-regarded sculptor and serious art collector. As

5070-463: The use of Safariland weapons against protestors and others in Palestine and other places. On July 17, 2019, calls for Kanders's resignation were renewed following Artforum's publication of an essay, "The Tear Gas Biennial", by Hannah Black , Ciarán Finlayson, and Tobi Haslett. On July 19, four artists ( Korakrit Arunanondchai , Meriem Bennani , Nicole Eisenman , and Nicholas Galanin ) published

5148-567: The works in the store's print department. It was there that Sloan created his earliest surviving works, among which are pen-and-ink copies after Dürer and Rembrandt . He also began making etchings , which were sold in the store for a modest sum. In 1890, the offer of a higher salary persuaded Sloan to leave his position to work for A. Edward Newton , a former clerk for Porter and Coates who had opened his own stationery store. At Newton's, Sloan designed greeting cards and calendars and continued to work on his etchings. In that same year he also attended

5226-473: Was $ 207 million; the museum expected to raise $ 625 million from its capital campaign by 2015. As of June 2016, the endowment had grown to $ 308 million. Historically, the operating performance has been essentially breakeven. The museum restricts the use of its endowment fund for yearly operating expenses to 5% of the fund's value. The Whitney has historically depended on private collectors and donors for acquisitions of new art. In 2008, Leonard A. Lauder gave

5304-477: Was an eccentric choice. The resulting paintings, which often made unconventional use of superimposed hatchings to define the forms, have never attained the popularity of his early Ashcan works. Sloan's paintings are represented in almost all major American museums. Among his best-known works are Hairdresser's Window (1907) in the collection of the Wadsworth Atheneum , The Picnic Ground (1907) in

5382-401: Was based on images seen and remembered (and sometimes written down) rather than sketched in the street, even though his autographic handling of paint and print media conveys the look of a rapid drawing. The effect is conceptual rather than perceptual, which Sloan denigrated as "eyesight painting." This was a major characteristic of his style, consistent with the Ashcan School's goal of presenting

5460-453: Was completed in 2015. It cost $ 422 million. Robert Silman Associates was the structural engineer; Jaros, Baum & Bolles provided MEP services; Ove Arup & Partners was the lighting/daylighting engineer; and Turner Construction LLC served as construction manager. The new structure spans 200,000 square feet (19,000 m ) and eight stories that include the city's largest column-free art gallery spaces, an education center, theater,

5538-605: Was designed by Renzo Piano at 99 Gansevoort Street and opened on May 1, 2015, expanding the museum exhibition space to 50,000 square feet. The museum organizes the Whitney Biennial , a bi-annual exhibition showcasing the work of emerging American artists, considered the longest-running and most important survey of contemporary art in the United States. The museum also heads the Whitney Independent Study Program, which began in 1968, to support artists, critics and art historians by "encouraging

5616-400: Was never interested in putting propaganda into my paintings, so it annoys me when art historians try to interpret my city life pictures as 'socially conscious.' I saw the everyday life of the people, and on the whole I picked out bits of joy in human life for my subject matter." In the late 1920s, just as the market for his city pictures was finally reaching a point at which he might have made

5694-423: Was not a facile painter and labored over his work, leading Henri to remark that "Sloan" was "the past participle of 'slow.'" (When Glackens and Sloan were at The Philadelphia Inquirer , Glackens usually got the reportorial assignments because he was more adept than Sloan in making quick sketches. ) His methodical approach towards sketching carried over to his painting. "Sloan's approach to making urban realist art

5772-505: Was now less rigid, allowing him more time to paint. Henri offered encouragement and often sent Sloan reproductions of European artists, such as Manet , Hals , Goya and Velázquez . In 1898, the socially awkward Sloan was introduced to Anna Maria (Dolly) Wall (born July 28, 1876), and the two fell immediately in love. In entering into a relationship with her, Sloan accepted the challenges posed by her alcoholism and her sexual history, which included prostitution ; although Dolly worked in

5850-627: Was on loan from the Art Institute of Chicago . In 1961, the Whitney began seeking a site for a larger building. In 1966, it settled at the southeast corner of Madison Avenue and 75th Street on Manhattan 's Upper East Side . The building, planned and built 1963–1966 by Marcel Breuer and Hamilton P. Smith in a distinctively modern style, is easily distinguished from the neighboring townhouses by its staircase façade made of granite stones and its trapezoidal windows. In 1967, Mauricio Lasansky showed "The Nazi Drawings". The exhibition traveled to

5928-520: Was only the fourth sale of a painting for Sloan (although it has often erroneously been counted as his first). For Sloan, exposure to the European modernist works on view in the Armory Show initiated a gradual move away from the realist urban themes he had been painting for the previous ten years. In 1914–15, during summers spent in Gloucester, Massachusetts , he painted landscapes en plein air in

6006-545: Was significant in Sloan's training because he encouraged him to paint more, and introduced him to the work of various artists, whose techniques, composition, and style Sloan studied. He sought additional guidance from Ruskin 's The Elements of Drawing and John Collier's A Manual of Oil Painting . Sloan believed his study and mentorship at the Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts, as well as his early Philadelphia experiences, to be his "college education." At

6084-631: Was supplementing this income by drawing illustrations for books (including Wilkie Collins' The Moonstone ) and for such journals as Collier's Weekly , Good Housekeeping , Harper's Weekly , The Saturday Evening Post , and Scribner's . Sloan participated in the landmark 1908 exhibition at the Macbeth Galleries of a group that included four other artists from the Philadelphia Charcoal Club (Henri, Glackens, Luks and Shinn) as well as three artists who worked in

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