Misplaced Pages

#305694

124-535: These migrations, which took place from the 17th to the early 20th centuries, led to the establishment of significant Bugis communities in regions such as Johor, Riau, Selangor and Singapore. Over time, the Bugis integrated into local Malay societies, contributing to the region's political, economic and cultural development. The migrations represent a significant historical movement of peoples from Sulawesi , Indonesia, to various regions across Southeast Asia spanning from

248-532: A UNESCO World Heritage Site . The coast of northern tip of Sulawesi is identified as a site of highest marine biodiversity importance in the Coral Triangle . Early in the Pleistocene, Sulawesi had a dwarf elephant and a dwarf form of Stegodon , (an elephant relative, S. sompoensis ); later both were replaced by larger forms. A giant suid , Celebochoerus , was also formerly present. It

372-603: A belt, paired with a kain selish (a type of sarong). This attire highlights the fusion of Malay and Bugis styles, reflecting the craftsmanship and cultural blending. A prominent textile in Bugis-Malay attire is the Kain Tenun Pahang , introduced from Riau or Sulawesi around the 16th century. Renowned for its weaving and intricate patterns, refined by the Bugis leader Tok Tuan or Keraing Aji, Kain Tenun Pahang

496-676: A chance to govern a difficult group. Padbruge commented that in the 1700s the Kaili population was significantly high and were a highly militant society. In the 1850s, a civil war erupted between the Kaili groups, including the Banawa, in which the Dutch colonial government decided to intervene. In the late 19th century, the Sarasins journeyed through the Palu valley as part of a major initiative to bring

620-644: A cluster between Sulawesi and Maluku . All the above-mentioned islands and many smaller ones off the coasts of Sulawesiare administratively part of Sulawesi's six provinces. The island slopes up from the shores of the deep seas surrounding the island to a high, mostly non-volcanic, mountainous interior. Active volcanoes are found in the northern Minahasa Peninsula , stretching north to the Sangihe Islands . The northern peninsula contains several active volcanoes such as Mount Lokon , Mount Awu , Soputan and Karangetang . According to plate reconstructions ,

744-542: A distinct origin rooted in socio-linguistic adaptation. The title emerged during the reign of Sultan Abdul Jalil, whose wife, Encik Nusamah, was of Acehnese descent. The term "Tengku," derived from the Acehnese "Teuku," was initially used to honor the maternal Acehnese heritage of their son. However, as Bugis settlers integrated into the Johor-Riau society, they found it difficult to pronounce "Teuku" correctly, leading to

868-403: A flower, star, or eye, another depicted astronomic rays of light. In January 2021, archaeologists announced the discovery of cave art that is at least 45,500 years old in a Leang Tedongnge cave. According to the journal Science Advances , the cave painting of a warty pig is the earliest evidence of human settlement of the region. An adult male pig, measuring 136 cm x 54 cm and what

992-538: A genealogical record of the Bugis nobility and their roles within the Malay sultanates. The manuscript traces the ancestry and influence of Bugis families over generations, documenting significant historical events and social customs. Though often attributed to Raja Ali Haji, research has focused on its transcription and translation, revealing its importance in understanding the integration of Bugis culture and its impact on Malay society. Both manuscripts are crucial for studying

1116-637: A hand was 39,900 years old, which brings it among the oldest known hand stencils in the world (the record is detained so far by a 64,000 years-old stencil hand made by a Neanderthal in Maltravieso cave , Cáceres , Spain). Dr. Maxime Aubert, of Griffith University in Queensland , Australia , said that was the minimum age for the outline in Pettakere Cave in Maros , and added: "Next to it

1240-535: A key figure in the administration of the kingdom, working alongside the Sultan to manage political affairs. This arrangement effectively positioned the Bugis as co-rulers and influential decision-makers, thereby reshaping the political landscape of the Johor-Riau Malay kingdom and demonstrating the evolving nature of regional alliances and power structures during this period. The pledge of allegiance included

1364-424: A mixture of hunting and gathering and swidden or shifting agriculture. Speculative planting of wet rice may have taken place along the margins of the lakes and rivers. In Central Sulawesi, there are more than 400 granite megaliths , which various archaeological studies have dated to be from 3000 BC to AD 1300. They vary in size from a few centimeters to approximately 4.5 meters (15 ft). The original purpose of

SECTION 10

#1732786813306

1488-604: A monopoly over the region following the Bongaya Agreement and the conquest of Makassar . This Dutch dominance, marked by the imposition of Dutch currency and forced labor practices, created economic and social pressures that led to widespread resentment among the local population. The forced labor system, particularly burdensome for lower-ranking Bugis nobles, contributed to widespread dissatisfaction and resistance. In response to these economic and political pressures, many Bugis migrated to other parts of Indonesia and

1612-525: A notable impact on these regions. Through their roles in governance, defense, and economic activities, the Bugis played a significant part in shaping regional dynamics and maintaining a lasting legacy across Southeast Asia. Bugis-Malay traditional literature encompasses significant works that capture the historical, cultural, and social interactions between the Bugis and Malay communities. Two notable examples are Tuhfat al-Nafis and Silsilah Melayu dan Bugis . Tuhfat al-Nafis, attributed to Raja Ali Haji, details

1736-639: A peninsula stretching southwards from Southwest Sulawesi into the Flores Sea are administratively part of Sulawesi. The Sangihe Islands and Talaud Islands stretch northward from the northeastern tip of Sulawesi, while Buton and Muna Islands and their neighbors lie off its southeast peninsula, the Togian Islands are in the Gulf of Tomini, and Peleng Island and the Banggai Islands form

1860-622: A pivotal role in the migration of the Bugis. The mid-19th century brought substantial economic growth to the Malay Archipelago, particularly in land cultivation and trade. This expansion created new opportunities that drew Bugis settlers, for instance in regions like Johor, where the authorities actively encouraged migration to boost economic development. The promise of economic advancement was a strong incentive for many Bugis families. Political changes further influenced Bugis migration patterns. The Dutch East India Company (VOC) established

1984-425: A quarter of all oil carried by sea passes through the strait, mainly from Persian Gulf suppliers to Asian markets. In 2007, an estimated 13.7 million barrels per day were transported through the strait, increasing to an estimated 15.2 million barrels per day in 2011. In addition, it is also one of the world's most congested shipping choke points because it narrows to only 2.8 km (1.5 nautical miles ) wide at

