Misplaced Pages

#889110

46-478: Its architecture and structure varies from region to region. Usually, the temple consists not only of its buildings, but also the surrounding environment. The Buddhist temples are designed to symbolize five elements: fire, air, water, earth and void (space). The design of temples in India was influenced by the idea of a place of worship as a representation of the universe. For Buddhist temple complexes one tall temple

92-661: A Main Hall . A distinctive feature is the chinjusha , a Shinto shrine devoted to the temple's kami . Buddhism co-existed with Shinto , but in the 8th century Buddhism became the state religion and Buddhist temples were built. High concentration of important Japanese Buddhist temples can be found in Japanese culture heartland of Kansai region , especially in Nara and Kyoto . Buddhist temples in Thailand are known as wat , from

138-538: A brownish-purplish dye for batik -making, while its fruit has medicinal values. A similar named city is also known, Kadiri in Andhra Pradesh , India . The origin of the word that is considered more appropriate is derived from the word "kadiri" in the Old Javanese language which means being able to stand alone, be independent, stand tall, have personality, or be self-sufficient. The Kingdom of Kediri

184-708: A circular structure, in order to protect the Bodhi tree under which the Buddha had found enlightenment. The Bairat Temple is also a round structure, which can be seen through archaeological remains. Representations of this early temple structure are found on a 100 BCE relief sculpted on the railing of the stupa at Bhārhut , as well as in Sanchi . From that period the Diamond throne remains, an almost intact slab of sandstone decorated with reliefs, which Ashoka had established at

230-1197: A fight. Their favourite pastimes were cockfighting and pigfighting. The currency was made from a short-tempered mixture of copper , silver , and tin . The book of Chu-fan-chi mentioned that Java (Kediri) was ruled by a maharaja , who ruled several colonies: Pai-hua-yuan ( Pacitan ), Ma-tung (Medang), Ta-pen (Tumapel, now Malang ), Hi-ning ( Dieng ), Jung-ya-lu (Hujung Galuh, now Surabaya ), Tung-ki (Jenggi, West Papua ), Ta-kang ( Sumba ), Huang-ma-chu ( Southwest Papua ), Ma-li ( Bali ), Kulun (Gurun, identified as Gorong or Sorong in West Papua or an island in Nusa Tenggara ), Tan-jung-wu-lo ( Tanjungpura in Borneo), Ti-wu ( Timor ), Pingya-i ( Banggai in Sulawesi), and Wu-nu-ku ( Maluku ). Regarding Sanfoqi (Srivijaya), Chou-Ju-Kua reported that Kien-pi (Kampe, in northern Sumatra ) with armed forced rebellion had liberated themselves from Srivijaya, and crowned their king. The same fate befell some of Srivijaya's colonies on

276-629: A high roof with a rounded profile. Strictly speaking, the chaitya is the stupa itself, and the Indian buildings are chaitya halls, but this distinction is often not observed. Many of the early Chaitya were rock-cut , as in Karla caves or Ajanta . Some of the earliest free-standing temples may have been of a circular type. Ashoka also built the Mahabodhi Temple in Bodh Gaya circa 250 BCE,

322-519: A prophetic book ascribed to Jayabhaya, is well known among Javanese. It predicts that the archipelago would be ruled by a white race for a long time, then a yellow race for a short time, be glorious again. The Jayabhaya prophecies mention Ratu Adil , the Just Prince , a recurring popular figure in Javanese folklore. During the reign, Ternate was a vassal state of Kediri. Jayabhaya's successor

368-550: A shrine, either ancient or new. Several contemporary viharas in Indonesia for example, contain the actual-size replica or reconstruction of famous Buddhist temples, such as the replica of Pawon and Plaosan 's perwara (small) temples. In Buddhism, the role of a candi as a shrine is sometimes interchangeable with a stupa , a domed structure to store Buddhist relics or the ashes of cremated Buddhist priests, patrons or benefactors. Japanese Buddhist temples typically include

414-519: A square throne. After an audience, the state official would bow three times to the king. If the king travelled outside the palace, he rode an elephant and was accompanied by 500–700 soldiers and officials while his subjects, the people of Kediri, prostrated themselves as the king passed. According to Chinese sources , the main occupations of the Kediri people revolved around agriculture (rice cultivation), animal farming ( cattle , boar , poultry ), and

