Misplaced Pages

#613386

62-534: Building science traditionally includes the study of indoor thermal environment, indoor acoustic environment , indoor light environment , indoor air quality , and building resource use, including energy and building material use. These areas are studied in terms of physical principles, relationship to building occupant health, comfort , and productivity, and how they can be controlled by the building envelope and electrical and mechanical systems . The National Institute of Building Sciences (NIBS) additionally includes

124-482: A Doctor of Philosophy . In most countries, a degree in acoustics can represent the first step towards professional certification and the degree program may be certified by a professional body . After completing a certified degree program the engineer must satisfy a range of requirements before being certified. Once certified, the engineer is designated the title of Chartered Engineer (in most Commonwealth countries). The listed subdisciplines are loosely based on

186-828: A bachelor's degree or higher qualification in acoustics , physics or another engineering discipline. Practicing as an acoustic engineer usually requires a bachelor's degree with significant scientific and mathematical content. Acoustic engineers might work in acoustic consultancy, specializing in particular fields, such as architectural acoustics , environmental noise or vibration control . In other industries, acoustic engineers might: design automobile sound systems; investigate human response to sounds, such as urban soundscapes and domestic appliances; develop audio signal processing software for mixing desks, and design loudspeakers and microphones for mobile phones. Acousticians are also involved in researching and understanding sound scientifically. Some positions, such as faculty require

248-528: A surround sound system. "Psychoacoustics seeks to reconcile acoustical stimuli and all the scientific, objective, and physical properties that surround them, with the physiological and psychological responses evoked by them." Speech is a major area of study for acoustical engineering, including the production, processing and perception of speech. This can include physics , physiology , psychology , audio signal processing and linguistics . Speech recognition and speech synthesis are two important aspects of

310-857: A building's embodied carbon footprint. Strategies to mitigate these impacts include material substitution, incorporating recycled and reused materials, and adopting low-carbon manufacturing processes. Challenges in addressing embodied carbon include insufficient data, lack of standardization, cost considerations, and regulatory barriers. Reliable databases are often limited, region-specific, and inconsistent, making it difficult to apply universally. Existing standards are often voluntary and vary in scope, making comparisons and benchmarking difficult. Life cycle assessment standards for evaluating building embodied carbon include ISO 14040, ISO 14044, EN 15978, PAS 2050, and ReCiPe. These frameworks provide structured approaches to evaluate and quantify life cycle environmental impacts, such as embodied carbon. Addressing embodied carbon

372-566: A concert hall or music recital space. To illustrate this concept consider the difference between a modern large office meeting room or lecture theater and a traditional classroom with all hard surfaces. Interior building surfaces can be constructed of many different materials and finishes. Ideal acoustical panels are those without a face or finish material that interferes with the acoustical infill or substrate. Fabric covered panels are one way to heighten acoustical absorption. Perforated metal also shows sound absorbing qualities. Finish material

434-585: A means of providing comfort. Building science includes the analysis of HVAC systems for both physical impacts (heat distribution, air velocities, relative humidities, etc.) and for effect on the comfort of the building's occupants. Because occupants' perceived comfort is dependent on factors such as current weather and the type of climate the building is located in, the needs for HVAC systems to provide comfortable conditions will vary across projects. In addition, various HVAC control strategies have been implemented and studied to better contribute to occupants' comfort. In

496-627: A natural look to the interior space, although acoustical absorption may not be great. There are four ways to improve workplace acoustics and solve workplace sound problems – the ABCDs. Building services noise control is the science of controlling noise produced by: Inadequate control may lead to elevated sound levels within the space which can be annoying and reduce speech intelligibility. Typical improvements are vibration isolation of mechanical equipment, and sound attenuators in ductwork. Sound masking can also be created by adjusting HVAC noise to

558-419: A predetermined level. Acoustic engineering Acoustical engineering (also known as acoustic engineering ) is the branch of engineering dealing with sound and vibration . It includes the application of acoustics , the science of sound and vibration, in technology. Acoustical engineers are typically concerned with the design, analysis and control of sound. One goal of acoustical engineering can be

620-409: A room's surfaces based on sound absorbing and reflecting properties. Excessive reverberation time , which can be calculated, can lead to poor speech intelligibility. Sound reflections create standing waves that produce natural resonances that can be heard as a pleasant sensation or an annoying one. Reflective surfaces can be angled and coordinated to provide good coverage of sound for a listener in