2108-857: A result of the status quo. In 1905, the entire island became part of the Dutch state colony of the Netherlands East Indies until Japanese occupation in the Second World War . During the Indonesian National Revolution , the Dutch Captain 'Turk' Westerling led campaigns in which hundreds, maybe thousands died during the South Sulawesi Campaign . Following the transfer of sovereignty in December 1949, Sulawesi became part of

2232-918: A significant role in the Riau-Lingga-Johor-Pahang Sultanate and surrounding areas in the late 17th century. During this period, many Bugis people migrated from their homeland in South Sulawesi to the Malay regions along the Malacca Strait , Karimata Strait and the South China Sea . Among those who migrated was the Bugis noble family of Opu Tentriborong Daing Rilaka (Rilekke) with his five sons: Daing Parani, Daing Manambun, Daing Marewah, Daing Cellak, and Daing Kemasi (Kemase). They initially arrived in Negeri Siantan (now Anambas Regency , Riau Islands) in

2356-587: A single Miocene collision of West Sulawesi with the Sula Spur, the western end of an ancient folded belt of Variscan origin in the Late Paleozoic. The Bone Basin lies between the eastern and western arms of Sulawesi. According to recent studies, the basin has been opened up due to extensional forces. The basin is bounded by normal faults on each side of the basin. Each side of the basin is surrounded by uplifted basement rock with young sediments found in

2480-630: A swift Bugis response. The Bugis mobilized a formidable fleet and military force, led by Daeng Chelak, to retake Riau. Their campaign proved successful, restoring Riau under Sultan Sulaiman's authority. This victory solidified the Bugis' reputation as formidable military strategists and essential allies in the region. Post-victory, Daeng Chelak relocated to Kuala Selangor , where local residents requested him to remain as their ruler. Despite initial intentions to return to Riau , Daeng Chelak appointed Raja Lumu as his successor in Kuala Selangor, laying

2604-506: A western port on the Malay Peninsula . They traded glassware, camphor , cotton goods, brocades , ivory , sandalwood , perfume, and precious stones. These traders sailed to Kedah via the monsoon winds between June and November. They returned between December and May. Kedah provided accommodations, porters, small vessels, bamboo rafts, elephants, as well as tax collections for goods to be transported overland toward eastern ports of

SECTION 20

#1732786813306

2728-594: Is a narrow stretch of water, 800 kilometres (500 mi) long and from 65 to 250 km (40–155 mi) wide, between the Malay Peninsula to the northeast and the Indonesian island of Sumatra to the southwest, connecting the Andaman Sea (Indian Ocean) and the South China Sea (Pacific Ocean). As the main shipping channel between the Indian and Pacific oceans, it is one of the most important shipping lanes in

2852-410: Is a pig that has a minimum age of 35,400 years old, and this is one of the oldest figurative depictions in the world, if not the oldest one." On 11 December 2019, a team of researchers led by Dr. Maxime Aubert announced the discovery of the oldest hunting scenes in prehistoric art in the world that is more than 44,000 years old from the limestone cave of Leang Bulu' Sipong 4. Archaeologists determined

2976-644: Is an island in Indonesia . One of the four Greater Sunda Islands , and the world's 11th-largest island , it is situated east of Borneo , west of the Maluku Islands , and south of Mindanao and the Sulu Archipelago . Within Indonesia, only Sumatra , Borneo, and Papua are larger in territory, and only Java and Sumatra are more populous. The landmass of Sulawesi includes four peninsulas:

3100-433: Is characterized by their influential presence across various sultanates and regions. This migration led to the Bugis establishing significant settlements and playing key roles in the socio-political landscapes of several Malay sultanates, including Johor-Riau-Lingga-Pahang, Selangor and Kalimantan during periods of political instability. Known for their strategic alliances with local Malay rulers and their military capabilities,

3224-578: Is even shallower and narrower, meaning that ships exceeding the Malaccamax must detour a few thousand nautical miles and use the Lombok Strait , Makassar Strait , Sibutu Passage , and Mindoro Strait instead. Piracy has been a problem in the strait. Piracy had been high in the 2000s, with additional increase after the events of September 11, 2001. After attacks rose again in the first half of 2004, regional navies stepped up their patrols of

3348-415: Is home to a large number of endemic rodent genera. Murid rodent genera endemic to Sulawesi and immediately adjacent islands (such as the Togian Islands , Buton Island , and Muna Island ) are Bunomys , Echiothrix , Margaretamys , Taeromys and Tateomys as well as the single-species genera Eropeplus , Hyorhinomys , Melasmothrix , Paucidentomys , Paruromys , Sommeromys and

3472-427: Is likely a Sulawesi or Celebes warty pig (Sus celebensis), was depicted with horn-like facial warts and two hand prints above its hindquarters. According to co-author Adam Brumm, there are two other pigs that are partly preserved and it appears the warty pig was observing a fight between the two other pigs. A bronze Amaravathi statue was discovered at Sikendeng , South Sulawesi near Karama river in 1921 which

3596-571: Is not known why these two ingredients appeared together; one was perhaps the product of the other. In 1367, several identified polities located on the island were mentioned in the Javanese manuscript Nagarakretagama dated from the Majapahit period. Canto 14 mentioned polities including Gowa, Makassar, Luwu and Banggai. It seems that by the 14th century, polities in the island were connected in an archipelagic maritime trading network, centered in

3720-648: Is said that he named the location "Melaka" after the Malacca tree under which he had rested. Over time, the name "Malacca" came to refer not only to the city but also to the strategically significant waterway between the Malay Peninsula and the Indonesian island of Sumatra, known as the Malacca Strait. The International Hydrographic Organization define the limits of the Strait of Malacca as follows: On

3844-684: Is thought that many of the migrants to Sulawesi arrived via the Philippines , while Sulawesi in turn served as a way station for migrants to Flores . A Pleistocene faunal turnover is recognized, with the competitive displacement of several indigenous tarsiers by more recently arriving ones and of Celebochoerus by other medium-sized herbivores like the babirusa , anoa and Celebes warty pig . There are 127 known extant native mammalian species in Sulawesi. A large percentage, 62% (79 species) are endemic , meaning that they are found nowhere else in

