83-689: Buffalo Trace Distillery is a distillery in Frankfort, Kentucky , United States, owned by the Sazerac Company . It has historically been known by several names, including the George T. Stagg Distillery and the Old Fire Copper (O.F.C.) Distillery. Its namesake bourbon brand, Buffalo Trace Kentucky Straight Bourbon whiskey , was introduced in August 1999. The name " Buffalo Trace " refers to
166-422: A theoretical plate ) will yield a purer solution of the more volatile component. In reality, each cycle at a given temperature does not occur at exactly the same position in the fractionating column; theoretical plate is thus a concept rather than an accurate description. More theoretical plates lead to better separations. A spinning band distillation system uses a spinning band of Teflon or metal to force
249-405: A batch distillation setup (such as in an apparatus depicted in the opening figure) until the mixture is boiling results in a vapor above the liquid that contains a mixture of A and B. The ratio between A and B in the vapor will be different from the ratio in the liquid. The ratio in the liquid will be determined by how the original mixture was prepared, while the ratio in the vapor will be enriched in
332-439: A boiling point, although this is because its composition changes: each intermediate mixture has its own, singular boiling point. The idealized model is accurate in the case of chemically similar liquids, such as benzene and toluene . In other cases, severe deviations from Raoult's law and Dalton's law are observed, most famously in the mixture of ethanol and water. These compounds, when heated together, form an azeotrope , which
415-691: A dough made of rye flour. These alembics often featured a cooling system around the beak, using cold water, for instance, which made the condensation of alcohol more efficient. These were called pot stills . Today, the retorts and pot stills have been largely supplanted by more efficient distillation methods in most industrial processes. However, the pot still is still widely used for the elaboration of some fine alcohols, such as cognac , Scotch whisky , Irish whiskey , tequila , rum , cachaça , and some vodkas . Pot stills made of various materials (wood, clay, stainless steel) are also used by bootleggers in various countries. Small pot stills are also sold for use in
498-558: A lesser degree also of mineral substances, is the main topic of the De anima in arte alkimiae , an originally Arabic work falsely attributed to Avicenna that was translated into Latin and would go on to form the most important alchemical source for Roger Bacon ( c. 1220–1292 ). The distillation of wine is attested in Arabic works attributed to al-Kindī ( c. 801–873 CE ) and to al-Fārābī ( c. 872–950 ), and in
581-533: A lower CHF than pool boiling. CHF occurs when the vapor momentum force at the two-phase interface balances the combined surface tension and hydrostatic forces, leading to irreversible growth of the dry spot. Confined boiling is particularly promising for electronics cooling. The boiling point of an element at a given pressure is a characteristic attribute of the element. This is also true for many simple compounds including water and simple alcohols . Once boiling has started and provided that boiling remains stable and
664-408: A lower concentration in the vapor. Indeed, batch distillation and fractionation succeed by varying the composition of the mixture. In batch distillation, the batch vaporizes, which changes its composition; in fractionation, liquid higher in the fractionation column contains more lights and boils at lower temperatures. Therefore, starting from a given mixture, it appears to have a boiling range instead of
747-401: A metal surface used to heat water ), which suddenly decreases the efficiency of heat transfer , thus causing localised overheating of the heating surface. As the boiling surface is heated above a critical temperature, a film of vapour forms on the surface. Since this vapour film is much less capable of carrying heat away from the surface, the temperature rises very rapidly beyond this point into
830-526: A method for concentrating alcohol involving repeated distillation through a water-cooled still, by which an alcohol purity of 90% could be obtained. The distillation of beverages began in the Southern Song (10th–13th century) and Jin (12th–13th century) dynasties, according to archaeological evidence. A still was found in an archaeological site in Qinglong, Hebei province, China, dating back to
913-472: A method of disinfecting water, bringing it to its boiling point at 100 °C (212 °F), is the oldest and most effective way since it does not affect the taste, it is effective despite contaminants or particles present in it, and is a single step process which eliminates most microbes responsible for causing intestine related diseases. The boiling point of water is 100 °C (212 °F) at sea level and at normal barometric pressure. In places having
SECTION 10
#1732765054499996-473: A minute; at boiling point, Vibrio cholerae ( cholera ) takes ten seconds and hepatitis A virus (causes the symptom of jaundice ), one minute. Boiling does not ensure the elimination of all micro-organisms; the bacterial spores Clostridium can survive at 100 °C (212 °F) but are not water-borne or intestine affecting. Thus for human health, complete sterilization of water is not required. The traditional advice of boiling water for ten minutes