460-612: Is believed to have been established in the western part of the Brantas River valley, somewhere near modern Kediri city and surrounding Kediri Regency . The city of Daha existed before the founding of the kingdom. Daha is an abbreviation of Dahanapura , which means city of fire . This name is listed in the Pamwatan inscription issued by Airlangga in 1042. This is following the news in Serat Calon Arang , that at

506-507: Is often centrally located and surrounded by smaller temples and walls. This center surrounded by oceans, lesser mountains and a huge wall. A Chaitya , Chaitya hall or Chaitya-griha refers to a shrine, sanctuary, temple or prayer hall in Indian religions . The term is most common in Buddhism , where it refers to a space with a stupa and a rounded apse at the end opposite the entrance, and

SECTION 10

#1732791002890

552-534: Is the successor of Airlangga's Kahuripan kingdom and is thought of as the continuation of the Isyana Dynasty in Java. In 1042, Airlangga divided his kingdom of Kahuripan into two, Janggala and Panjalu (Kadiri), and abdicated in favour of his sons to live as an ascetic. He died seven years later. The first king of Kediri to leave historical records was Maharaja Çri Samaravijaya (1042–1051). His royal seal

598-677: The Malay Peninsula that liberated themselves from Srivijaya domination. However, Srivijaya was still the mightiest and wealthiest state in the western part of the archipelago. Srivijaya's colonies were: Pong-fong ( Pahang ), Tong-ya-nong ( Trengganu ), Ling-ya-ssi-kia ( Langkasuka ), Kilan-tan ( Kelantan ), Fo-lo-an, Ji-lo-t'ing ( Jelutong ), Ts'ien-mai (?), Pa-t'a ( Paka ), Tan-ma-ling ( Tambralinga , Ligor or Nakhon Si Thammarat ), Kia-lo-hi ( Grahi , northern part of Malay peninsula), Pa-lin-fong ( Palembang ), Sin-t'o ( Sunda ), Lan-wu-li (Lamuri at Aceh ), and Si-lan. According to this source, in

644-499: The spice trade routes to Maluku . According to a Chinese source in the book of Chu-fan-chi written around 1225, Chou Ju-kua described that in the Southeast Asian archipelago, there were two powerful and rich kingdoms: Srivijaya and Java (Kediri). In Java, he found that people adhere to two religions: Buddhism and the religion of Brahmin ( Hinduism ). The people of Java were brave and short tempered, daring to put up

690-535: The 5th month of the year, a water festival was celebrated with people travelling in boats along the river to celebrate. In the 10th month, another festival was held in the mountains. People would gather there to have fun and perform music with instruments such as flutes , drums , and wooden xylophones (an ancient form of gamelan ). The King wore silk garments, leather shoes , and ornate golden jewellery. He wore his hair up high on his head. Every day, he would receive state officials, and managers of his kingdom, on

736-705: The 8th century Borobudur mandala monument and Sewu temple in Central Java , Batujaya in West Java, Muaro Jambi , Muara Takus and Bahal temple in Sumatra, and numerous of statues or inscriptions from the earlier history of Indonesian Hindu-Buddhist kingdoms. During the era of Kediri , Singhasari and Majapahit empire, Buddhism—identified as Dharma ri Kasogatan —was acknowledged as one of kingdom's official religions along with Hinduism. Although some of kings might favour Hinduism over another, nevertheless

782-421: The Javanese by that time. There was no physical punishment (jail or torture) of criminals. Instead, the people who committed unlawful acts were forced to pay fines in gold, except for thieves and robbers who were executed. In marital customs, the bride's family receives some amount of bride price from the groom's family. Instead of developing medical treatment, the Kediri people relied on prayers for Buddha . On

828-904: The Pāḷi vāṭa, meaning "enclosure". Wat architecture adheres to consistent principles. A wat, with few exceptions, consists of two parts: the Phutthawat and the Sangkhawat . The Phutthawat ( Thai : พุทธาวาส ) is the area which is dedicated to Buddha. While the Sangkhawat is the area which is dedicated to Sangha Buddhist monastic community. Buddhist temples in Sri Lanla are known as 'Pansala' or 'Viharaya' in Sinhalese . Common features in Sri Lankan temples include Stupa , Bo Tree and Temple Buildings. Oldest living human-planted Bodhi Tree in