682-410: A sound wave reflects off of a surface, and refers to both the sound energy transmitted through and dissipated by the surface material. Reverberation is the persistence of sound caused by repeated boundary reflections after the source of the sound stops. This principle is particularly important in enclosed spaces. Diffraction is the bending of sound waves around surfaces in the path of the wave. Refraction

SECTION 10

#1732772583614

744-551: A sub-set of the broader Building Services, used to control the temperature, humidity, pressure and other select aspects of the indoor environment are often described as the Heating, Ventilating, and Air-Conditioning (HVAC) systems. These systems have grown in complexity and importance (often consuming around 20% of the total budget in commercial buildings) as occupants demand tighter control of conditions, buildings become larger, and enclosures and passive measures became less important as

806-530: A theatre, restaurant or railway station, enhancing the quality of music in a concert hall or recording studio, or suppressing noise to make offices and homes more productive and pleasant places to work and live in. Architectural acoustic design is usually done by acoustic consultants. This science analyzes noise transmission from building exterior envelope to interior and vice versa. The main noise paths are roofs , eaves , walls , windows , door and penetrations. Sufficient control ensures space functionality and

868-480: A theatre, restaurant or railway station, enhancing the quality of music in a concert hall or recording studio, or suppressing noise to make offices and homes more productive and pleasant places to work and live. Architectural acoustic design is usually done by acoustic consultants. Bioacoustics concerns the scientific study of sound production and hearing in animals. It can include: acoustic communication and associated animal behavior and evolution of species; how sound

930-423: A variety of contaminants (in the form of gases and particles) from office machines, cleaning products, construction activities, carpets and furnishings, perfumes, cigarette smoke, water-damaged building materials, microbial growth (fungal, mold, and bacterial), insects, and outdoor pollutants. Other factors such as indoor temperatures, relative humidity, and ventilation levels can also affect how individuals respond to

992-450: Is a growing aspect of building science, becoming critical for advancing building sustainability efforts and reducing the environmental impact of the built environment. POE is a survey-based method to measure the building performance after the built environment was occupied. The occupant responses were collected through structured or open inquiries. Statistical methods and data visualization were often used to suggest which aspects(features) of

1054-596: Is a set of strategies to reduce noise pollution by reducing noise at its source, by inhibiting sound propagation using noise barriers or similar, or by the use of ear protection ( earmuffs or earplugs ). Control at the source is the most cost-effective way of providing noise control. Noise control engineering applied to cars and trucks is known as noise, vibration, and harshness (NVH). Other techniques to reduce product noise include vibration isolation , application of acoustic absorbent and acoustic enclosures. Acoustical engineering can go beyond noise control to look at what

1116-401: Is also used to describe a set of electrokinetic effects that occur in heterogeneous liquids under influence of ultrasound. Environmental acoustics is concerned with the control of noise and vibrations caused by traffic, aircraft, industrial equipment, recreational activities and anything else that might be considered a nuisance. Acoustical engineers concerned with environmental acoustics face

1178-444: Is concerned with researching and describing the physics of music and its perception – how sounds employed as music work. This includes: the function and design of musical instruments including electronic synthesizers ; the human voice (the physics and neurophysiology of singing ); computer analysis of music and composition; the clinical use of music in music therapy, and the perception and cognition of music . Noise control

1240-529: Is critical that architects, engineers, and building owners use daylight and glare metrics to evaluate lighting conditions in daylit spaces for occupant health and comfort. Indoor environmental quality (IEQ) refers to the quality of a building's environment in relation to the health and wellbeing of those who occupy space within it. IEQ is determined by many factors, including lighting, air quality, and temperature. Workers are often concerned that they have symptoms or health conditions from exposures to contaminants in

1302-629: Is critical to mitigate climate change. To address these emissions, renewable energy sources, such as solar and wind energy, are adopted by the building industry to support electricity generation. However, the electricity demand profile shows imbalance between supply and demand, which is known as the ' duck curve '. This could impact on maintaining grid system stability. Therefore, other strategies such as thermal energy storage systems are developed to achieve higher levels of sustainability by reducing grid peak power. A push towards zero-energy building also known as Net-Zero Energy Building has been present in