1079-463: A movable liquid barrier. Finally, the entry of undesired air components can be prevented by pumping a low but steady flow of suitable inert gas, like nitrogen , into the apparatus. In simple distillation, the vapor is immediately channeled into a condenser. Consequently, the distillate is not pure but rather its composition is identical to the composition of the vapors at the given temperature and pressure. That concentration follows Raoult's law . As
1162-409: A part of some process unrelated to what now is known as distillation. In the words of Fairley and German chemical engineer Norbert Kockmann respectively: The Latin "distillo," from de-stillo, from stilla, a drop, referred to the dropping of a liquid by human or artificial means, and was applied to any process where a liquid was separated in drops. To distil in the modern sense could only be expressed in
1245-419: A partial distillation results in partial separations of the mixture's components, which process yields nearly-pure components; partial distillation also realizes partial separations of the mixture to increase the concentrations of selected components. In either method, the separation process of distillation exploits the differences in the relative volatility of the component substances of the heated mixture. In
1328-650: A proper water purification system, it is recommended only as an emergency treatment method or for obtaining potable water in the wilderness or in rural areas, as it cannot remove chemical toxins or impurities. The elimination of micro-organisms by boiling follows first-order kinetics —at high temperatures, it is achieved in less time and at lower temperatures, in more time. The heat sensitivity of micro-organisms varies, at 70 °C (158 °F), Giardia species (which cause giardiasis ) can take ten minutes for complete inactivation, most intestine affecting microbes and E. coli ( gastroenteritis ) take less than
1411-442: A result, simple distillation is effective only when the liquid boiling points differ greatly (rule of thumb is 25 °C) or when separating liquids from non-volatile solids or oils. For these cases, the vapor pressures of the components are usually different enough that the distillate may be sufficiently pure for its intended purpose. A cutaway schematic of a simple distillation operation is shown at right. The starting liquid 15 in
1494-482: A roundabout manner. Distillation had a broader meaning in ancient and medieval times because nearly all purification and separation operations were subsumed under the term distillation , such as filtration, crystallization, extraction, sublimation, or mechanical pressing of oil. According to Dutch chemical historian Robert J. Forbes , the word distillare (to drip off) when used by the Romans, e.g. Seneca and Pliny
1577-420: A temperature of 70 °C (158 °F) is also sufficient to inactivate most bacteria. Boiling water is also used in several cooking methods including boiling, steaming , and poaching . The lowest heat flux seen in boiling is only sufficient to cause [natural convection], where the warmer fluid rises due to its slightly lower density. This condition occurs only when the superheat is very low, meaning that
1660-424: A vacuum pump. The components are connected by ground glass joints . For many cases, the boiling points of the components in the mixture will be sufficiently close that Raoult's law must be taken into consideration. Therefore, fractional distillation must be used to separate the components by repeated vaporization-condensation cycles within a packed fractionating column. This separation, by successive distillations,
1743-477: A void fraction parameter, which indicates the fraction of the volume in the system that is vapor. One can use this fraction and the densities to calculate the vapor quality , which refers to the mass fraction that is in the gas phase. Flow boiling can be very complex, with heavy influences of density, flow rates, and heat flux, as well as surface tension. The same system may have regions that are liquid, gas, and two-phase flow. Such two phase regimes can lead to some of
SECTION 20
#17327650544991826-726: A wide column with a large holdup. Conversely, a column with a low reflux ratio must have a large number of stages, thus requiring a taller column. Both batch and continuous distillations can be improved by making use of a fractionating column on top of the distillation flask. The column improves separation by providing a larger surface area for the vapor and condensate to come into contact. This helps it remain at equilibrium for as long as possible. The column can even consist of small subsystems ('trays' or 'dishes') which all contain an enriched, boiling liquid mixture, all with their own vapor–liquid equilibrium. There are differences between laboratory-scale and industrial-scale fractionating columns, but
1909-416: Is a flow from the condenser back to the column, which generates a recycle that allows a better separation with a given number of trays. Equilibrium stages are ideal steps where compositions achieve vapor–liquid equilibrium, repeating the separation process and allowing better separation given a reflux ratio. A column with a high reflux ratio may have fewer stages, but it refluxes a large amount of liquid, giving