874-531: The centuries, witnessed the rise and fall of powerful Buddhist empires, such as the Sailendra dynasty, the Mataram and Srivijaya empires. According to some Chinese source, a Chinese Buddhist monk I-tsing on his pilgrim journey to India, witnessed the powerful maritime empire of Srivijaya based on Sumatra in the 7th century. A number of Buddhist historical heritages can be found in Indonesia, including

920-427: The community in the past when building settlements and other things. The first is called Anupa, and it is land that has fertile soil, is close to springs, and allows various kinds of seeds to grow well if planted there. The second is called Sadarana, and it is land that in some areas is fertile and in others less fertile. The third is called Janggala, and it is infertile land or wilderness. The word Pangjalu comes from

966-415: The development of eastern Java, written between 1112 and 1135. Jayabhaya (1135–1157) succeeded Bamesvara. His formal stylised name was Çri Maharaja çri Dharmmeçwara Madhusudanawataranindita Suhrtsingha Parakrama Digjayottunggadewa . The Lanchana of his reign Narasinghavatara depicts one of the avatars of Lord Vishnu , namely Narasinghavatara. His form is described as a human with a lion's head tearing

SECTION 20

#1732791002890

1012-579: The early 13th century Srivijaya still ruled Sumatra, the Malay peninsula, and western Java ( Sunda ). Regarding Sunda , the book details that the port of Sunda ( Sunda Kelapa ) was excellent and strategically located and that the pepper from Sunda was among the best quality. The people worked in agriculture; their houses were built on wooden piles (rumah panggung). However, the country was infested with robbers and thieves. Celebrated as an era of blossoming literature, Kediri produced significant contributions in

1058-647: The eastern region of Kediri. Ken Arok 's troops managed to destroy Kertajaya 's troops. Thus, the era of the Kediri Kingdom ended, which from then on became the vassal of Tumapel or Singhasari . After Ken Arok defeated Kertajaya, Kediri became an area under the rule of Singhasari. Ken Arok appointed Jayasabha, son of Kertajaya, as regent of Kediri. In 1258 the waning Jayasabha named Sastrajaya. In 1271 Sastrajaya faded into, namely Jayakatwang . In 1292, Jayakatwang rebelled against Singhasari led by Kertanegara , because of past grudges where his ancestor Kertajaya

1104-485: The end of Airlangga's reign, the center of the kingdom was no longer in Kahuripan , but has moved to Dahanapura and calls Airlangga the king of Daha. The kingdom was also known as Panjalu the correct reading is Pangjalu as the twin kingdom with Janggala . During the reign of Jayakatwang that revived the short-lived second dynasty of Kadiri, the kingdom is also known as Gelang-gelang or Gegelang. Other than Kadiri,

1150-412: The field of Javanese classic literature. Next to the literary works already mentioned, Śiwarātrikalpa and Wrtasancaya by Mpu Tanakung, Krisnayana written by Mpu Triguna, and Sumanasantaka by Mpu Monaguṇa are also notable. The book of Ling-wai-tai-ta composed by Chinese author Chou K'u-fei in 1178, gave a glimpse of everyday life in Kediri that cannot be found in any other source material, about

1196-481: The foot of the Bodhi tree . These circular-type temples were also found in later rock-hewn caves such as Tulja Caves or Guntupalli . Buddhism is the second oldest religion in Indonesia after Hinduism , which arrived from India around the second century. The history of Buddhism in Indonesia is closely related to the history of Hinduism, as a number of empires influenced by Indian culture were established around

1242-432: The government and people of Kediri. According to Chou K'u-fei, people wore clothes that covered them down to their legs, with a loose hairstyle. Their houses were clean and well arranged with floors made from green or yellow cut stones. Agriculture, animal farming, and trading flourished and gained the full attention of the government. He reported that silkworm farms to produce silk and cotton clothes had been adopted by

1288-727: The harmony, toleration and even syncretism were promoted as manifested in Bhinneka Tunggal Ika national motto, coined from Kakawin Sutasoma , written by Mpu Tantular to promotes tolerance between Hindus (Shivaites) and Buddhists . The classical era of ancient Java also had produces some of the exquisite examples of Buddhist arts , such as the statue of Prajnaparamita and the statue of Buddha Vairochana and Boddhisttva Padmapani and Vajrapani in Mendut temple. In contemporary Indonesian Buddhist perspective, Candi refers to

