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143-456: Build Back Better may refer to: Building Back Better , a United Nations Program Building Back Better, a program of disaster relief organization Medair Build Back Better, a slogan of the Joe Biden 2020 presidential campaign Build Back Better Plan , an economic and infrastructure package proposed by Joe Biden Build Back Better Act ,

286-609: A bill introduced in the 117th Congress Build Back Better World , an initiative taken by G7 countries Build Back Better, US president Bill Clinton 's humanitarian program in Haiti Build Back Better, a motto of Zamboanga City , Philippines Build Back Better, a slogan in the 2020 Singaporean general election Build Back Better: Our Plan for Growth , the name of the UK Government's March 2021 programme for economic recovery Topics referred to by

429-550: A bottleneck at the Rigolets Pass, forcing it farther inland. The range of surge levels in eastern St. Tammany Parish is estimated at 13–16 feet (4.0–4.9 m), not including wave action. Hard-hit St. Bernard Parish was flooded because of breaching of the levees that contained a navigation channel called the Mississippi River Gulf Outlet (MR-GO) and the breach of the 40 Arpent canal levee that

572-719: A change to land rights. Those foreshore areas left vacant after pulling back would become public open space. An example of this was in Leyte after the Yolanda disaster, where Bell of the World Bank advised on a "no occupancy" and "no build" zone for impacted foreshore properties, which was subsequently fixed at 40 meters setback from MHWM for residential purposes but without change for business purposes (viz. mainly fishing). This required changes to land property boundaries leading to complaints and disputes with local landowners. However, it

715-528: A free-board consideration so that the habitable areas of houses and buildings are above designated flood levels. In coastal areas prone to surge, resilience can be enhanced by not occupying land below the Mean High-Water Mark (MHWM) and, in some circumstances, pulling well back from MHWM. This means only occupying lands that are above MHWM and possibly a significant height above MHWM to minimize risk due to tidal surge. Significantly, this may mean

858-660: A mandatory evacuation was ordered for vulnerable housing in Martin County . Shelters were opened across the region. Officials closed the Miami International Airport , Fort Lauderdale–Hollywood International Airport , Key West International Airport , and Florida Keys Marathon Airport due to the storm. In Monroe and Collier counties, schools were closed, and a shelter was opened in Immokalee . On August 28, Alabama Governor Bob Riley declared

1001-436: A massive national and international response effort, including federal, local, and private rescue operations to evacuate those displaced from the city in the following weeks. After the storm, multiple investigations concluded that the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers , which had designed and built the region's levees decades earlier, was responsible for the failure of the flood-control systems. However, federal courts later ruled that

1144-471: A new concept, but this is common sense to the Japanese people, coming from our historical experiences in recovering from disaster and preparing for the future, and it has become an important part of the culture of Japan." The Sendai Framework explicitly identified Building Back Better in recovery, reconstruction, and rehabilitation. The framework was adopted by UN member states as one of four priorities in

1287-518: A news conference at 10 am. EDT on August 28, shortly after Katrina was upgraded to a Category 5 storm, New Orleans mayor Ray Nagin ordered the first-ever mandatory evacuation of the city, calling Katrina "a storm that most of us have long feared". The city government also established several "refuges of last resort" for citizens who could not leave the city, including the massive Louisiana Superdome , which sheltered approximately 26,000 people and provided them with food and water for several days as

1430-522: A peninsula between the Back Bay and the coast, was particularly hard hit, especially the low-lying Point Cadet area. In Jackson County, storm surge flowed up the wide river estuary , with the combined surge and freshwater flooding cutting the county in half. Remarkably, over 90% of Pascagoula, the easternmost coastal city in Mississippi, and about 75 miles (120 km) east of Katrina's landfall near

1573-478: A result of Hurricane Katrina and two people died in a traffic accident in the state. Residents in some areas, such as Selma, were without power for several days. Northern and central Georgia were affected by heavy rains and strong winds from Hurricane Katrina as the storm moved inland, with more than 3 inches (76 mm) of rain falling in several areas. At least 18 tornadoes formed in Georgia on August 29, 2005,

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1716-548: A result of Hurricane Katrina. Katrina's storm surge inundated all parishes surrounding Lake Pontchartrain, including St. Tammany , Tangipahoa, St. John the Baptist , and St. Charles Parishes. St. Tammany Parish received a two-part storm surge. The first surge came as Lake Pontchartrain rose and the storm blew water from the Gulf of Mexico into the lake. The second came as the eye of Katrina passed, westerly winds pushed water into

1859-415: A state of emergency for the approaching Hurricane Katrina. On the same day, he requested President Bush to declare "expedited major disaster declaration" for six counties of South Alabama, which was quickly approved. Three hundred fifty national guardsmen were called on duty by August 30. The state of Mississippi activated its National Guard on August 26 in preparation for the storm's landfall. Additionally,

2002-511: A state of emergency in selected regions of Louisiana, Alabama, and Mississippi on August 27. "On Sunday, August 28, President Bush spoke with Governor Blanco to encourage her to order a mandatory evacuation of New Orleans." However, during the testimony by former Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) chief Michael Brown before a U.S. House subcommittee on September 26, Representative Stephen Buyer (R-IN) inquired as to why Bush's declaration of state of emergency of August 27 had not included

2145-630: A strong Category 3 hurricane. Although the storm surge to the east of the path of the eye in Mississippi was higher, a significant surge affected the Louisiana coast. The height of the surge is uncertain because of a lack of data, although a tide gauge in Plaquemines Parish indicated a storm tide in excess of 14 feet (4.3 m), and a 12-foot (3.7 m) storm surge was recorded in Grand Isle . The hurricane made its final landfall near

2288-756: A strong, full-time presence in Aceh, from March 2005 when RALAS project preparation commenced until RALAS closed in June 2009. This presence enabled the World Bank to work closely with BPN, civil society and UN agencies throughout the RALAS implementation, providing technical support as well as close monitoring and supervision. Clinton specifically commented on RALAS after his first visit as the Special Envoy in May 2005: "I can think of nothing that will generate more income over

2431-508: A study in August 2005 and one of its key findings was: “The lack of appropriate, reliable, standardized and current maps is hindering progress on the reconstruction effort, a situation that will become worse unless immediate action is taken to accelerate the production of new spatial data and maps and provide improved access to information for teams on the ground. There have been several proposals put forward by GoI agencies and NGOs for ODAs to fund

2574-496: Is a global partnership program, under the administration of the World Bank, and was established in September 2006. Notably, there is a degree of correlation between a number of the aforementioned Clinton's propositions for BBB core principles. In consideration of the seven core principles, it would be appropriate to consider these under four core themes: "Agencies must be accountable to the people they seek to assist." Governance