Bugis-Malay - Misplaced Pages Continue

3968-526: Is unclear, it might be considered a Portuguese rendering of the native name "Sulawesi". Sulawesi is the world's eleventh-largest island , covering an area of 186,216.16 km (71,898 sq mi) (including minor islands administered as part of Sulawesi). The central part of the island is ruggedly mountainous, such that the island's peninsulas have traditionally been remote from each other, with better connections by sea than by road. The three bays that divide Sulawesi's peninsulas are, from north to south,

4092-785: Is used for both men's samping and women's sarongs or dresses. It often features gold thread, adding delicate motifs, and is favored for ceremonial attire, including weddings. The Bugis keris , originating from South Sulawesi and extending to the Malay Peninsula, southern Sumatra and the Riau-Lingga archipelago, is a distinctive dagger known for its unique blade and hilt designs. Primarily forged for self-defense and combat, these krises are recognized for their thicker and heavier blades that provide enhanced strength and durability. They are often decorated with intricate pamor patterns and embellishments, including tuli-tuli and batir, reflecting

4216-478: The Chinese , Balinese , and Indian communities. The economy of Sulawesi is heavily centered around agriculture, fishing, mining, and forestry. The island was administered as one province between 1945 and 1960. In 1960 it was divided into two provinces – North and Central Sulawesi, and South and Southeast Sulawesi. In 1964 both of these were again divided, the former into North Sulawesi and Central Sulawesi, and

4340-768: The Indian Ocean and the Pacific Ocean , linking major Asian economies such as India , Thailand , Indonesia , Malaysia , Philippines , Singapore , Vietnam , China , Japan , Taiwan , and South Korea . The Strait of Malacca is part of the Maritime Silk Road that runs from the Chinese coast towards the southern tip of India to Mombasa , from there through the Red Sea via the Suez Canal to

4464-490: The Lariang and pygmy tarsiers) as well as diurnal macaques ( Heck's , the booted , crested black , Gorontalo , moor , and Tonkean macaques). While most of Sulawesi's mammals are placental and have Asian relatives, several species of cuscus , arboreal marsupials of Australasian origin, are also present ( Ailurops ursinus and Strigocuscus celebensis , which are diurnal and nocturnal, respectively). Sulawesi

4588-828: The Tomini , the Tolo and the Boni . These separate the Minahasa or Northern Peninsula , the East Peninsula , the Southeast Peninsula and the South Peninsula . The Strait of Makassar runs along the western side of the island. The island is surrounded by Borneo to the west, by the Philippines to the north, by Maluku to the east, and by Flores and Timor to the south. The Selayar Islands make up

4712-657: The United States Navy destroyer USS  John S. McCain lost ten of its crew's lives in a collision with the merchant ship Alnic MC a short distance east of the strait whilst full steering capabilities had been lost. The ship had made a series of errors in attempted mitigation, its external lights being changed to "red over red" ("vessel not under command"). Another risk is the annual haze due to wildfires in Sumatra , Indonesia . It may reduce visibility to 200 metres (660 ft), forcing ships to slow in

4836-570: The federal United States of Indonesia , which in 1950 became absorbed into the unitary Republic of Indonesia . The Portuguese were rumoured to have a fort in Parigi in 1555. The Kaili were an important group based in the Palu valley and related to the Toraja. Scholars relate that their control swayed under Ternate and Makassar, but this might have been a decision by the Dutch to give their vassals

4960-529: The semiaquatic Waiomys . All nine sciurids are from three endemic genera, Hyosciurus , Prosciurillus and Rubrisciurus . While over 20 bat species are present on Sulawesi, only a portion of these are endemic: Rhinolophus tatar , Scotophilus celebensis and the megabats Acerodon celebensis , Boneia bidens , Dobsonia exoleta , Harpyionycteris celebensis , Neopteryx frosti , Rousettus celebensis and Styloctenium wallacei . Strait of Malacca The Strait of Malacca

5084-437: The 17th to the 20th centuries. These migrations were driven by a combination of economic, political and cultural factors and played a crucial role in shaping the demographics and cultural landscapes of the Malay Peninsula, Sumatra and Borneo. The Bugis-Malays are descendants of various waves of migration from Sulawesi to the Malay Peninsula, Sumatra, and western Borneo. This movement began in the 17th century and continued through

Bugis-Malay - Misplaced Pages Continue

5208-410: The 18th century, the Bugis made substantial contributions to Perak by combating piracy and integrating into the local ruling elite. Leaders such as Daeng Selili were instrumental in maintaining coastal security and forming strategic alliances through marriage, which facilitated their integration into Perak's socio-political framework. Their military and administrative contributions significantly impacted

5332-401: The 19th century. Most Muslims are Sunnis . Christians form a substantial minority on the island. According to the demographer Toby Alice Volkman, 17% of Sulawesi's population is Protestant and less than 2% is Catholic . Christians are concentrated on the tip of the northern peninsula around the city of Manado , which is inhabited by the Minahasa , a predominantly Protestant people, and

5456-426: The 2000 census, the population of the provinces of Sulawesi was 14,946,488, about 7.25% of Indonesia's total population. By the 2010 Census, the total had reached 17,371,782, and the 2020 Census recorded a total of 19,896,951. The official estimate for mid-2023 was 20,568,411. The largest city on Sulawesi is Makassar . Religion in Sulawesi (2023) Islam is the majority religion in Sulawesi. The conversion of

5580-603: The 20th century. It is part of a broader pattern of Bugis migration across the region, which led to the establishment of significant Bugis diaspora communities in Southeast Kalimantan, Kutai, Java, Lombok, Aceh and Bali. In some locations, such as Pagatan in South Kalimantan, the Bugis established a distinct diaspora identity, while in other areas, including Batavia (now Jakarta), Central Java, and Siam (now Thailand), their descendants assimilated into

5704-572: The Bare'e-Speaking Toradja of Central Celebes," which is invaluable for English-speaking researchers. One of the most recent publications is "When the bones are left," a study of the material culture of central Sulawesi, offering extensive analysis. Also worthy of study are the brilliant works of Monnig Atkinson on the Wana shamans who live in the Mori area. Population of Sulawesi by province (2020 Census) At