1334-407: The inscription, there is a title Senapati Sarwwajala , or laksmana , a title reserved for navy generals, which means that Kediri had a navy during his reign. The eighth king was Kameçvara (Kameshwara). His formal stylised name was Çri Maharaja Rake Sirikan çri Kameçvara Sakalabhuwanatustikarana Sarwaniwaryyawiryya Parakrama Digjayottunggadewa . He uses the (winged shell) as his royal seal under

1380-449: The inscription. The next monarch was King Gandra his formal stylised name was Çri maharaja çri Kroncarryadipa Handabhuwanapalaka Parakramanindita Digjayottunggadewanama çri Gandra . An inscription (dated 1181) from his reign documents the beginning of the adoption of animal names for important officials, such as Kbo Salawah , Menjangan Puguh , Lembu Agra , Gajah Kuning , and Macan Putih . Among these highly ranked officials mentioned in

1426-544: The kingdom was also often referred to as Daha or Dahanapura, after its capital. The name "Daha" was used in the later Majapahit period, as the seat of the rival court of Trowulan . In the beginning, the name Pañjalu was used more often than the name Kediri. This can be found in the inscriptions published by the kings of Panjalu. The name Panjalu is also known as Pu-chia-lung in the Chinese chronicle entitled Ling wai tai ta (1178). Three types of land were used by

Buddhist temple - Misplaced Pages Continue

1472-523: The name Kamecwaralancana . During his reign, Mpu Dharmaja wrote Smaradhana , in which the king was adored as the incarnation of Kamajaya , the god of love, and his capital city Dahana was admired throughout the known world. Kameçvara's wife, Çri Kirana, was celebrated as the incarnation of Kamaratih , the goddess of love and passion. The tales of this story, known as the Panji cycle , spread throughout Southeast Asia as far as Siam . The last king of Kediri

1518-521: The reign of Kertajaya , and is told in Pararaton and Nagarakretagama . In 1222 Kertajaya was fighting against the brahmins . Then the Brahmins asked for protection from Ken Arok akuwu of Tumapel . Incidentally, Ken Arok also aspires to liberate Tumapel which is Kadiri's subordinate area. The climax of the battle between Kadiri and Tumapel occurred near the village of Ganter ( Genter ), in

1564-732: The same period. The oldest Buddhist archaeological site in Indonesia is arguably the Batujaya stupas complex in Karawang , West Java. The oldest relic in Batujaya was estimated to originate from the 2nd century, while the latest dated from the 12th century. Subsequently, significant numbers of Buddhist sites were found in Jambi , Palembang and Riau provinces in Sumatra, as well as in Central and East Java . The Indonesian archipelago has, over

1610-517: The spice trade. Daha, the capital city of Kediri, (suggested to be at the same site as modern Kediri ) is located inland, near the fertile Brantas river valley. From the predecessor kingdom of Airlangga's Kahuripan, Kediri inherited irrigation systems, including the Wringin Sapta dam. Kediri economy was partly monetised, with silver coins issued by the royal court. In later periods, Kediri economy grew to rely more heavily on trade, especially

1656-656: The spice trade. This resulted from Kediri's development of a navy, allowing them to control the spice trade routes to eastern islands. Kediri collected spices from tributaries in southern Kalimantan and the Maluku Islands . Indians and Southeast Asians then transported the spices to Mediterranean and Chinese markets by way of the Spice Route which linked a chain of ports from the Indian Ocean to southern China. The kingdom of Kediri collapsed during

1702-630: The stomach of Hiranyakasipu (King of the Giants). The name is Jayabhaya was immortalised in Sedah's Kakawin Bharatayuddha , a Javanese version of the Mahabharata , written in 1135. This Kakawin was perfected by his brother, Mpu Panuluh. Mpu Panuluh wrote Hariwangsa and Gatotkacasraya . Jayabhaya's reign was considered the golden age of Old Javanese literature. The Prelambang Joyoboyo ,

1748-550: The word Jalu which means male (Indonesian jantan) and the prefix Pang (Indonesian pe-, thus Indonesian pejantan, or one who is male ), and in this regional context means a fertile and independent area. The term Kadiri is a synonym of the word Pangjalu, and it also means independent. The name "Kadiri" or "Kediri" also comes from the Sanskrit word Khadri which means India Mulberry ( Morinda citrifolia ), locally known as pacé or mengkudu tree. The bark of morinda produces