2717-772: Is a need to ensure there is maintenance of systems and assets, or else investments may be wasted and with catastrophic consequences. As reported later, there are clear lessons arising from the 2018 Sulawesi tsunami disaster where government failed to maintain the early warning system installed as part of the post 2004 tsunami BBB reconstruction. Furthermore, it has been identified that resilience to natural shocks may be strengthened through better reconstruction processes. For example, adopting standards for earthquake-resistant housing and buildings will reduce damage from subsequent earthquakes. Through planning approvals, build housing only in areas which are deemed less vulnerable to flooding and in areas which have been subject to flooding, rebuild with

2860-500: Is almost impossible to determine the exact cause of some of the fatalities. A 2008 report by the Disaster Medicine and Public Health Preparedness journal indicates that 966 deaths can be directly attributed to the storm in Louisiana, including out of state evacuees, and another 20 indirectly (such as firearm-related deaths and gas poisoning). Due to uncertain causes of death with 454 evacuees, an upper-bound of 1,440

3003-445: Is deemed BBB, has three primary benefits to help reduce future costs: “ Breaking the disaster-rebuild-disaster cycle”; “Strengthening existing infrastructure” and “Reducing down time for businesses and critical public facilities and services”. FEMA has reported that for every $ 1 spent on disaster preparedness, $ 4 is saved in the disaster itself. In India, super-cyclone BOB06 killed more than 10,000 people in 1999. During recovery,

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3146-474: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Building Back Better The term BBB was first used in the World Bank's Preliminary Stocktake of the damage and destruction from the December 2004 tsunami to Aceh and Nias, that was published in May 2005. This stocktake included the early identification of key requirements for recovery and reconstruction. It

3289-627: Is needed. For recovery and reconstruction geospatial information assists in damage and loss assessments and enables planning, monitoring and evaluation of progress. Mapping supports and enables immediate or early identification of losses, delivering emergency aid, evacuations, coordination, and monitoring. Further, geospatial information plays important roles in preventing mitigation. Successful BBB requires geospatial information to support all stages. Many developing countries that experience major disasters lack reliable, authoritative land tenure where landowners have secure rights. Aceh and Nias experienced

3432-689: Is noted in the paper. A follow-up study by the Louisiana Department of Health & Hospitals determined that the storm was directly responsible for 1,170 fatalities in Louisiana. Federal disaster declarations covered 90,000 square miles (230,000 km ) of the United States, an area almost as large as the United Kingdom. The hurricane left an estimated three million people without electricity. On September 3, 2005, Homeland Security Secretary Michael Chertoff described

3575-491: Is paramount and corruption may be high risk. Geospatial information, including mapping and broader location-based information, fulfills key roles in all stages of disasters before and after a disaster strikes. Such information is essential for emergency response to deliver assistance and undertake evacuations. Coordination of emergency response and monitoring progress is largely driven on a location-basis. Agencies delivering aid require coordination to enable delivery to where it

3718-519: The Gulf of Mexico on August 26 and rapidly intensified . The storm strengthened into a Category 5 hurricane over the warm waters of the Gulf of Mexico before weakening to a high-end Category 3 hurricane at its second landfall on August 29 over southeast Louisiana and Mississippi . The largest loss of life in Hurricane Katrina was due to flooding caused by engineering flaws in

3861-539: The Lesser Antilles . On August 23, the disturbance organized into Tropical Depression Twelve over the southeastern Bahamas. The storm strengthened into Tropical Storm Katrina on the morning of August 24. The tropical storm moved towards Florida and became a hurricane only two hours before making landfall between Hallandale Beach and Aventura on the morning of August 25. The storm weakened over land, but it regained hurricane status about one hour after entering

4004-504: The Loop Current , from a Category 3 hurricane to a Category 5 hurricane in just nine hours. After attaining Category 5 hurricane status on the morning of August 28, Katrina reached its peak strength at 1800 UTC , with maximum sustained winds of 175 mph (280 km/h) and a minimum central pressure of 902  mbar (26.6  inHg ). The pressure measurement made Katrina the fifth most intense Atlantic hurricane on record at

4147-701: The Miami metropolitan area , with a peak total of 16.43 in (417 mm) in Perrine . As a result, local flooding occurred in Miami-Dade County , damaging approximately 100 homes. Farther south in the Florida Keys, a tornado was spawned in Marathon on August 26. The tornado damaged a hangar at the airport there and caused an estimated $ 5 million in damage. The rains caused flooding, and

4290-784: The Third UN World Conference on Disaster Risk Reduction held on March 14–18, 2015, in Sendai, Japan . It was subsequently adopted by the UN member states at the UN General Assembly on June 3, 2015, as one of four priorities in the Sendai Framework for disaster recovery, risk reduction and sustainable development. From its genesis in 2005 for the reconstruction of Aceh and Nias in Indonesia, and since

4433-540: The United States Coast Guard (USCG), National Hurricane Center (NHC), and National Weather Service (NWS), were commended for their actions, with the NHC being particularly praised for its accurate forecasts well in advance. Katrina was the earliest 11th named storm on record before being surpassed by Tropical Storm Kyle on August 14, 2020. The destruction and loss of life caused by the storm prompted

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4576-562: The World Bank , BRR, as well as multilaterals and civil society. Clinton's reporting drew heavily from his briefings from the World Bank and BRR and the aforementioned Preliminary Stocktaking Report published in May 2005 by the World Bank. Twelve months after the tsunami struck, a Joint Report was published by BRR and development partners and released through the World Bank. The report has forewords by then Indonesian President, Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono , and Special Envoy Clinton. However,

4719-549: The federally built levee system protecting metro New Orleans and the failure of the 40 Arpent Canal levee. Failures occurred in New Orleans and surrounding communities, especially St. Bernard Parish. The Mississippi River Gulf Outlet (MR-GO) breached its levees in approximately 20 places, flooding much of eastern New Orleans, most of St. Bernard Parish and the East Bank of Plaquemines Parish . The major levee breaches in

4862-419: The 2004 tsunami at a time when a maximum of only twenty percent of landowners had formally registered land ownership through title deeds. The destruction of legal evidence of ownership along with the physical evidence of ownership (boundary demarcation by walls and fences) was further exacerbated by the loss of human evidence. In many areas, even the evidence of roads, which were the boundaries to many properties,

5005-675: The BBB Strategy was conceived during the preparation of the RALAS project, by the World Bank, under the umbrella of the MDF, during April–June 2005. RALAS was the first reconstruction project initiated and approved for funding under MDF with an allocation of US$ 28 million. The concept and context of BBB arose in discussions between the World Bank RALAS project task team and the BRR. RALAS was implemented by Badan Pertanahan Nasional (BPN), i.e.