5828-570: The Bugis played pivotal roles in supporting local Malay kingdoms. In Matan , for instance, the intervention of the Five Bugis Brothers during a succession crisis restored Sultan Muhammad Zainuddin to power. This alliance was solidified through strategic marriages, such as that between Puteri Kesumba and Daeng Menambun, who established a new kingdom in Mempawah . These strategic alliances through marriage and political support highlighted

5952-468: The Bugis presence began with Daeng Tuagik, a prominent leader who played a critical role in establishing and consolidating the Sultanate of Siak Sri Indrapura. His leadership was essential in stabilizing the region amid conflicts, and his descendants, including figures like Datuk Bandar Jamal and Datuk Ibrahim, continued to shape the area's governance, fostering economic growth and political stability. In

6076-464: The Bugis were granted considerable political influence, including the creation of the hereditary position of Yang Dipertuan Muda (YDM). This position was unprecedented in traditional Malay governance and allowed the Bugis to take on significant administrative and political responsibilities within the kingdom. The Sumpah Setia Melayu Bugis had profound implications for the governance of Johor-Riau. The Yang Dipertuan Muda, as established by this oath, became

6200-442: The Bugis were important in shaping regional politics and defense strategies. Their settlements in places like Linggi and Siak highlighted their expansion and integration into the socio-political fabric of the Malay Archipelago, making them notable figures in the region's historical development. Their presence in these regions contributed to the historical dynamics and development of the Malay Archipelago. Bugis migrants began to play

6324-521: The Bugis' ability to integrate and influence local politics, ensuring their presence and authority in Kalimantan. Similarly, in Sambas , alliances through marriage, like that of Daeng Kemasi with Raden Tengah, strengthened Bugis influence. Daeng Kemasi eventually ascended as Raja Sambas, consolidating Bugis power in the region. Their influence extended beyond mere military support, embedding deeply into

SECTION 50

#1732786813306

6448-650: The Bugis' determination to maintain their influence despite external opposition, further entrenching their presence in the region. The Bugis exerted significant influence in the Kedah Sultanate during the 18th century, marked by their strategic engagements amidst political upheaval and external pressures. Following initial diplomatic overtures and alliances, including marriages that solidified their position within local courts, Bugis leaders such as Daeng Parani and Daeng Marewah played pivotal roles in navigating Kedah's turbulent political landscape. Their military prowess

6572-592: The Bugis-Malay people reflect a blend of cultural influences and historical evolution, showcasing a unique sartorial heritage. For men, the traditional outfit includes the Baju Melayu , a traditional Malay shirt worn with a samping (a type of sarong) around the waist. This is complemented by a jacket and headgear, such as the Tanjak . Notable styles include the Tanjak Bugis Tak Balik , symbolizing

6696-587: The Bugis-Malays of Sulawesi but also the Bugis, Makassar and Mandarese people. The political and economic upheavals following the Makassar War and the subsequent Treaty of Bongaya, which disadvantaged the Gowa Kingdom, drove many Bugis and other inhabitants of Sulawesi to seek new opportunities and refuge from the turbulent political climate. The historical narrative of the Bugis in the Malay lands

6820-478: The Dutch in Melaka due to Linggi's proximity. The Dutch, recognizing the Bugis' growing power, expressed their concerns to the Sultan of Johor on October 6, 1701. Similar apprehensions had arisen during Raja Kecik's rule, leading to attempts to block Bugis movements through Naning to prevent attacks on Rembau. The Bugis presence in the region signaled their strategic intent to expand and solidify their influence, much to

6944-447: The Kaili under Dutch rule. Some very surprising and interesting photographs were taken of shamans called Tadulako. Further Christian religious missions entered the area to make one of the most detailed ethnographic studies in the early 20th century. A Swede by the name of Walter Kaudern later studied much of the literature and produced a synthesis. Erskine Downs in the 1950s produced a summary of Kruyts and Andrianis work: "The religion of

7068-821: The Maduppa Busarak is a traditional welcome dance performed at palatial ceremonies to honor royalty and distinguished guests, showcasing the Bugis tradition of hospitality. Its contemporary adaptation, the Mappa Duppa, reflects the dance's influence in Pontian, Johor, and is performed during similar welcoming occasions. In addition to these ceremonial dances, the Poja Dance and the Tarian Zapin Cemara are notable elements of Bugis performing arts. The Poja Dance, performed during significant events like

7192-430: The Majapahit port in East Java. By 1400, a number of nascent agricultural principalities had arisen in the western Cenrana valley, as well as on the south coast and on the west coast near modern Parepare. The first Europeans to visit the island (which they believed to be an archipelago due to its contorted shape) were the Portuguese sailors Simão de Abreu in 1523, and Gomes de Sequeira (among others) in 1525, sent from

7316-403: The Malay Peninsula and Java . The empire gained effective control of two major choke points in maritime Southeast Asia: the Strait of Malacca and the Sunda Strait . By launching a series of conquests and raids on potential rival ports on both sides of the strait, Srivijaya ensured its economic and military domination in the region, which lasted about 700 years. Srivijaya gained great benefits from

7440-427: The Malay Peninsula have evolved to incorporate local architectural styles and practical considerations, such as the shift from the steeply pitched roofs of South Sulawesi to the 'limas' roof form, which is more suitable for the region's climate. The layout of Bugis-Malay houses in the Malay Peninsula typically features multiple sections or lontang, reflecting the traditional Bugis emphasis on spatial organization. Unlike

7564-459: The Malay Peninsula reflect an adaptation of Bugis architectural traditions from South Sulawesi, Indonesia, illustrating the cultural adaptability of the Bugis people. These traditional homes preserve essential elements of Bugis architecture, such as the cosmological layering of the house into three distinct zones: the upper layer for valuables, the central living space and the lower section for waste and domestic animals. However, Bugis-Malay houses in

SECTION 60

#1732786813306

7688-431: The Malay Peninsula such as Langkasuka and Kelantan . After the tenth century, ships from China began to trade at these eastern trading posts and ports. Kedah and Funan were famous ports throughout the 6th century, before shipping began to use the Strait of Malacca itself as a trade route. In the 7th century, the maritime empire of Srivijaya , based in Palembang , Sumatra , rose to power, and its influence expanded to