1992-454: Is also referred to as rectification. As the solution to be purified is heated, its vapors rise to the fractionating column . As it rises, it cools, condensing on the condenser walls and the surfaces of the packing material. Here, the condensate continues to be heated by the rising hot vapors; it vaporizes once more. However, the composition of the fresh vapors is determined once again by Raoult's law. Each vaporization-condensation cycle (called
2075-514: Is an intermediate, unstable form of boiling with elements of both types. The boiling point of water is 100 °C or 212 °F but is lower with the decreased atmospheric pressure found at higher altitudes. Boiling water is used as a method of making it potable by killing microbes and viruses that may be present. The sensitivity of different micro-organisms to heat varies, but if water is held at 100 °C (212 °F) for one minute, most micro-organisms and viruses are inactivated. Ten minutes at
2158-403: Is best known as a means of separating ethanol from water. Most types of refrigeration and some type of air-conditioning work by compressing a gas so that it becomes liquid and then allowing it to boil. This adsorbs heat from the surroundings cooling the fridge or freezer or cooling the air entering a building. Typical liquids include propane , ammonia , carbon dioxide or nitrogen . As
2241-418: Is estimated at 2,650,000 US gallons (10,000,000 L) of whiskey per year. This is carried out at a beer still with a capacity of 60,000 US gallons (230,000 L). While Buffalo Trace Distillery is mainly known for its bourbon, it also produces other spirits such as rye whiskey and vodka . "Buffalo Trace" is also a bourbon brand made by the distillery that was introduced in August 1999, two months after
2324-486: Is heated, the vapor pressure of each component will rise, thus causing the total vapor pressure to rise. When the total vapor pressure reaches the pressure surrounding the liquid, boiling occurs and liquid turns to gas throughout the bulk of the liquid. A mixture with a given composition has one boiling point at a given pressure when the components are mutually soluble. A mixture of constant composition does not have multiple boiling points. An implication of one boiling point
2407-418: Is mainly for additional safety, since microbes start getting eliminated at temperatures greater than 60 °C (140 °F) and bringing it to its boiling point is also a useful indication that can be seen without the help of a thermometer , and by this time, the water is disinfected. Though the boiling point decreases with increasing altitude, it is not enough to affect the disinfecting process. Boiling
2490-400: Is no forced convective flow. Instead, the flow occurs due to density gradients. It can experience any of the regimes mentioned above. "Flow boiling" occurs when the boiling fluid circulates, typically through pipes. Its movement can be powered by pumps, such as in power plants, or by density gradients, such as in a Thermosiphon or a heat pipe. Flows in flow boiling are often characterised by
2573-414: Is that lighter components never cleanly "boil first". At boiling point, all volatile components boil, but for a component, its percentage in the vapor is the same as its percentage of the total vapor pressure. Lighter components have a higher partial pressure and, thus, are concentrated in the vapor, but heavier volatile components also have a (smaller) partial pressure and necessarily vaporize also, albeit at
Buffalo Trace Distillery - Misplaced Pages Continue
2656-415: Is the method of cooking food in boiling water or other water-based liquids such as stock or milk . Simmering is gentle boiling, while in poaching the cooking liquid moves but scarcely bubbles. The boiling point of water is typically considered to be 100 °C (212 °F; 373 K), especially at sea level. Pressure and a change in the composition of the liquid may alter the boiling point of
2739-399: Is when the vapor phase and liquid phase contain the same composition. Although there are computational methods that can be used to estimate the behavior of a mixture of arbitrary components, the only way to obtain accurate vapor–liquid equilibrium data is by measurement. It is not possible to completely purify a mixture of components by distillation, as this would require each component in
2822-483: The transition boiling regime. The point at which this occurs is dependent on the characteristics of boiling fluid and the heating surface in question. Transition boiling may be defined as the unstable boiling, which occurs at surface temperatures between the maximum attainable in nucleate and the minimum attainable in film boiling. The formation of bubbles in a heated liquid is a complex physical process which often involves cavitation and acoustic effects, such as
2905-407: The vapor pressure of the liquid equals the pressure around the liquid, enabling bubbles to form without being crushed. A special case is the normal boiling point , where the vapor pressure of the liquid equals the ambient atmospheric pressure . It is a misconception that in a liquid mixture at a given pressure, each component boils at the boiling point corresponding to the given pressure, allowing