SECTION 20

#1732772583614

1364-620: Is often required based on building use and local municipal codes. An example would be providing a suitable design for a home which is to be constructed close to a high volume roadway, or under the flight path of a major airport, or of the airport itself. The science of limiting and/or controlling noise transmission from one building space to another to ensure space functionality and speech privacy. The typical sound paths are ceilings, room partitions, acoustic ceiling panels (such as wood dropped ceiling panels), doors , windows , flanking, ducting and other penetrations. Technical solutions depend on

1426-573: Is produced by animals; the auditory mechanisms and neurophysiology of animals; the use of sound to monitor animal populations, and the effect of man-made noise on animals. This branch of acoustic engineering deals with the design of headphones, microphones , loudspeakers , sound systems, sound reproduction, and recording. There has been a rapid increase in the use of portable electronic devices which can reproduce sound and rely on electroacoustic engineering, e.g. mobile phones , portable media players , and tablet computers . The term "electroacoustics"

1488-403: Is the best sound for a product, for instance, manipulating the sound of door closures on automobiles . Psychoacoustics tries to explain how humans respond to what they hear, whether that is an annoying noise or beautiful music. In many branches of acoustic engineering, a human listener is a final arbitrator as to whether a design is successful, for instance, whether sound localisation works in

1550-433: Is the electronic manipulation of audio signals using analog and digital signal processing . It is done for a variety of reasons, including: Audio engineers develop and use audio signal processing algorithms. Architectural acoustics (also known as building acoustics ) is the science and engineering of achieving a good sound within a building. Architectural acoustics can be about achieving good speech intelligibility in

1612-462: Is the emissions from energy use during a building's life, and embodied carbon , which accounts for the emissions from material production and construction. Building sustainability practices aim to design with consideration for future resources and environmental realities. Buildings are responsible for approximately 40% of global energy consumption and 13% carbon emissions, primarily related to building HVAC systems operation. Reducing operational carbon

1674-567: Is the science and engineering of achieving a good sound within a building and is a branch of acoustical engineering . The first application of modern scientific methods to architectural acoustics was carried out by the American physicist Wallace Sabine in the Fogg Museum lecture room. He applied his newfound knowledge to the design of Symphony Hall, Boston . Architectural acoustics can be about achieving good speech intelligibility in

1736-437: Is the scientific study of sound in water. It is concerned with both natural and man-made sound and its generation underwater; how it propagates, and the perception of the sound by animals. Applications include sonar to locate submerged objects such as submarines , underwater communication by animals, observation of sea temperatures for climate change monitoring, and marine biology. Acoustic engineers working on vibration study

1798-406: Is to make the crowd as loud as possible and inter-space noise control becomes a factor but in helping reflect noise to create more reverberation and louder decibel level throughout the stadium. Many outdoor soccer stadiums for example have roofs over the fan sections which create more reverberation and echoing which helps raise the general volume in the stadium. This is the science of controlling

1860-453: Is typically a specialization within the broad areas of architecture or engineering practice. However, there are professional organizations offering individual professional credentials in specialized areas. Some of the most prominent green building rating systems are: There are other building sustainability accreditation and certification institutions as well. Also in the US, contractors certified by

1922-399: Is used to cover over the acoustical substrate. Mineral fiber board, or Micore , is a commonly used acoustical substrate. Finish materials often consist of fabric, wood or acoustical tile. Fabric can be wrapped around substrates to create what is referred to as a "pre-fabricated panel" and often provides good noise absorption if laid onto a wall. Prefabricated panels are limited to the size of

Building science - Misplaced Pages Continue

1984-806: The Building Performance Institute, an independent organization, advertise that they operate businesses as Building Scientists. This is questionable due to their lack of scientific background and credentials. On the other hand, more formal building science experience is true in Canada for most of the Certified Energy Advisors. Many of these trades and technologists require and receive some training in very specific areas of building science (e.g., air tightness, or thermal insulation). Architectural acoustics Architectural acoustics (also known as building acoustics )

2046-636: The Building Science field. The qualifications for Net Zero Energy Building Certification can be found on the Living Building Challenge website. Embodied carbon refers to the total carbon emissions associated with the entire life cycle of a building material (i.e. material extraction, manufacturing and production, transportation, construction, and end of life). As building performance research has decreased operational carbon, there has been an increase in embodied carbon within

2108-576: The PACS ( Physics and Astronomy Classification Scheme ) coding used by the Acoustical Society of America . Aeroacoustics is concerned with how noise is generated by the movement of air, for instance via turbulence, and how sound propagates through the fluid air. Aeroacoustics plays an important role in understanding how noise is generated by aircraft and wind turbines , as well as exploring how wind instruments work. Audio signal processing