5148-657: The Bay St. Louis–Pass Christian bridge, and the Biloxi– Ocean Springs bridge. In addition, the eastbound span of the I-10 bridge over the Pascagoula River estuary was damaged. In the weeks after the storm, with the connectivity of the coastal U.S. Highway 90 shattered, traffic traveling parallel to the coast was reduced first to State Road 11 (parallel to I-10) then to two lanes on the remaining I-10 span when it

5291-636: The Cochrane Bridge just outside Mobile. No significant damage resulted to the bridge and it was soon reopened. The damage on Dauphin Island was severe, with the surge destroying many houses and cutting a new canal through the western portion of the island. An offshore oil rig also became grounded on the island. As in Mississippi, the storm surge caused significant beach erosion along the Alabama coastline. More than 600,000 people lost power in Alabama as

5434-714: The Corps could not be held financially liable due to sovereign immunity in the Flood Control Act of 1928 . The emergency response from federal, state, and local governments was widely criticized, leading to the resignation of Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) director Michael D. Brown and New Orleans Police Department (NOPD) Superintendent Eddie Compass . Many other government officials faced criticism for their responses, especially New Orleans Mayor Ray Nagin , Louisiana Governor Kathleen Blanco , and President George W. Bush . However, several agencies, such as

5577-576: The Gulf Coast had been shut down, including all freight and Amtrak rail traffic into the evacuation areas as well as the Waterford Nuclear Generating Station . Since Hurricane Katrina, Amtrak's Sunset Limited service has never been restored past New Orleans. In Louisiana, the state's hurricane evacuation plan calls for local governments in areas along and near the coast to evacuate in three phases, starting with

5720-597: The Gulf Coast were covered under a voluntary or mandatory evacuation order. On the afternoon of August 26, the National Hurricane Center (NHC) realized that Katrina had yet to make the turn toward the Florida Panhandle and ended up revising the predicted track of the storm from the panhandle to the Mississippi coast. The National Weather Service's New Orleans/Baton Rouge office issued a vividly worded bulletin on August 28 predicting that

5863-469: The Gulf of Mexico, and it continued strengthening over open waters. On August 27, the storm reached Category 3 intensity on the Saffir-Simpson hurricane wind scale , becoming the third major hurricane of the season. An eyewall replacement cycle disrupted the intensification but caused the storm to nearly double in size. Thereafter, Katrina rapidly intensified over the "unusually warm" waters of

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6006-827: The I-10 Twin Span Bridge traveling eastbound towards Slidell, Louisiana had collapsed. Both the Lake Pontchartrain Causeway and the Crescent City Connection only carried emergency traffic. However, access to downtown New Orleans and the "shelter of last resort" at the Convention Center was never closed because River Road in Jefferson Parish and Leake Avenue and Tchoupitoulas Street in New Orleans were not flooded, and would have allowed access throughout

6149-739: The Indian Ocean at more than 800 kilometers per hour (500 miles per hour). Global attention was drawn to the term BBB arising from the address by UN Special Envoy for Tsunami Recovery Bill Clinton to the United Nations Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC) in July 2005. Clinton first visited Aceh in May 2005 in his role as Special Envoy. However, he had earlier visited Aceh in February 2005 with former US President George H.W. Bush . Clinton's May 2005 visit included meetings with

6292-734: The Indonesian government's own Master Plan for the coordination and implementation of recovery programs in Aceh and Nias and the initial Damage and Loss Assessment. The Master Plan was prepared in consultation with international bodies including agencies of the United Nations, the World Bank and the Asian Development Bank. Although the Master Plan proposed sixteen core policies each with key broad strategies for implementation, it did not explicitly mention BBB. However,

6435-407: The Japanese delegation as a holistic concept which states: "The principle of 'Build Back Better' is generally understood to use the disaster as a trigger to create more resilient nations and societies than before. This was through the implementation of well-balanced disaster risk reduction measures, including physical restoration of infrastructure, revitalization of livelihood and economy/industry, and

6578-640: The Louisiana-Mississippi border was flooded from storm surge at the height of the storm. Other large Jackson County neighborhoods such as Porteaux Bay and Gulf Hills were severely damaged with large portions being completely destroyed, and St. Martin was hard hit; Ocean Springs, Moss Point , Gautier and Escatawpa also suffered major surge damage. Mississippi Emergency Management Agency officials also recorded deaths in Forrest , Hinds , Warren , and Leake counties. Over 900,000 people throughout

6721-462: The Master Plan was explicit in the need for: “Mitigation and preparedness in the event of future natural disasters was highlighted as integral to the reconstruction”. It was the core policies and broad strategies in the Master Plan that enabled the thinking to establish the concept of BBB. For example, policies 9-11 were especially identified during the early considerations for recovery of land rights and titling commencing in February 2005 which led to

6864-799: The Miami area. Cruise ships altered their paths due to seaports in southeastern Florida closing. Officials in Miami-Dade County advised residents in mobile homes or with special needs to evacuate. To the north in Broward County, residents east of the Intracoastal Waterway or in mobile homes were advised to leave their homes. Evacuation orders were issued for offshore islands in Palm Beach County , and for residents in mobile homes south of Lantana Road. Additionally,

7007-534: The Multi-Donor Trust Fund for Aceh and Nias (MDF), including RALAS, with approved funding of around US$ 500 million and all subscribing to BBB. Josef Lloyd Leitmann was the World Bank's initial program manager for MDF. Keith Clifford Bell was the World Bank's task manager for RALAS. Soon after the MDF's approval of RALAS, a few further projects were approved in August 2005, but implementation of these did not commence until 2006. These projects included

7150-723: The National Land Authority of Indonesia. As the first project to embrace BBB, RALAS intentionally focused on the sustainability and resilience of communities to future disasters and also conflict. At the time of RALAS approval, the Aceh Civil War, known as the Insurgency in Aceh had been underway since 1976. The conflict ended with the truce agreement signed in Helsinki on August 15, 2005. Key achievements under RALAS included: The World Bank maintained

7293-584: The New Orleans region prior to the mandatory evacuation. Aircrews from the Aviation Training Center, in Mobile, staged rescue aircraft from Texas to Florida. All aircraft were returning towards the Gulf of Mexico by the afternoon of August 29. Aircrews , many of whom lost their homes during the hurricane, began a round-the-clock rescue effort in New Orleans, and along the Mississippi and Alabama coastlines. President George W. Bush declared

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7436-575: The Pacific Risk Information System (PacRIS), was established in 2012 by the World Bank funded Pacific Catastrophe Risk Financing and Insurance Initiative (PCRAFI). PacRIS has assembled the largest collection of geo-referenced datasets in the Pacific region. Building disaster-resilient infrastructure and early warning systems is costly, but typically yields benefits 4-36 times higher than initial outlay. However, there

7579-401: The Philippines in November 2013 and the April 2015 Nepal earthquake (Gorkha earthquake). The magnitude of the devastation and loss of human life caused by the 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami to Aceh and Nias initiated a change to the mindset of post-disaster reconstruction. Typically, the response to a disaster would entail repairing and rebuilding the physical damage to houses, infrastructure and