1794-745: The world Jaya Sri Maha Bodhi and some of the largest Stupa in the world including Ruwanwelisaya , Jetavanaramaya and Abhayagiri vihāra located in Sri Lankan temples. Chaitya Too Many Requests If you report this error to the Wikimedia System Administrators, please include the details below. Request from 172.68.168.236 via cp1112 cp1112, Varnish XID 976977933 Upstream caches: cp1112 int Error: 429, Too Many Requests at Thu, 28 Nov 2024 10:50:03 GMT Kediri (historical kingdom) Kediri Kingdom , or Kāḍiri also known as Pañjalu ( Javanese : ꦥꦚ꧀ꦗꦭꦸ ) and Gégélang ( Javanese : ꦒꦺꦒꦺꦭꦁ ) in 1292-1293,

1840-444: Was Garudmukhalancana or Garudmukha , the same as Airlangga's. He was succeeded by Çri Jyitêndrakara Parakrama Bhakta (1051–1112). It is not known exactly when Çri Bamesvara ascended the throne of the Kediri Kingdom. The Lanchana (royal seal) of his reign was a skull with a crescent moon called chandrakapala , the symbol of Shiva . During the reign of Maharaja Çri Bamesvara himself, there were at least ten inscriptions containing

1886-403: Was Kritajaya/Kertajaya (1194–1222), King Çrngga or Kritajaya ruled Kediri, with the official name Çri maharaja çri Sarwweçwara Triwikramawataranindita Çrngga lancana Digwijayottunggadewa . He used a Crnggalancana picture of (Cangkha) flanked by two horns and continued with the words "Krtajaya" above. The presence of dominant horns makes this badge called Crnggalancana or horned badge. In 1222, he

Buddhist temple - Misplaced Pages Continue

1932-489: Was a Hindu-Buddhist Javanese kingdom based in East Java from 1042 until 1222 (1292–1293 under Jayakatwang ). This kingdom is centered in the ancient city Dahanapura , despite the lack of archaeological remains, the age of Kediri saw much development in classical literature. Mpu Sedah's Kakawin Bharatayuddha , Mpu Panuluh's Gatotkacasraya , and Mpu Dharmaja's Smaradhana blossomed in this era. The kingdom's capital

1978-460: Was defeated by Ken Arok. After successfully killing Kertanegara, Jayakatwang rebuilt the kingdom of Kediri but lasted only one year due to a combined attack launched by Yuan dynasty troops and Raden Wijaya troops who later founded Majapahit . According to Jiyu and Petak inscriptions, during the end of the Majapahit era in the 15th century, there was a brief resurrection of Daha (Kediri) as

2024-869: Was forced to surrender his throne to Ken Arok and so lost the sovereignty of his kingdom to the new kingdom of Singhasari . This was the result of his defeat at the battle of Ganter . This event marked the end of the Kediri era, and the beginning of the Singhasari era. The Kediri kingdom existed alongside the Srivijaya empire based in Sumatra throughout the 11th to 12th century and seems to have maintained trade relations with China and to some extent India. Chinese accounts identify this kingdom as Tsao-wa or Chao-wa (Java). The number of Chinese records signifies that Chinese explorers and traders frequented this kingdom. Relations with India were cultural, as several Javanese rakawi (poets or scholars) wrote literature that

2070-617: Was inspired by Hindu mythology, beliefs, and epics such as Mahabharata and Ramayana . In the 11th century, Srivijayan hegemony in the Indonesian archipelago began to decline, marked by Rajendra Chola's invasion of the Malay Peninsula and Sumatra. The Chola king of Coromandel conquered Kedah from Srivijaya . The weakening of Srivijayan hegemony has enabled the formation of regional kingdoms, like Kediri, based on agriculture rather than trade. Later Kediri managed to control

2116-479: Was Çri Sarwweçwara/ Sarvesvara (1159–1171) the royal symbol is named Sarwwecwaralancana , wing-shaped numbering nine and at the end, there is a crested circle. Where everything is surrounded by three striped circles. followed by Çri Aryyeçwara/ Aryesvara (1171–1181), who used Ganesha the elephant-headed god as Lanchana of his kingdom. and became the (royal seal) of his reign and the Kingdom of Kadiri as stated in

#889110