7812-510: The Malay Peninsula, driven by the search for improved living conditions and economic opportunities, as well as a desire to escape oppressive circumstances. This migration resulted in the formation of Bugis communities across Southeast Asia, contributing to the region's cultural and demographic diversity. The fall of Makassar had a significant impact, prompting a large-scale migration towards the Malay regions and other areas including Bali , Java , Borneo and Aceh . This exodus included not only

7936-414: The Mediterranean, there to the upper Adriatic region to the northern Italian hub of Trieste with its rail connections to Central Europe and the North Sea . Over 94,000 vessels pass through the strait each year (2008) making it the busiest strait in the world, carrying about 25% of the world's traded goods, including oil, Chinese manufactured products, coal, palm oil and Indonesian coffee . About

8060-462: The Moluccas in search of gold, which the islands had the reputation of producing. A Portuguese base was installed in Makassar in the first decades of the 16th century, lasting until 1665, when it was taken by the Dutch. The Dutch had arrived in Sulawesi in 1605 and were quickly followed by the English, who established a factory in Makassar. From 1660, the Dutch were at war with Gowa , the major Makassar west coast power. In 1669, Admiral Speelman forced

8184-425: The Phillip Channel (close to southern Singapore ). The draught of some of the world's largest ships (mostly oil tankers ) exceeds the Strait's minimum depth of 25 metres (82 feet). This shallow point occurs in the Singapore Strait . The maximum size of a vessel that can pass through the Strait is referred to as the Malaccamax . The next closest passageway to the east, the Sunda Strait between Sumatra and Java,

8308-416: The South China Sea. Prior to this migration, Bugis traders had already established a presence in the Malay regions during the Malacca Sultanate period, being recognized as prominent merchants in the eastern islands. The Bugis first became prominently involved in the Johor-Riau-Lingga-Pahang Sultanate during a period of political instability following the "Tragedi Seulas Nangka" in 1699. This event, marked by

8432-523: The Sultanate, underscored their strategic importance in regional politics. Through their adept military strategy and adaptive leadership, the Bugis not only bolstered Kedah's defenses but also contributed to its economic stability through maritime trade and resource management. Their legacy in Kedah highlights the enduring impact of Bugis influence on shaping the Sultanate's political trajectory and fostering alliances crucial for regional stability and growth. In Borneo, specifically in Sambas, Matan and Mempawah,

8556-425: The adoption of the title "Raja" by Bugis-Malay descendants originated from a unique socio-political adaptation. Raja Haji, born to a Bugis father, Daeng Cella’, and a Malay mother, Tengku Madak, was the first from his lineage to adopt the "Raja" title. Traditionally, Bugis nobility used titles like "Daeng" or "Andi." This shift to "Raja" symbolized the integration and acculturation between Malay and Bugis cultures within

8680-414: The age of the depiction of hunting a pig and buffalo thanks to the calcite 'popcorn', different isotope levels of radioactive uranium and thorium . In March 2020, two small stone ' plaquettes ' were found by Griffith University archaeologists in the Leang Bulu Bettue cave, dated to a time between 26,000 and 14,000 years ago. While one of the stones contained an anoa (water buffalo) and what may be

8804-427: The area in July 2004. Subsequently, attacks on ships in the Strait of Malacca dropped, to 79 in 2005 and 50 in 2006. Attacks have dropped to near zero in recent years. There are 34  shipwrecks , some dating to the 1880s, in the local TSS channel (the channel for commercial ships under the global Traffic Separation Scheme ). These pose a collision hazard in the narrow and shallow strait. On 20 August 2017,

8928-453: The arrival of a group from east Borneo speaking a Proto- South Sulawesi language (PSS). Initial settlement was probably around the mouth of the Sa'dan river, on the northwest coast of the peninsula, although the south coast has also been suggested. Subsequent migrations across the mountainous landscape resulted in the geographical isolation of PSS speakers and the evolution of their languages into

9052-465: The assassination of Sultan Mahmud Shah II , plunged the Sultanate into turmoil. Raja Kecik , claiming descent from Sultan Mahmud, seized power and established himself as Sultan Abdul Jalil Rahmat Shah (1717–1722). Amidst these power struggles, the Bugis leaders, including Daing Parani and Daing Marewah, formed strategic alliances with local Malay rulers against Raja Kecik. Their military prowess and strategic acumen were crucial in these alliances, providing

9176-641: The broader social and cultural fabric of the Johor-Riau Sultanate, blending their Bugis heritage with the prevailing Malay aristocratic traditions. However, it is important to note that not all individuals bearing the titles "Tengku" and "Raja" are of Bugis-Malay descent, as these titles are also used by other Malay aristocratic families. Sulawesi Sulawesi ( / ˌ s uː l ə ˈ w eɪ s i / SOO -lə- WAY -see ), also known as Celebes ( / ˈ s ɛ l ɪ b iː z , s ə ˈ l iː b iː z / SEL -ib-eez, sə- LEE -beez ),

9300-547: The busy strait. The strait is frequently used by ships longer than 350 metres (1,150 ft) . Thailand has developed plans to divert much of the strait's traffic and hence some of its economic significance to a shorter route: the Thai government has several times proposed cutting a canal through the Isthmus of Kra , saving around 960 kilometres (600 mi) from the journey between the two oceans. China has offered to cover

9424-720: The concern of colonial powers. The Bugis presence in Rembau lasted until October 1756, when Daeng Kemboja assembled forces to attack Melaka. They built fortresses in Klebang as bases for their operations, with support from Tengku Raja Said of Selangor. After nine months of conflict, the Bugis retreated to Linggi and Rembau Hilir following their defeat. Eventually, Daeng Kemboja and his forces relocated to Pedas, where they faced local resistance but ultimately secured their position. This persistent effort to establish dominance in Linggi exemplified

9548-477: The costs, according to a report leaked to The Washington Times in 2004. Nevertheless, and despite the support of several Thai politicians, the prohibitive financial and ecological costs suggest that the canal will not be built. An alternative is to install a pipeline across the Isthmus of Kra to carry oil to ships waiting on the other side. Proponents calculate it would cut the cost of oil delivery to Asia by about $ 0.50/barrel ($ 3/m ). Myanmar has also made