7722-409: The Preliminary Stocktake by the World Bank and prioritization of the first MDF approved reconstruction project RALAS. The availability of geospatial information for disaster response, recovery and reconstruction has been frequently raised as an issue. In response to a request from the Indonesian government (GOI) for mapping assistance, the Australia Indonesia Partnership for Reconstruction commissioned

7865-484: The RALAS project, the World Bank was able to secure around US$ 500 million in mapping assistance using satellite imagery from the European Union. The Haiti earthquake response was hindered by lack of mapping. Initial requirements were met through the Volunteered Geographic Information (VGI), also called crowd-sourced mapping provided through OpenStreetMap . VGI was very useful, in terms of emergency response stage. However, as it progressed to recovery and reconstruction,

8008-428: The Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction was finalized, the performance indicators were defined as: "The use of the recovery, rehabilitation, and reconstruction phases after a disaster to increase the resilience of nations and communities through integrating disaster risk reduction measures into the restoration of physical infrastructure and societal systems, and into the revitalization of livelihoods, economies and

8151-510: The Sendai Framework for disaster recovery, risk reduction and sustainable development. The UN General Assembly adopted this document on June 3, 2015. The United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction has issued a volume of its Words into Action guidelines for BBB. While there can be no standardized blueprint for building back better, the guidelines offer step-by-step guidance on developing disaster recovery frameworks, pre-disaster recovery planning and post-disaster needs assessment. After

8294-526: The Superdome, only six deaths were confirmed there, with four of these originating from natural causes , one from a drug overdose, and one a suicide. At the Convention Center, four bodies were recovered. One of the four is believed to be the result of a homicide. There is evidence that many prisoners were abandoned in their cells during the storm, while the guards sought shelter. Hundreds of prisoners were later registered as "unaccounted for". The Gulf coast of Mississippi suffered extremely severe damage from

8437-417: The Tsunami Recovery Waste Management, (US$ 15 million). Knowledge of the characteristics of the disaster and its impacts including deaths and injuries, destruction and damage to assets, infrastructure and land, as well as the impacts on the economy and livelihoods were essential to approach BBB. Social and cultural impacts were also important to assess. Although BBB was not mentioned, in the Master Plan, it

8580-409: The U.S. Dept. of Housing and Urban Development, in St. Bernard Parish, 81% (20,229) of the housing units were damaged. In St. Tammany Parish, 70% (48,792) were damaged and in Plaquemines Parish 80% (7,212) were damaged. In addition, the combined effect of Hurricanes Katrina and Rita was the destruction of an estimated 562 square kilometres (217 sq mi) of coastal wetlands in Louisiana. As

8723-414: The UN endorsement of the Sendai Framework in 2015, the concept of BBB has continued to evolve with its history of adoption in recovery and reconstruction operations following major disasters around the globe. These disasters have included Hurricane Katrina on the Gulf Coast of the United States in August 2005, the 2005 Kashmir earthquake in Pakistan, the 2010 Haiti earthquake , Super Typhoon Yolanda in

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8866-425: The United States. The death toll from Katrina is uncertain, with reports differing by hundreds. According to the National Hurricane Center, 1,836 fatalities can be attributed to the storm: one in Kentucky , two each in Alabama, Georgia , and Ohio , 14 in Florida, 238 in Mississippi, and 1,577 in Louisiana. However, 135 people remain categorized as missing in Louisiana, and many of the deaths are indirect, but it

9009-399: The Urban Community Recovery (UPP) program for restoring infrastructure in 352 urban villages (valued at US$ 18 million), task managed by George Soraya, and the Rural Community Recovery (Kecamatan Development Program, KDP) program for assisting some 3,000 villages to develop community based infrastructure (valued at US$ 64 million), under the task management of Scott Guggenheim . Also approved was

9152-463: The aftermath of Hurricane Katrina as "probably the worst catastrophe or set of catastrophes" in the country's history, referring to the hurricane itself plus the flooding of New Orleans. Even in 2010, debris remained in some coastal communities. Before striking South Florida, Katrina traversed the Bahamas as a tropical storm. However, minimal impact was reported, with only "fresh breezes" on various islands. Although Hurricane Katrina stayed well to

9295-463: The airport on September 13 and regular carrier operations resumed in early October. Levee breaches in New Orleans also caused a significant number of deaths, with over 700 bodies recovered in New Orleans by October 23, 2005. Some survivors and evacuees reported seeing dead bodies lying in city streets and floating in still-flooded sections, especially in the east of the city. The advanced state of decomposition of many corpses, some of which were left in

9438-463: The area would be "uninhabitable for weeks" after "devastating damage" caused by Katrina, which at that time rivaled the intensity of Hurricane Camille . During video conferences involving the president later that day and on August 29, NHC director Max Mayfield expressed concern that Katrina might push its storm surge over the city's levees and flood walls. In one conference, he stated, "I do not think anyone can tell you with confidence right now whether

9581-447: The built environment back to the pre-disaster status. However, in Indonesia it was seen that this would potentially expose people and communities to the similar risks and consequences should another major disaster strike. The government and international agencies concluded that reconstruction was an opportunity to address vulnerabilities of people and communities. It was understood, that although natural disasters were usually unavoidable, it

9724-477: The center and the storm's central pressure was 920 mbar (27 inHg). After moving over southeastern Louisiana and Breton Sound , it made its third and final landfall near the Louisiana–Mississippi border with 120 mph (190 km/h) sustained winds, still at a mid-range Category 3 hurricane intensity. Katrina maintained strength well into Mississippi, finally losing hurricane strength more than 150 miles (240 km) inland near Meridian, Mississippi . It

9867-406: The city included breaches at the 17th Street Canal levee, the London Avenue Canal , and the wide, navigable Industrial Canal , which left approximately 80% of the city flooded. Most of the major roads traveling into and out of the city were damaged. The only major intact highway routes out of the city were the westbound Crescent City Connection and the Huey P. Long Bridge, as large portions of

10010-476: The city of New Orleans and its surrounding area. It is tied with Hurricane Harvey as being the costliest tropical cyclone in the Atlantic basin . Katrina was the twelfth tropical cyclone, the fifth hurricane, and the third major hurricane of the 2005 Atlantic hurricane season . It was also the fourth-most intense Atlantic hurricane to make landfall in the contiguous United States , gauged by barometric pressure. Katrina formed on August 23, 2005, with

10153-418: The city. A June 2007 report by the American Society of Civil Engineers indicated that two-thirds of the flooding was caused by the multiple failures of the city's floodwalls. The storm surge also devastated the coasts of Mississippi and Alabama, making Katrina one of the most destructive hurricanes, the costliest natural disaster in the history of the United States (tied with Hurricane Harvey in 2017), and