2988-512: The 12th century. Distilled beverages were common during the Yuan dynasty (13th–14th century). In 1500, German alchemist Hieronymus Brunschwig published Liber de arte distillandi de simplicibus ( The Book of the Art of Distillation out of Simple Ingredients ), the first book solely dedicated to the subject of distillation, followed in 1512 by a much expanded version. Right after that, in 1518,
3071-604: The 1st century CE. Distilled water has been in use since at least c. 200 CE , when Alexander of Aphrodisias described the process. Work on distilling other liquids continued in early Byzantine Egypt under Zosimus of Panopolis in the 3rd century. Distillation was practiced in the ancient Indian subcontinent , which is evident from baked clay retorts and receivers found at Taxila , Shaikhan Dheri , and Charsadda in Pakistan and Rang Mahal in India dating to
3154-494: The 28th book of al-Zahrāwī 's (Latin: Abulcasis, 936–1013) Kitāb al-Taṣrīf (later translated into Latin as Liber servatoris ). In the twelfth century, recipes for the production of aqua ardens ("burning water", i.e., ethanol) by distilling wine with salt started to appear in a number of Latin works, and by the end of the thirteenth century it had become a widely known substance among Western European chemists. The works of Taddeo Alderotti (1223–1296) describe
3237-750: The Elder , was "never used in our sense". Aristotle knew that water condensing from evaporating seawater is fresh: I have proved by experiment that salt water evaporated forms fresh, and the vapour does not, when it condenses, condense into sea water again. Letting seawater evaporate and condense into freshwater can not be called "distillation" for distillation involves boiling, but the experiment may have been an important step towards distillation. Early evidence of distillation has been found related to alchemists working in Alexandria in Roman Egypt in
3320-541: The United States. Another distillery with similar historical extent is Burks' distillery, now used for production of Maker's Mark . According to its citation in the registry of National Historic Landmarks , Burks' Distillery's origins extend to 1805, and Burks' Distillery is listed in the Guinness Book of World Records as the oldest operating bourbon distillery. Records indicate that distilling started on
3403-637: The ancient buffalo trackway that crosses the Kentucky River in Franklin County, Kentucky . The Sazerac Company purchased the distillery in 1992. Under its old name, George T. Stagg Distillery , the property was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on May 2, 2001, and designated a National Historic Landmark on March 11, 2013. The company claims the distillery to be the oldest continuously operating distillery in
Buffalo Trace Distillery - Misplaced Pages Continue
3486-485: The best heat transfer coefficients of any system. Confined boiling refers to boiling in confined geometries, typically characterized by a Bond number that compares the gap spacing to the capillary length. Confined boiling regimes begin to play a major role when Bo < 0.5. This boiling regime is dominated by "vapour stem bubbles" left behind after vapour departs. These bubbles act as seeds for vapor growth. Confined boiling typically has higher heat transfer coefficient but
3569-423: The boiling flask 2 is heated by a combined hotplate and magnetic stirrer 13 via a silicone oil bath (orange, 14). The vapor flows through a short Vigreux column 3, then through a Liebig condenser 5, is cooled by water (blue) that circulates through ports 6 and 7. The condensed liquid drips into the receiving flask 8, sitting in a cooling bath (blue, 16). The adapter 10 has a connection 9 that may be fitted to
3652-430: The boiling point of the mixture to rise, which results in a rise in the temperature in the vapor, which results in a changing ratio of A : B in the gas phase (as distillation continues, there is an increasing proportion of B in the gas phase). This results in a slowly changing ratio of A : B in the distillate. If the difference in vapour pressure between the two components A and B is large – generally expressed as
3735-450: The boiling vessel (i.e., increased surface roughness) or additives to the fluid (i.e., surfactants and/or nanoparticles ) facilitate nucleate boiling over a broader temperature range, while an exceptionally smooth surface, such as plastic, lends itself to superheating . Under these conditions, a heated liquid may show boiling delay and the temperature may go somewhat above the boiling point without boiling. Homogeneous nucleation, where
3818-451: The broad-spectrum hiss one hears in a kettle not yet heated to the point where bubbles boil to the surface. If a surface heating the liquid is significantly hotter than the liquid then film boiling will occur, where a thin layer of vapour, which has low thermal conductivity , insulates the surface. This condition of a vapour film insulating the surface from the liquid characterises film boiling . "Pool boiling" refers to boiling where there
3901-405: The bubbles form from the surrounding liquid instead of on a surface, can occur if the liquid is warmer in its center, and cooler at the surfaces of the container. This can be done, for instance, in a microwave oven, which heats the water and not the container. Critical heat flux (CHF) describes the thermal limit of a phenomenon where a phase change occurs during heating (such as bubbles forming on