9672-492: The deadly 2018 and 2021 quakes. Off the eastern coast of Sulawesi, the North Banda Sea was created through subduction rollback during the early Miocene. Evidence for this tectonic event lies with the extensive interconnected fault network found in the area, a volcanic seamount with its surrounding ridges, and an accretionary wedge. Off the coast of east Selawesti and Banggai is an accumulation of carbonate rocks from

9796-516: The eight families of the South Sulawesi language group. If each group can be said to have a homeland, that of the Bugis – today the most numerous group – was around lakes Témpé and Sidénréng in the Walennaé depression. Here for some 2,000 years lived the linguistic group that would become the modern Bugis; the archaic name of this group (which is preserved in other local languages) was Ugiq. Despite

9920-593: The fact that today they are closely linked with the Makassarese , the closest linguistic neighbors of the Bugis are the Torajans . Pre-1200 Bugis society was most likely organized into chiefdoms . Some anthropologists have speculated these chiefdoms would have warred and, in times of peace, interbred. Further, they have speculated that personal security would have been negligible and head-hunting an established cultural practice. The political economy would have been

10044-405: The first time an external ethnic group was formally integrated into the existing Malay political structure. The Bugis, who were initially outsiders, achieved a prominent status within the kingdom through this agreement. The oath was established following the Bugis' crucial role in aiding Raja Sulaiman of Johor-Riau in regaining his throne and restoring his authority. In recognition of their support,

10168-579: The following words: ...جكالاو توان كڤد بوڬيس توانله كڤد ملايو دان جكالاو توان كڤد ملايو توانله كڤد بوڬيس دان جكالاو موسوه كڤد بوڬيس موسوهله كڤد ملايو دان جكالاو موسوه كڤد ملايو موسوهله كڤد بوڬيس مك بارڠسياڤا موڠكير ...jikalau tuan kepada Bugis, tuanlah kepada Melayu dan jikalau tuan kepada Melayu tuanlah kepada Bugis dan jikalau musuh kepada Bugis musuhlah kepada Melayu dan jikalau musuh kepada Melayu musuhlah kepada Bugis maka barangsiapa mungkir dibinasakan Allah sampai anak cucunya... "... if he

10292-646: The groundwork for the Selangor Sultanate's establishment. Raja Lumu's rule marked the formal establishment of the Selangor Sultanate , further expanding Bugis influence in the Malay Peninsula. This strategic move not only secured their power but also ensured the stability and growth of Selangor under Bugis leadership, making it a significant political entity in the region. The Bugis influence extended to Linggi , where 600 Bugis warriors under Daeng Marewah agreed to settle. This development worried

10416-609: The history of the Malay-Bugis political structure during the 18th century, focusing on key events, alliances and conflicts within the Johor-Riau-Lingga Sultanate. Completed in the 1860s, this manuscript offers valuable insights into the political dynamics and cultural exchanges between the Bugis and Malay peoples. Silsilah Melayu dan Bugis , transcribed by Haji Abdullah bin Khairuddin in 1866, provides

10540-623: The integration of traditional Bugis design with local customs. One staircase is used for male guests, while the other provides access for females and connects to the kitchen and back areas. This adaptation aligns with cultural norms and practical needs, demonstrating how the Bugis community in the Malay Peninsula has successfully preserved key aspects of their heritage while blending with local traditions and environmental conditions. In general, Bugis-Malay descendants do not frequently use ancestral names unless they have inherited noble titles from their paternal side. Some Bugis-Malay families continue to use

10664-478: The island and separates the island from Borneo. The name Sulawesi possibly comes from the words sula ("island") and besi ("iron") and may refer to the historical export of iron from the rich Lake Matano iron deposits . The name came into common use in English following Indonesian independence . The name Celebes was originally given to the island by Portuguese explorers . While its direct translation

10788-401: The island are the provincial capitals of Makassar , Manado , Palu , Kendari , and Gorontalo (the provincial capital of West Sulawesi – the town of Mamuju – is not a city); there are six other cities – Bitung, Palopo, Bau-Bau, Parepare, Kotamobagu and Tomohun. Sulawesi is part of Wallacea , meaning that it has a mix of both Indomalayan and Australasian species that reached

10912-417: The island by crossing deep-water oceanic barriers . The flora includes one native eucalypt, E. deglupta . There are 8 national parks on the island, of which 4 are mostly marine . The parks with the largest terrestrial area are Bogani Nani Wartabone with 2,871 km and Lore Lindu National Park with 2,290 km . Bunaken National Park , which protects a rich coral ecosystem, has been proposed as

11036-603: The island is believed to have been formed by the collision of terranes from the Asian Plate (forming the west and southwest) and from the Australian Plate (forming the southeast and Banggai ), with island arcs previously in the Pacific (forming the north and east peninsulas). Because of its several tectonic origins, various faults scar the land and as a result the island is prone to earthquakes , including

11160-399: The island's inhabitants. Their involvement was crucial in transforming Singapore into a major trading hub within the Malay Archipelago, underscoring their economic and cultural significance. The Bugis also extended their presence to Melaka, Terengganu, Sarawak, Jambi, Palembang, Bangka-Belitung and Patani. Their strategic alliances, military campaigns, and integration into local societies left

11284-572: The larger local communities. The Bugis are renowned for their exceptional seafaring skills, as celebrated in their epic literary work, La Galigo . This epic recounts the legendary voyages of Sawerigading, reflecting the Bugis' deep-rooted inclination towards exploration and travel. The cultural value of siri, which encompasses pride, honor and dignity, significantly motivated the Bugis to seek new opportunities. Maintaining their social status and personal honor through siri drove them to strive for self-improvement and resilience. Economic factors also played

11408-626: The late Miocene. These carbonates are likely pinnacle reefs and the carbonate platform  has a total thickness of around 180–770 meters. Sulawesi, in contrast to most of the other islands in the biogeographical region of Wallacea , is not truly oceanic, but a composite island at the centre of the Asia-Australia collision zone . Parts of the island were formerly attached to either the Asian or Australian continental margin and became separated from these areas by vicariant processes . In

11532-402: The latter into South Sulawesi and Southeast Sulawesi. Today, it is subdivided into six provinces : Gorontalo , West Sulawesi , South Sulawesi , Central Sulawesi , Southeast Sulawesi , and North Sulawesi . Among these, the newest provinces are Gorontalo, established in 2000 from part of North Sulawesi, and West Sulawesi, established in 2004 from part of South Sulawesi. The largest cities on