10296-495: The coastal communities of Clermont Harbor and Waveland, much of Bay St. Louis, and flowed up the Jourdan River, flooding Diamondhead and Kiln . In Harrison County, Pass Christian was completely inundated, along with a narrow strip of land to the east along the coast, which includes the cities of Long Beach and Gulfport; the flooding was more extensive in communities such as D'Iberville, which borders Back Bay. Biloxi , on

10439-410: The coastal parishes of Orleans, Jefferson, and Plaquemines. The declaration actually did not include any of Louisiana's coastal parishes, whereas the coastal counties were included in the declarations for Mississippi and Alabama . Brown testified that this was because Louisiana Governor Blanco had not included those parishes in her initial request for aid, a decision that he found "shocking". After

10582-483: The combination of rains and winds downed trees and power lines, leaving 1.45 million people without power. Damage in South Florida was estimated at $ 523 million, mostly as a result of crop damage. Twelve deaths occurred in South Florida, of which three were caused by downed trees in Broward County, three from drowning in Miami-Dade County, three were from carbon monoxide poisoning caused by generators, one

10725-401: The computer models had shifted the potential path of Katrina 150 miles (240 km) westward from the Florida Panhandle, putting the city of New Orleans directly in the center of their track probabilities; the chances of a direct hit were forecast at 17%, with strike probability rising to 29% by August 28. This scenario was considered a potential catastrophe because some parts of New Orleans and

10868-545: The deadliest hurricane since the 1928 Okeechobee hurricane . The total damage from Katrina is estimated at $ 125 billion (2005 U.S. dollars). However, in February 2021, a severe winter storm struck the United States, causing a major power failure in Houston, which caused at least $ 195 billion (2021 USD) in damage in Texas. It surpassed both Katrina and Harvey to become the single-costliest natural disaster recorded in

11011-608: The declared motto of the reconstruction of Aceh and Nias was “build back better” following the 2004 Boxing Day tsunami, it was something that should have resonated strongly with the Indonesia government and people. BBB aimed to support achieving a higher level of governance, better infrastructure, social services and a stronger level of economic activity than existed before the tsunami. Also, BBB’s post-tsunami response provided early warning to enable communities and individuals to be provided with sufficient advance warning to enable them to urgently move to safe locations. The early warning system

11154-435: The disaster, provides the basis of reliability of damage and loss assessment. The Pacific Island nations are considered to be amongst the most prone countries to disaster and climate risks. These include tsunamis, earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, cyclones, landslides and floods. Geospatial and related information were identified as critical requirements to support risk mitigation, response and recovery consistent with BBB. Thus,

11297-642: The economic activities of women and have served as focal points during flood recovery since the earthquake. The benefits of BBB extend beyond risk reduction. In Malaysia , the government did not only save an estimated cost of US$ 300,000/km by maintaining the mangrove swamps intact for storm protection and flood control, but also lowered the temperature in the area. Three key variants of BBB, viz. “Building Back Stronger”, “Building Back Faster”, and “Building Back More Inclusively”, have been raised by World Bank, GFDRR and others. The World Bank has reported that if all three approaches to BBB were to be implemented together,

11440-594: The environment. Annotation: The term 'societal' will not be interpreted as a political system of any country." Following the UN Conference in Sendai, BBB was also included in the book Disaster Risk Reduction for Economic Growth and Livelihood, Investing in Resilience and Development , Chapter 7 "Recovery and reconstruction: An opportunity for sustainable growth through 'build back better'". Arguably, although

11583-867: The estimated 230,000 tsunami deaths across fourteen countries, up to 220,000 deaths were in Aceh Province and the island of Nias (in the province of North Sumatra) alone. By way of comparison, the death toll in Aceh and Nias actually exceeded both atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki combined in World War 2. Other losses and damages in Aceh and Nias included more than 230 km of roads damaged or destroyed and 9 seaports damaged. Also, two hospitals were destroyed, and five hospitals were severely damaged along with 26 primary health care centers identified as being destroyed. There were 1,488 schools destroyed leaving around 150,000 children without access to education. The total value of damage and losses in Aceh and Nias

11726-444: The eye of Hurricane Katrina swept to the northeast, it subjected the city to hurricane conditions for hours. Although power failures prevented accurate measurement of wind speeds in New Orleans, there were a few measurements of hurricane-force winds; based on this information, the NHC concluded that much of the city likely experienced sustained winds of Category 1 or 2 hurricane strength. Katrina's storm surge caused 53 levee breaches in

11869-457: The flood protection system, particularly the levees around the city of New Orleans. 80% of the city, as well as large areas in neighboring parishes , were flooded for weeks. The flooding destroyed most of New Orleans's transportation and communication facilities, leaving tens of thousands of people who did or could not evacuate the city before landfall with little access to food, shelter, and other necessities. The disaster in New Orleans prompted

12012-451: The formulation of the BBB concept. In order to build back better, a reliable assessment of losses was clearly essential. Early estimates of the deaths and damage, drawing upon the initial World Bank Preliminary Stocktake of May 2005, actually put the death toll at around 150,000 dead, with 127,000 houses destroyed and 500,000 left homeless. Over time, as more detailed assessments were undertaken,

12155-486: The hearing, Blanco released a copy of her letter, which showed she had requested assistance for "all the southeastern parishes including the City of New Orleans" as well as specifically named 14 parishes, including Jefferson, Orleans, St. Bernard, and Plaquemines. Voluntary and mandatory evacuations were issued for large areas of southeast Louisiana as well as coastal Mississippi and Alabama. About 1.2 million residents of

12298-551: The hotel's glass exterior was completely sheared off. The Superdome , which was sheltering many people who had not evacuated, sustained significant damage. Two sections of the Superdome's roof were compromised and the dome's waterproof membrane was essentially peeled off. Louis Armstrong New Orleans International Airport was closed before the storm but did not flood. On August 30, it was reopened to humanitarian and rescue operations. Limited commercial passenger service resumed at

12441-967: The immediate coast 50 hours before the start of tropical-storm-force winds. Persons in areas designated Phase II begin evacuating 40 hours before the onset of tropical storm winds and those in Phase III areas (including New Orleans) evacuate 30 hours before the start of such winds. Many private caregiving facilities that relied on bus companies and ambulance services for evacuation were unable to evacuate their charges because they waited too long. Louisiana's Emergency Operations Plan Supplement 1C (Part II, Section II, Paragraph D) calls for use of school and other public buses in evacuations. Although buses that later flooded were available to transport those dependent on public transportation, not enough bus drivers were available to drive them since Governor Blanco did not sign an emergency waiver to allow any licensed driver to transport evacuees on school buses. By August 26, many of

12584-483: The immediate post-storm emergency period. On August 29, at 7:40 am. CDT, it was reported that most of the windows on the north side of the Hyatt Regency New Orleans had been blown out, and many other high rise buildings had extensive window damage. The Hyatt was the most severely damaged hotel in the city, with beds reported to be flying out of the windows. Insulation tubes were exposed as