3984-410: The composition of the source material, the vapors of the distilling compounds, and the distillate change during the distillation. In batch distillation, a still is charged (supplied) with a batch of feed mixture, which is then separated into its component fractions, which are collected sequentially from most volatile to less volatile, with the bottoms – remaining least or non-volatile fraction – removed at
4067-855: The development of accurate design methods, such as the McCabe–Thiele method by Ernest Thiele and the Fenske equation . The first industrial plant in the United States to use distillation as a means of ocean desalination opened in Freeport, Texas in 1961 with the hope of bringing water security to the region. The availability of powerful computers has allowed direct computer simulations of distillation columns. The application of distillation can roughly be divided into four groups: laboratory scale , industrial distillation , distillation of herbs for perfumery and medicinals ( herbal distillate ), and food processing . The latter two are distinctively different from
4150-434: The difference in boiling points – the mixture in the beginning of the distillation is highly enriched in component A, and when component A has distilled off, the boiling liquid is enriched in component B. Continuous distillation is an ongoing distillation in which a liquid mixture is continuously (without interruption) fed into the process and separated fractions are removed continuously as output streams occur over time during
4233-470: The distillation of various substances. The fractional distillation of organic substances plays an important role in the works attributed to Jābir, such as in the Kitāb al-Sabʿīn ('The Book of Seventy'), translated into Latin by Gerard of Cremona ( c. 1114–1187 ) under the title Liber de septuaginta . The Jabirian experiments with fractional distillation of animal and vegetable substances, and to
SECTION 50
#17327650544994316-464: The distillery changed its name from the George T. Stagg Distillery. The following spirits are produced by Buffalo Trace Distillery: Buffalo Trace also produces spirits for private bottlers and store brands . Distillery Distillation , also classical distillation , is the process of separating the component substances of a liquid mixture of two or more chemically discrete substances;
4399-403: The domestic production of flower water or essential oils . Early forms of distillation involved batch processes using one vaporization and one condensation. Purity was improved by further distillation of the condensate. Greater volumes were processed by simply repeating the distillation. Chemists reportedly carried out as many as 500 to 600 distillations in order to obtain a pure compound. In
4482-535: The early 19th century, the basics of modern techniques, including pre-heating and reflux , were developed. In 1822, Anthony Perrier developed one of the first continuous stills, and then, in 1826, Robert Stein improved that design to make his patent still . In 1830, Aeneas Coffey got a patent for improving the design even further. Coffey's continuous still may be regarded as the archetype of modern petrochemical units. The French engineer Armand Savalle developed his steam regulator around 1846. In 1877, Ernest Solvay
4565-742: The early centuries of the Common Era . Frank Raymond Allchin says these terracotta distill tubes were "made to imitate bamboo". These " Gandhara stills" were only capable of producing very weak liquor , as there was no efficient means of collecting the vapors at low heat. Distillation in China may have begun at the earliest during the Eastern Han dynasty (1st–2nd century CE). Medieval Muslim chemists such as Jābir ibn Ḥayyān (Latin: Geber, ninth century) and Abū Bakr al-Rāzī (Latin: Rhazes, c. 865–925 ) experimented extensively with
4648-418: The end. The still can then be recharged and the process repeated. In continuous distillation , the source materials, vapors, and distillate are kept at a constant composition by carefully replenishing the source material and removing fractions from both vapor and liquid in the system. This results in a more detailed control of the separation process. The boiling point of a liquid is the temperature at which
4731-448: The former two in that distillation is not used as a true purification method but more to transfer all volatiles from the source materials to the distillate in the processing of beverages and herbs. The main difference between laboratory scale distillation and industrial distillation are that laboratory scale distillation is often performed on a batch basis, whereas industrial distillation often occurs continuously. In batch distillation ,
4814-443: The hot surface near the fluid is nearly the same temperature as the boiling point. Nucleate boiling is characterised by the growth of bubbles or pops on a heated surface (heterogeneous nucleation), which rises from discrete points on a surface, whose temperature is only slightly above the temperature of the liquid. In general, the number of nucleation sites is increased by an increasing surface temperature. An irregular surface of