11656-701: The lowlands of the south western peninsula (South Sulawesi) to Islam occurred in the early 17th century. The kingdom of Luwu in the Gulf of Bone was the first to embrace Islam in February 1605; the Makassar kingdom of Gowa-Talloq, centred on the modern-day city of Makassar , followed suit in September. However, the Gorontalo and the Mongondow peoples of the northern peninsula largely converted to Islam only in

11780-618: The lucrative spice trade, e.g. the tributary trade system with China, and trade with Indian and Arab merchants. The Strait of Malacca became an important maritime trade route between India and China. The importance of the Strait of Malacca in global trade networks continued well into later centuries with the rise of the Malacca Sultanate in the 15th century, the Johor Sultanate , the Straits Settlements , and

11904-550: The megaliths is unknown. Approximately 30 of the megaliths represent human forms. Other megaliths are in form of large pots ( Kalamba ) and stone plates ( Tutu'na ). A burial of a woman associated with the hunter-gatherer Toalean culture dating to 7,000 years ago has yielded DNA that has provided rare insight into early migrations in and through the region. In October 2014, it was announced that cave paintings in Maros had been dated as being approximately 40,000 years old. One of

12028-512: The middle. The past geological history has allowed for a large accumulation of carbonates which could lead to a higher potential of oil and gas occurrences. However, the faults present in the basin makes it a very complicated system. The oldest evidence for humans on Sulawesi are stone tools produced by archaic humans , dating from over 200,000 to 100,000 years ago, that were found at the Talepu site in southwestern Sulawesi. Before October 2014,

12152-483: The mispronunciation "Tengku." This adaptation was further complicated by the Malays' occasional use of "Tengku" in a satirical manner. To preserve their dignity and assert their noble status, the Bugis nobility began to use the title "Engku" as an alternative. This title not only distinguished them from the purely Malay nobility, who used titles like "Tun" and "Tengku," but also signified their adaptation and integration into

12276-550: The modern city-state of Singapore . Since the 17th century, the strait has been the main shipping channel between the Indian Ocean and the Pacific Ocean. Various major regional powers have managed the straits during different historical periods. From an economic and strategic perspective, the Strait of Malacca is one of the most important shipping lanes in the world. The strait is the main shipping channel between

12400-472: The north. The southwestern coast of the Malay Peninsula. On the south. The northeastern coast of Sumatra as far to the eastward as Tanjong Kedabu ( 1°06′N 102°58′E  /  1.100°N 102.967°E  / 1.100; 102.967 ), thence to Klein Karimoen. Early traders from Arabia , Africa , Persia , and southern India reached Kedah before arriving at Guangzhou . Kedah served as

12524-665: The northern Minahasa Peninsula , the East Peninsula , the South Peninsula , and the Southeast Peninsula . Three gulfs separate these peninsulas: the Gulf of Tomini between the northern Minahasa and East peninsulas, the Tolo Gulf between the East and Southeast peninsulas, and the Bone Gulf between the South and Southeast peninsulas. The Strait of Makassar runs along the western side of

12648-675: The northernmost Sangir and Talaud Islands . The Toraja people of Tana Toraja in South Sulawesi have largely converted to Christianity since Indonesia's independence. There are also substantial numbers of Christians around Lake Poso in Central Sulawesi, among the Pamona speaking peoples of Central Sulawesi, and near Mamasa. Though most people identify themselves as Muslims or Christians, they often subscribe to local beliefs and deities as well . Smaller communities of Buddhists and Hindus are also found on Sulawesi, usually among

12772-458: The open-plan designs found in South Sulawesi, houses in the Malay Peninsula often include partitions, catering to local preferences for privacy and functional separation. Additionally, these houses commonly have a front section, known as ri saliweng, for receiving visitors, and a veranda or lego-lego, which serves as a communal space for relaxation and social interaction. The presence of two separate staircases in Bugis-Malay houses further highlights

12896-577: The opening of the Sultan Alam Shah Museum, is structured into three segments that celebrate and honor guests through specific movements and gestures. Meanwhile, the Tarian Zapin Cemara, believed to have originated from Sabak Bernam, is celebrated for its distinctive style and meaningful connection to local cultural traditions. These performances illustrate the richness of Bugis-Malay artistic expression and its role in preserving cultural heritage through dance and music. Bugis-Malay houses in

13020-776: The owner's social status. Among the various types of Bugis krises are the Selayar Bugis , the Bugis Semenanjung and the Bugis Terengganu keris. Each type represents a regional variant of this iconic weapon, highlighting the diversity and cultural significance of the Bugis kris across different areas. The Bugis-Malay performing arts are characterized by a rich variety of traditional dance and music, reflecting their cultural heritage. Traditional dances often serve ceremonial purposes, such as welcoming esteemed guests or celebrating significant events. For instance,

13144-643: The remembrance of their ancestral land in South Sulawesi, and the Sumange Oge headgear, linked to the Malay Bugis descendants. The Tanjak Nakhoda Trong, named after a prominent Bugis captain from Pulau Trong in the Riau Islands, represents another significant variation of traditional Bugis headgear. For women, traditional attire typically features the Baju Bodo , distinguished by its Bugis cuts and

13268-423: The rich history and interactions of these communities in the Malay Archipelago. The Sumpah Setia Melayu Bugis (Malay-Bugis Oath of Allegiance) refers to a historic political pact and oath of loyalty formed between the Malay and the Bugis in the Johor-Riau Malay kingdom during the 18th century. This alliance marked a significant event in the history of the Malay Peninsula and the wider Archipelago, as it represented

13392-486: The right bank of the Walanae River at Barru (now part of Bone Regency ), which were thought to date to the Pleistocene on the basis of their association with vertebrate fossils, are now thought to date to perhaps 50,000 BC. Following Peter Bellwood's model of a southward migration of Austronesian-speaking farmers (AN), radiocarbon dates from caves in Maros suggest a date in the mid-second millennium BC for

13516-548: The ruler, Sultan Hasanuddin, to sign the Treaty of Bongaya , which handed control of trade to the Dutch East India Company . The Dutch were aided in their conquest by the Bugis warlord Arung Palakka, ruler of the Bugis kingdom of Bone . The Dutch built a fort at Ujung Pandang, while Arung Palakka became the regional overlord and Bone the dominant kingdom. Political and cultural development seems to have slowed as