12727-441: The impact of Hurricane Katrina on August 29, leaving 238 people dead, 67 missing, and billions of dollars in damage: bridges, barges, boats, piers, houses, and cars were washed inland. Katrina traveled up the entire state; as a result, all 82 counties in Mississippi were declared disaster areas for federal assistance, 47 for full assistance. After making a brief initial landfall in Louisiana, Katrina had made its final landfall near

12870-505: The impact of disasters could be reduced by almost 31 percent. Prior to 2018, estimation of losses based entirely on asset losses at around US$ 300 billion per year. However, further research by World Bank-GFDRR has reported on the need to also consider losses to well-being and this raises the annual estimate of losses to around US$ 520 billion. Thus, the implementation of these three BBB variants together, equates to around US$ 173 billion annual in avoided cost of losses and damages. Given that

13013-417: The importance of effective coordination by government of the efforts of international development agencies including UN agencies, multilaterals such as the World Bank and ADB, civil society and NGOs. Clinton also stressed the important roles of communities to drive recovery and reconstruction efforts and ensuring that communities were left safer by reducing risks and building resilience. The impact on livelihoods

13156-575: The initial conception of BBB, and various applications of it following disasters around the global and also following Sendai, it would seem there is a wide acceptance of the seven core principles which were well articulated at the World Reconstruction Conference 4, held May 13, 2019 - May 14, 2019 Geneva, Switzerland, convened by the World Bank and the Global Facility for Disaster Reduction and Recovery (GFDRR). GFDRR

13299-468: The levees will be topped or not, but that's obviously a very, very great concern." In Florida, Governor Jeb Bush declared a state of emergency on August 24 in advance of Hurricane Katrina's landfall. By the following day, Florida's Emergency Operations Center was activated in Tallahassee to monitor the progress of the hurricane. Before Katrina moved ashore, schools and businesses were closed in

13442-401: The long run for average families in this region than actually having title to the land they own," he said. "Then, they will be able to borrow money and build a much more diversified, much more modern economy." Prior to the tsunami, less than twenty percent of landowners in Aceh and Nias had legal title. The majority of land records held by BPN in Aceh were either severely damaged or destroyed in

13585-464: The majority of the state. Katrina caused eleven tornadoes in Mississippi on August 29, some of which damaged trees and power lines. Battered by wind, rain and storm surge, some beachfront neighborhoods were completely leveled. Preliminary estimates by Mississippi officials calculated that 90% of the structures within half a mile of the coastline were completely destroyed, and that storm surges traveled as much as 6 miles (10 km) inland in portions of

13728-399: The merger of a tropical wave and the remnants of Tropical Depression Ten . Early the following day, the depression intensified into a tropical storm and headed generally westward toward Florida. On August 25, two hours before making landfall at Hallandale Beach , it strengthened into a hurricane. After briefly weakening to tropical storm strength over southern Florida, Katrina entered

13871-399: The metro area are below sea level. Since the storm surge produced by the hurricane's right-front quadrant (containing the strongest winds) was forecast to be 28 feet (8.5 m), while the levees offered protection to 23 feet (7.0 m), emergency management officials in New Orleans feared that the storm surge could go over the tops of levees protecting the city, causing major flooding. At

14014-616: The months following the tsunami as planning for recovery and reconstruction was undertaken. The term BBB was first published in the Preliminary Stocktake of May 2005, task managed by the World Bank's Wolfgang Fengler,. An updated stocktake was prepared for the October 2005 Brief for the Coordination Forum Aceh and Nias (CFAN), and this was also led by The World Bank. The Preliminary Stocktake drew upon

14157-462: The most on record in that state for one day in August. The most serious of these tornadoes was an F2 tornado which affected Heard County and Carroll County . This tornado caused three injuries and one fatality and damaged several houses. The other tornadoes caused significant damages to buildings and agricultural facilities. In addition to the fatality caused by the F2 tornado, there was another fatality in

14300-487: The mouth of the Pearl River , with the eye straddling St. Tammany Parish, Louisiana , and Hancock County, Mississippi , on the morning of August 29 at about 9:45 am. CDT. Hurricane Katrina also brought heavy rain to Louisiana, with 8–10 inches (200–250 mm) falling on a wide swath of the eastern part of the state. In the area around Slidell , the rainfall was even higher, and the highest rainfall recorded in

14443-709: The name Katrina to be retired by the World Meteorological Organization in April 2006. On January 4, 2023, the National Hurricane Center (NHC) updated the Katrina fatality data based on a report by Rappaport (2014) which reduced the number from an estimated 1,833 to 1,392. Hurricane Katrina originated from the merger of a tropical wave and the mid-level remnants of Tropical Depression Ten on August 19, 2005, near

14586-414: The need for more authoritative mapping which was later led by the United States. VGI does have many limitations in terms of reliability and was found wanting in the response to Super Typhoon Yolanda especially in terms of its damage assessment support where it was concluded to not be reliable enough. In cases like Hurricane Katrina in 2005 and the 2011 Christchurch earthquake the authoritative mapping of

14729-571: The north of Cuba , on August 28 it brought tropical-storm-force winds and rainfall of over 8 in (200 mm) to western regions of the island. Telephone and power lines were damaged and around 8,000 people were evacuated in the Pinar del Río Province . According to Cuban television reports the coastal town of Surgidero de Batabanó was 90% underwater. Hurricane Katrina first made landfall between Hallandale Beach and Aventura, Florida on August 25. The storm dropped heavy rainfall in portions of

14872-634: The northwestern portion of the state, though none of them caused significant damage. Throughout the Florida Panhandle, the storm resulted in an estimated $ 100 million in damage. There were two indirect fatalities from Katrina in Walton County as a result of a traffic accident. In the Florida Panhandle, 77,000 customers lost power. Overall, the hurricane killed 14 people and caused at least $ 623 million in damage. On August 29, 2005, Hurricane Katrina made landfall near Buras-Triumph, Louisiana , with 125 mph (200 km/h) winds, as

15015-498: The preparation of image and different scale topographical maps.” However, it was also found that despite much mapping already having been undertaken, including through cooperation between the Australian Defence Force and Indonesia, the government agencies actually refused to share mapping with development agencies including BRR. The report identified that some of the mapping had been repeated up to five times. For

15158-576: The project preparation of the first major reconstruction project by the World Bank - the Reconstruction of Aceh Land Administration System (RALAS) project in April–June 2005. RALAS also addressed many of the other policies in the original Master Plan as relevant to the project context. The other reconstruction projects prepared by the World Bank that followed also addressed the Master Plan's policies. There were eleven World Bank projects funded under

15301-427: The report reveals many of the challenges facing reconstruction and recovery across all sectors including land. Indirectly, it illustrates why recovery and reconstruction is so difficult unless a prior plan and system is in place. Recovery and reconstruction is more than just access to funds as it requires strong coordination as well as an effective monitoring and evaluation system which is location-based. Specifically,