4897-417: The industrial applications of classical distillation, the term distillation is used as a unit of operation that identifies and denotes a process of physical separation, not a chemical reaction ; thus an industrial installation that produces distilled beverages , is a distillery of alcohol . These are some applications of the chemical separation process that is distillation: Early evidence of distillation
4980-429: The liquid state , and a receiver in which the concentrated or purified liquid, called the distillate, is collected. Several laboratory scale techniques for distillation exist (see also distillation types ). A completely sealed distillation apparatus could experience extreme and rapidly varying internal pressure, which could cause it to burst open at the joints. Therefore, some path is usually left open (for instance, at
5063-399: The liquid by the surrounding atmosphere. Boiling and evaporation are the two main forms of liquid vapourization . There are two main types of boiling: nucleate boiling where small bubbles of vapour form at discrete points, and critical heat flux boiling where the boiling surface is heated above a certain critical temperature and a film of vapour forms on the surface. Transition boiling
SECTION 60
#17327650544995146-423: The liquid. High elevation cooking generally takes longer since boiling point is a function of atmospheric pressure . At an elevation of about one mile (1,600 m), water boils at approximately 95 °C (203 °F; 368 K). Depending on the type of food and the elevation, the boiling water may not be hot enough to cook the food properly. Similarly, increasing the pressure as in a pressure cooker raises
5229-411: The mixture to have a zero partial pressure . If ultra-pure products are the goal, then further chemical separation must be applied. When a binary mixture is vaporized and the other component, e.g., a salt, has zero partial pressure for practical purposes, the process is simpler. Heating an ideal mixture of two volatile substances, A and B, with A having the higher volatility, or lower boiling point, in
5312-407: The molecules in a liquid have varying kinetic energies. Some high energy particles on the liquid surface may have enough energy to escape the intermolecular forces of attraction of the liquid and become a gas. This is called evaporation. Evaporation only happens on the surface while boiling happens throughout the liquid. When a liquid reaches its boiling point bubbles of gas form in it which rise into
5395-411: The more volatile compound, A (due to Raoult's Law, see above). The vapor goes through the condenser and is removed from the system. This, in turn, means that the ratio of compounds in the remaining liquid is now different from the initial ratio (i.e., more enriched in B than in the starting liquid). The result is that the ratio in the liquid mixture is changing, becoming richer in component B. This causes
5478-462: The oldest surviving distillery in Europe, The Green Tree Distillery , was founded. In 1651, John French published The Art of Distillation , the first major English compendium on the practice, but it has been claimed that much of it derives from Brunschwig's work. This includes diagrams with people in them showing the industrial rather than bench scale of the operation. As alchemy evolved into
5561-432: The operation. Continuous distillation produces a minimum of two output fractions, including at least one volatile distillate fraction, which has boiled and been separately captured as a vapor and then condensed to a liquid. There is always a bottoms (or residue) fraction, which is the least volatile residue that has not been separately captured as a condensed vapor. Continuous distillation differs from batch distillation in
5644-423: The pressure is constant, the temperature of the boiling liquid remains constant. This attribute led to the adoption of boiling points as the definition of 100 °C. Mixtures of volatile liquids have a boiling point specific to that mixture producing vapour with a constant mix of components - the constant boiling mixture . This attribute allows mixtures of liquids to be separated or partly separated by boiling and
5727-413: The principles are the same. Examples of laboratory-scale fractionating columns (in increasing efficiency) include: Laboratory scale distillations are almost exclusively run as batch distillations. The device used in distillation, sometimes referred to as a still , consists at a minimum of a reboiler or pot in which the source material is heated, a condenser in which the heated vapor is cooled back to
5810-434: The receiving flask) to allow the internal pressure to equalize with atmospheric pressure. Alternatively, a vacuum pump may be used to keep the apparatus at a lower than atmospheric pressure. If the substances involved are air- or moisture-sensitive, the connection to the atmosphere can be made through one or more drying tubes packed with materials that scavenge the undesired air components, or through bubblers that provide
5893-428: The respect that concentrations should not change over time. Continuous distillation can be run at a steady state for an arbitrary amount of time. For any source material of specific composition, the main variables that affect the purity of products in continuous distillation are the reflux ratio and the number of theoretical equilibrium stages, in practice determined by the number of trays or the height of packing. Reflux