13640-480: The settlement of South Sulawesi by modern humans had been dated to c. 30,000 BC on the basis of radiocarbon dates obtained from rock shelters in Maros. No earlier evidence of human occupation had at that point been found, but the island almost certainly formed part of the land bridge used for the settlement of Australia and New Guinea by at least 40,000 BC. There is no evidence of Homo erectus having reached Sulawesi; crude stone tools first discovered in 1947 on

13764-565: The socio-political fabric of these kingdoms. The Bugis' ability to navigate and dominate the complex political landscapes of Kalimantan underscored their strategic acumen and adaptability, making them indispensable allies and powerful rulers in these regions. The Bugis significantly impacted various regions in Southeast Asia, notably influencing the political and economic landscapes of Siak, Perak, Singapore, Melaka, Jambi, Palembang, Bangka-Belitung, Terengganu, Sarawak and Patani. In Siak ,

13888-415: The southern extremity of the Malay Peninsula ( 1°16′N 103°31′E  /  1.267°N 103.517°E  / 1.267; 103.517 ), and The Brothers ( 1°11.5′N 103°21′E  /  1.1917°N 103.350°E  / 1.1917; 103.350 ), and thence to Klein Karimoen ( 1°10′N 103°23.5′E  /  1.167°N 103.3917°E  / 1.167; 103.3917 ). On

14012-660: The state's stability and governance, leaving a lasting influence on its historical development. Following the British establishment of a trading post in Singapore in 1819, the Bugis played a key role in the island's development. A group of 500 Bugis, led by Chieftain Arong Bilawa, settled in Singapore shortly after the British arrival. By 1824, the Bugis population had grown to around 1,851, constituting over 10 percent of

14136-412: The strength needed to challenge Raja Kecik's authority. With the assistance of the Bugis, Sultan Sulaiman Badrul Alam Shah I emerged victorious in 1722, reclaiming Johor-Riau-Lingga-Pahang from Raja Kecik's rule. This victory was not only a testament to the Bugis' military capabilities but also marked the beginning of their significant influence in the region. As a reward for their support, Daing Marewah

14260-412: The sultanate, aiming to harmonize their social structures and reduce ethnic distinctions. Over time, Bugis descendants in Johor-Riau embraced Malay culture and customs, including the use of "Raja," leading to a unified noble identity that increasingly aligned with Malay heritage while diminishing their distinct Bugis roots. The title "Engku," used by Bugis-Malay descendants in the Johor-Riau Sultanate, has

14384-436: The traditional title "Daeng," which reflects their Bugis heritage. However, others have adopted titles such as "Raja" and "Engku," which are more aligned with Malay aristocratic traditions. This variation in title usage reflects the blending of Bugis and Malay cultures and the adaptation of titles that signify noble status within the context of the Johor-Riau Sultanate's social structure. In the Johor-Riau and Selangor Sultanate,

14508-662: The west, the opening of the Makassar Strait separated West Sulawesi from Sundaland in the Eocene c. 45 Mya. In the east, the traditional view of collisions of multiple micro-continental fragments sliced from New Guinea with an active volcanic margin in West Sulawesi at different times since the Early Miocene c. 20 Mya has recently been replaced by the hypothesis that extensional fragmentation has followed

14632-490: The west. A line joining Pedropunt , the northernmost point of Sumatra ( 5°40′N 95°26′E  /  5.667°N 95.433°E  / 5.667; 95.433 ), and Lem Voalan, the southern extremity of Goh Puket [Phromthep Cape on Phuket Island ] in Siam [ Thailand ] ( 7°45′N 98°18′E  /  7.750°N 98.300°E  / 7.750; 98.300 ). On the east. A line joining Tanjong Piai (Bulus),

14756-463: The world. The name “Malacca” is traditionally associated with the Malacca tree ( Phyllanthus emblica ), also known as the Indian gooseberry tree, and is believed to derive from the local Malay word 'Melaka'. According to historical traditions, Parameswara , a Sumatran prince and the founder of the Malacca Sultanate , selected the site for his new kingdom where the city of Malacca now stands. It

14880-486: The world. The largest of these are the two species of anoa or dwarf buffalo. Other artiodactyl species inhabiting Sulawesi are the warty pig and the babirusas , which are aberrant pigs. The only native carnivoran is the Sulawesi palm civet ( Asian palm and Malayan civets have been introduced ). Primates present include a number of nocturnal tarsiers ( T. fuscus , Dian's , Gursky's , Jatna's , Wallace's ,

15004-420: Was an ally to the Bugis he shall then be an ally to the Malays and if he was an ally to the Malays he shall then be an ally to the Bugis and if he was a nemesis to the Bugis he shall then be a nemesis to the Malays and if he was a nemesis to the Malays he shall then be a nemesis to the Bugis if one ever betrayed calamity by Allah till his descendants..." The traditional attire and textiles of

15128-683: Was appointed Yang Dipertuan Muda, a position crucial to maintaining stability and unity within the Sultanate. This appointment underscored the pivotal role the Bugis played in the political landscape of the Sultanate, establishing them as key power brokers and protectors of the Sultan's authority. Following their success in Johor-Riau, the Bugis leaders sought to consolidate their influence in Selangor. Their migration aimed to bolster military capabilities and gather resources to confront remaining adversaries, particularly Raja Kecik. During their absence, however, Raja Kecik reasserted control over Riau, prompting

15252-547: Was crucial in supporting Sultan Abdullah Mukarram Shah in defending against Siamese encroachments and internal rivalries, securing the Sultanate's sovereignty during periods of colonial confrontations and dynastic disputes. The Bugis intervention in Kedah was characterized by a series of military campaigns aimed at preserving royal authority and territorial integrity. Their alliances with local Malay rulers against external threats, including Siamese ambitions and rival factions within

15376-461: Was dated to 2nd–7th century AD by Bosch (1933). In 1975, small locally made Buddhist statues from 10th-11th century were also discovered in Bontoharu, on the island of Selayar , South Sulawesi. Starting in the 13th century, access to prestige trade goods and to sources of iron started to alter long-standing cultural patterns and to permit ambitious individuals to build larger political units. It

#305694