15444-403: The respective government agencies was very reliable and very effectively supported the emergency response and the subsequent recovery and reconstruction operations. It is also important to appreciate the importance of pre-disaster mapping and imagery and being able to utilize these in conjunction with new mapping and imagery. For example, comparing what existed before with what has resulted after

15587-509: The restoration of local culture and environment ". The concept was fully agreed as one of the most important concepts among each state's delegates and embedded into what is known as the Sendai Framework. At the opening speech of the Third UN World Conference on Disaster Risk Reduction , held March 14–18, 2015, in Sendai, Japan Shinzo Abe , Prime Minister of Japan, stated: "The word of "Build Back Better" sounds like

15730-431: The same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Build Back Better . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Build_Back_Better&oldid=1239102801 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description

15873-457: The state experienced power outages. Although Hurricane Katrina made landfall well to the west, Alabama and the Florida Panhandle were both affected by tropical-storm-force winds and a storm surge varying from 12 to 16 feet (3.7–4.9 m) around Mobile Bay , with higher waves on top. Sustained winds of 67 mph (108 km/h) were recorded in Mobile, Alabama , and the storm surge there

16016-479: The state government activated its Emergency Operations Center the next day, and local governments began issuing evacuation orders. By 6:00 p.m. CDT on August 28, 11 counties and cities issued evacuation orders, a number which increased to 41 counties and 61 cities by the following morning. Moreover, 57 emergency shelters were established on coastal communities, with 31 additional shelters available to open if needed. By Sunday, August 28, most infrastructure along

16159-668: The state government established the Odisha State Disaster Mitigation Authority (OSDMA) to help facilitate loss prevention through programs such as adding over 1,500 km (930 mi) of new evacuation roads, 30 bridges to better connect vulnerable communities and improvements to 200 km (120 mi) of existing coastal embankments. Additionally, the OSDMA invested in advanced early warning systems. Such investments in future disaster loss prevention have been, in retrospect, important inputs to what

16302-446: The state line, and the eyewall passed over the cities of Bay St. Louis and Waveland as a Category 3 hurricane with sustained winds of 120 mph (190 km/h). Katrina's powerful right-front quadrant passed over the west and central Mississippi coast, causing a powerful 27-foot (8.2 m) storm surge, which penetrated 6 miles (10 km) inland in many areas and up to 12 miles (19 km) inland along bays and rivers; in some areas,

16445-476: The state was approximately 15 inches (380 mm). As a result of the rainfall and storm surge the level of Lake Pontchartrain rose and caused significant flooding along its northeastern shore, affecting communities from Slidell to Mandeville . Several bridges were destroyed, including the I-10 Twin Span Bridge connecting Slidell to New Orleans. Almost 900,000 people in Louisiana lost power as

16588-515: The state's coast. One apartment complex with approximately thirty residents seeking shelter inside collapsed. More than half of the 13 casinos in the state, which were floated on barges to comply with Mississippi land-based gambling laws, were washed hundreds of yards inland by waves. A number of streets and bridges were washed away. On U.S. Highway 90 along the Mississippi Gulf Coast, two major bridges were completely destroyed:

16731-484: The storm came ashore. Some estimates claimed that 80% of the 1.3 million residents of the greater New Orleans metropolitan area evacuated, leaving behind substantially fewer people than remained in the city during the Hurricane Ivan evacuation. On August 29, 2005, Katrina's storm surge caused 53 breaches to various flood protection structures in and around the greater New Orleans area, submerging 80% of

16874-614: The surge crossed Interstate 10 for several miles. Hurricane Katrina brought strong winds to Mississippi, which caused significant tree damage throughout the state. The highest unofficial reported wind gust recorded from Katrina was one of 135 mph (217 km/h) in Poplarville , in Pearl River County . The storm also brought heavy rains with 8–10 inches (200–250 mm) falling in southwestern Mississippi and rain in excess of 4 inches (100 mm) falling throughout

17017-457: The term BBB had been used by many people involved in the recovery process from natural disasters since 2005, perhaps BBB had not been as clearly described as a holistic concept before this book. BBB was not "first coined" by the Sendai Framework as claimed by some international agencies and researchers. Rather, it was the Sendai Framework that enabled BBB's endorsement by the UN in June 2015. Since

17160-546: The time, only to be surpassed by Hurricanes Rita and Wilma later in the season; it was also the strongest hurricane ever recorded in the Gulf of Mexico at the time, before Rita broke the record. The hurricane subsequently weakened due to another eyewall replacement cycle, and Katrina made its second landfall at 1110 UTC on August 29, as a high-end Category 3 hurricane with sustained winds of 125 mph (201 km/h), near Buras-Triumph, Louisiana . At landfall, hurricane-force winds extended outward 120 miles (190 km) from

17303-426: The tolls rose. Contributory factors to needing to revise statistics on loss and damage were due to unreliable government records including periodic censuses, pursuit of haste driven by development agencies and civil society wanting to contribute aid, lack of expertise in damage assessment much of which was initially crowd-sourced, poor or inadequate mapping (geospatial information). It was subsequently estimated that of

17446-542: The traumatic Aceh and Nias experience forever entrenched in the country’s government. The system was designed to provide early warning to communities and citizens and sound alarms. Such a system can help prevent loss of life and injuries. No early warning system can prevent destruction of housing, infrastructure and assets. Hurricane Katrina Hurricane Katrina was a powerful and devastating tropical cyclone that caused 1,392 fatalities and damages estimated at $ 125 billion in late August 2005, particularly in

17589-431: The tsunami. At the time of Clinton’s first visit, it was reported in the media, including The Sydney Morning Herald (Australia), that just 25 people who lost their homes in Aceh could prove their title to land. This was a major concern for rebuilding homes on rightfully owned properties. Subsequently, given slow progress, Clinton himself was to raise concerns over delays with RALAS, which he did as early as December 2006. That

17732-689: The water or sun for days before being collected, hindered efforts by coroners to identify many of the dead. The first deaths reported from the city were reported shortly before midnight on August 28, as three nursing home patients died during an evacuation to Baton Rouge , most likely from dehydration. An estimated 215 bodies were found in nursing homes and hospitals in New Orleans, the largest number being at Memorial Medical Center where 45 corpses were recovered. Some 200 patients at Charity Hospital were not evacuated until Friday, September 2, having been without power or fresh water for five days. While there were also early reports of fatalities amid mayhem at

17875-753: Was a government decision to enable building back better with risk reduction. Thus, with such setbacks from established MHWM, this would usually mean that such foreshore areas are reserved as public open space. Disasters often have devastating impacts on the economic, social, and environmental well-being of countries, regions, cities and communities. History has repeatedly shown that disasters can recur with similar or even greater impacts. Thus, it’s especially important that post-disaster rebuilding adopts approaches and standards to help mitigate and reduce future disaster damage, i.e. build back better. The United States Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) has advised that disaster mitigation and building resilience, through what