5976-412: The rising vapors into close contact with the descending condensate, increasing the number of theoretical plates. Boiling Boiling or ebullition is the rapid phase transition from liquid to gas or vapour ; the reverse of boiling is condensation . Boiling occurs when a liquid is heated to its boiling point , so that the vapour pressure of the liquid is equal to the pressure exerted on
6059-412: The science of chemistry , vessels called retorts became used for distillations. Both alembics and retorts are forms of glassware with long necks pointing to the side at a downward angle to act as air-cooled condensers to condense the distillate and let it drip downward for collection. Later, copper alembics were invented. Riveted joints were often kept tight by using various mixtures, for instance
6142-515: The separation process is realized by way of the selective boiling of the mixture and the condensation of the vapors in a still . Dry distillation ( thermolysis and pyrolysis ) is the heating of solid materials to produce gases that condense either into fluid products or into solid products. The term dry distillation includes the separation processes of destructive distillation and of chemical cracking , breaking down large hydrocarbon molecules into smaller hydrocarbon molecules. Moreover,
6225-597: The site that is now the Buffalo Trace Distillery in 1775 by Hancock Lee and his brother Willis Lee who died in 1776. The first distillery was constructed in 1812 by Harrison Blanton. In 1870 the distillery was purchased by Edmund H. Taylor and given its first name, the Old Fire Copper (O.F.C.) Distillery. Taylor sold the distillery eight years later to George T. Stagg along with the Old Oscar Pepper Distillery . This second distillery
6308-421: The solution and 2) the fraction of solution each component makes up, a.k.a. the mole fraction . This law applies to ideal solutions , or solutions that have different components but whose molecular interactions are the same as or very similar to pure solutions. Dalton's law states that the total pressure is the sum of the partial pressures of each individual component in the mixture. When a multi-component liquid
6391-473: The temperature of the contents above the open air boiling point. Also known as "boil-in-bag", this involves heating or cooking ready-made foods sealed in a thick plastic bag. The bag containing the food, often frozen, is submerged in boiling water for a prescribed time. The resulting dishes can be prepared with greater convenience as no pots or pans are dirtied in the process. Such meals are available for camping as well as home dining. At any given temperature,
6474-400: The vapors of each component to collect separately and purely. However, this does not occur, even in an idealized system. Idealized models of distillation are essentially governed by Raoult's law and Dalton's law and assume that vapor–liquid equilibria are attained. Raoult's law states that the vapor pressure of a solution is dependent on 1) the vapor pressure of each chemical component in
6557-554: Was found on Akkadian tablets dated c. 1200 BCE describing perfumery operations. The tablets provided textual evidence that an early, primitive form of distillation was known to the Babylonians of ancient Mesopotamia . According to British chemist T. Fairley, neither the Greeks nor the Romans had any term for the modern concept of distillation. Words like "distill" would have referred to something else, in most cases
6640-400: Was granted a U.S. Patent for a tray column for ammonia distillation, and the same and subsequent years saw developments in this theme for oils and spirits. With the emergence of chemical engineering as a discipline at the end of the 19th century, scientific rather than empirical methods could be applied. The developing petroleum industry in the early 20th century provided the impetus for
6723-548: Was left in place after the fire and an expanded distillery building was built as a replacement. The site is now open for visitors to Buffalo Trace. In March 2022, Buffalo Trace Distillery announced the creation of six-litre OFC Vintage Bourbon Whiskeys, distilled in 1982, and their accompanying NFTs. The NFTs were sold on Blockbar, with the highest bid of $ 60,000. The sale was part of the distillery's mission to raise US$ 2 million for charity by donating 2,022 bottles of whiskey to fundraising causes. Production capacity at Buffalo Trace
6806-442: Was sold within the year to James Graham, in order to add more land to the O.F.C. Distillery. In 1886, Stagg installed steam heating in the storage warehouses, the first climate controlled warehouse for aging whiskey in the nation. During Prohibition , the distillery was allowed to remain operational, in order to make whiskey for "medicinal purposes". Gary Gayheart became the master distiller in 1972, until his retirement in 2005. He
6889-435: Was succeeded by Harlen Wheatley. In 2016, Buffalo Trace Distillery announced plans to expand operations with a capital investment of $ 200 million. In October 2016, during renovations to convert a building to a meeting and event space, workers discovered the foundation of the original 1873 distillery building, which burned down in 1882, along with the remains of fermenters from that same year. The original distillery foundation
#498501