18018-483: Was a major earthquake with a magnitude of 9.1–9.3 Mw and its epicenter was around 240 kilometers (150 miles) off the coast of North Sumatra, Indonesia. The sheer magnitude of this earthquake was estimated to have generated an energy release equivalent to 23,000 Hiroshima-type atomic bombs, i.e. each being 15 kilotons of TNT. Banda Aceh was the urban location closest to the earthquake’s epicenter where tsunami waves soared to more than 30 meters (100 feet) and travelled across

18161-542: Was approximately 12 feet (3.7 m). The surge caused significant flooding several miles inland along Mobile Bay. Four tornadoes were also reported in Alabama. Ships, oil rigs, boats and fishing piers were washed ashore along Mobile Bay: the cargo ship M/V Caribbean Clipper and many fishing boats were grounded at Bayou La Batre . An oil rig under construction along the Mobile River broke its moorings and floated 1.5 miles (2.4 km) northwards before striking

18304-416: Was clear it was about “Mitigation and preparedness in the event of future natural disasters was highlighted as integral to the reconstruction”. Furthermore, the geographical locations and extents of impacts are essential and are aided by reliable and accessible pre- and post-disaster mapping and geospatial information. The preparation of the Preliminary Stocktake was cognizant of these factors, contributing to

18447-520: Was designed and built by the Orleans Levee Board . The search for the missing was undertaken by the St. Bernard Fire Department because of the assets of the United States Coast Guard being diverted to New Orleans. In the months after the storm, many of the missing were tracked down by searching flooded homes, tracking credit card records, and visiting homes of family and relatives. According to

18590-454: Was downgraded to a tropical depression near Clarksville, Tennessee ; its remnants were absorbed by a cold front in the eastern Great Lakes region on August 31. The resulting extratropical storm moved rapidly to the northeast and affected eastern Canada. The United States Coast Guard began pre-positioning resources in a ring around the expected impact zone and activated more than 400 reservists. On August 27, it moved its personnel out of

18733-544: Was due to a vehicle accident, one occurred during debris cleanup, and one was associated with a lack of electricity. Significant impacts were also reported in the Florida Panhandle . Although Katrina moved ashore in Louisiana and Mississippi, its outer periphery produced a 5.37 ft (1.64 m) storm surge in Pensacola . High waves caused beach erosion and closed nearby roadways. There were five tornadoes in

18876-528: Was eighteen months after the approval of RALAS in June 2005 and sixteen months after project commencement in August 2005. Restoration of BPN's land records (approximately 30 tonnes) from Aceh, supported by Japan, was to take almost three years. RALAS implementation faced many challenges including BPN capacity, where some forty staff in Banda Aceh had been killed in the tsunami. The project experienced delays due to capacity, procurement and governance and there

19019-487: Was estimated at around US$ 4.45 billion, which was equivalent to Aceh's annual Gross Domestic Product (GDP). To plan for building back better, it was important to have fully considered the cause and magnitude of the disaster itself. Geophysical experts have determined that the tsunami was caused by what has been named as the Sumatra-Andaman earthquake which occurred on December 26, 2004, at 07:58:53 local time. This

19162-608: Was first introduced to the UN at ECOSOC in July 2005 by Clinton, the UN Secretary-General’s Special Envoy for Tsunami Recovery. Clinton drew heavily from the briefings on Aceh and Nias, especially from the World Bank, BRR, the Asian Development Bank (ADB) and notably from the special preliminary stocktaking report (May 2005) prepared by the World Bank. Clinton's address and (written report) included ten key propositions for BBB. Preparedness to deal with future disasters and building resilience were key propositions. Also,

19305-564: Was for all of Indonesia and not just Aceh and Nias. Indonesia comprises thousands of islands and is part of the largest archipelago in the world, the Malay Archipelago , between the Pacific and Indian Oceans. Following the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami, Indonesia installed an advanced tsunami warning system, comprising a network of 21 buoys to provide advance warnings based on data gathered by deep sea sensors. With this investment, Indonesia should have been well-prepared for future shocks and

19448-466: Was former United States President, Bill Clinton, in his role as United Nations Special Envoy for Tsunami Recovery, who drew the attention of both the United Nations and the world, to the term BBB, in his address to the United Nations in July 2005. Almost a decade later, BBB was described in the United Nations' (UN) Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction document, which was agreed on at

19591-455: Was gone. In some locations, up to ninety percent of land occupants were killed often leaving young heirs without any evidence of inheritance. The Indonesian government and development agencies were quick to realize that building back required confidence in property ownership boundaries. The Aceh and Nias Master Plan established the importance of geospatial information and land tenure boundaries, and these considerations were embraced within BBB in

19734-427: Was in the identification of these requirements that BBB had its roots in the improvement of land use, spatial planning and construction standards through the reconstruction and recovery process, as well as the protection and formalization of land rights. The concept has expanded to represent a broader opportunity by building greater resilience in recovery by systematically addressing the root causes of vulnerability. It

19877-715: Was later termed BBB. When Odisha was hit by Cyclone Phailin in 2013, 50 people were killed, which was less than 1 percent of BOB06's casualties. In Madagascar, farmers benefited as much as 4.5 times their income after the risk of flooding was reduced through watershed protection in Mantadia National Park. In India, following the 2001 Gujarat earthquake, the Self-Employed Women's Association (SEWA) set up learning centers for local women to facilitate recovery which included tools, techniques and information about government schemes. These centers sustained

20020-408: Was not forgotten by Clinton and also the need to strengthen government institutions at local levels to foster recovery. Clearly, there is a fair degree of correlation between a number of Clinton's propositions for BBB and what was ultimately defined as the BBB core principles (discussed later). During the negotiation period for the Sendai Framework , the concept of "Build Back Better" was proposed by

20163-428: Was only a small quantity of land titles issued during the first two years. Whilst the project targets were challenging and ambitious, they were not unrealistic. RALAS experienced delays along with most other reconstruction projects. Although the final project results were not fully satisfactory, overall, most were achieved and only around US$ 15 million of the allocated US$ 28 million was expended. The term BBB

20306-433: Was opened. All three coastal counties of the state were severely affected by the storm. Katrina's surge was the most extensive, as well as the highest, in the documented history of the United States; large portions of Hancock , Harrison , and Jackson counties were inundated by the storm surge, in all three cases affecting most of the populated areas. Surge covered almost the entire lower half of Hancock County, destroying

20449-594: Was possible to reduce future losses through improved construction standards, better spatial planning, early warning and education. Thus, the term BBB was conceived in Indonesia by the World Bank, along with other international agencies, and the Badan Rehabilitasi dan Rekonstruksi (BRR) Nanggroe Aceh Darussalam (NAD) and Nias, i.e. the Agency for the Rehabilitation and Reconstruction of Aceh and Nias, in

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