2170-846: The Performance Measurement Protocols for Commercial Buildings. For example, thermal infrared (IR) imaging devices can be used to measure temperatures of building components while the building is in use. These measurements can be used to evaluate how the mechanical system is operating and if there are areas of anomalous heat gain or heat loss through the building envelope. Measurements of conditions in existing buildings are used as part of post occupancy evaluations . Post occupancy evaluations may also include surveys of building occupants to gather data on occupant satisfaction and well-being and to gather qualitative data on building performance that may not have been captured by measurement devices. Many aspects of building science are

2232-582: The U.S., ASHRAE has published standards to help building managers and engineers design and operate the system. In the UK, a similar guideline was published by CIBSE . Apart from industry practice, advanced control strategies are widely discussed in research as well. For example, closed-loop feedback control can compare air temperature set-point with sensor measurements; demand response control can help prevent electric power-grid from having peak load by reducing or shifting their usage based on time-varying rate. With

2294-564: The architectural design process, building science knowledge is used to inform design decisions to optimize building performance. Design decisions can be made based on knowledge of building science principles and established guidelines, such as the NIBS Whole Building Design Guide (WBDG) and the collection of ASHRAE Standards related to building science. Computational tools can be used during design to simulate building performance based on input information about

2356-438: The areas of building information modeling , building commissioning , fire protection engineering , seismic design and resilient design within its scope. One of the applications of building science is to provide predictive capability to optimize the building performance and sustainability of new and existing buildings, understand or prevent building failures, and guide the design of new techniques and technologies. During

2418-526: The building environment is causing a specific health condition, the information available from medical tests and tests of the environment is not sufficient to establish which contaminants are responsible. Despite uncertainty about what to measure and how to interpret what is measured, research shows that building-related symptoms are associated with building characteristics, including dampness, cleanliness, and ventilation characteristics. Indoor environments are highly complex and building occupants may be exposed to

2480-545: The building sector, partly due to the higher material demands of energy-efficient designs. This shift has underscored the need to address embodied carbon alongside operational emissions to achieve holistic decarbonization. Building decarbonization is most impactful during early-stage design, where materials, systems, and structural choices can be optimized to reduce embodied carbon and improve operational efficiency before moving forward in development stages. Structural materials, such as steel and concrete, contribute significantly to

2542-420: The building were supportive or problematic to the occupants. The results may become design knowledge for architects to design new buildings or provide a data-basis to improve the current environment. Although there are no direct or integrated professional architecture or engineering certifications for building science, there are independent professional credentials associated with the disciplines. Building science

Building science - Misplaced Pages Continue

2604-417: The buildings where they work. One reason for this concern is that their symptoms often get better when they are not in the building. While research has shown that some respiratory symptoms and illnesses can be associated with damp buildings, it is still unclear what measurements of indoor contaminants show that workers are at risk for disease. In most instances where a worker and his or her physician suspect that

2666-452: The challenge of measuring or predicting likely noise levels, determining an acceptable level for that noise, and determining how the noise can be controlled. Environmental acoustics work is usually done by acoustic consultants or those working in environmental health . Recent research work has put a strong emphasis on soundscapes , the positive use of sound (e.g. fountains, bird song), and the preservation of tranquility . Musical acoustics

2728-495: The designed building envelope , lighting system , and mechanical system . Models can be used to predict operational energy use, solar heat and radiation distribution, air flow , and other physical phenomena within the building. These tools are valuable for evaluating a design and ensuring it will perform within an acceptable range before construction begins. Many of the available computational tools analyze building performance goals and perform design optimization . The accuracy of

2790-516: The enclosure must control (not necessarily block or stop) the flow of moisture, heat, air, vapor, solar radiation, insects, or noise, while resisting the loads imposed on the structure (wind, seismic). Daylight transmittance through glazed components of the facade can be analyzed to evaluate the reduced need for electric lighting. Building sustainability, often referred to as sustainable design , integrates strategies to lower building environmental impacts, including lowering both operational carbon, which

2852-509: The improvement from computational performance and machine learning algorithms, model prediction on cooling and heating load with optimal control can further improve occupants comfort by pre-operating the HVAC system. It is recognized that advanced control strategies implementation is under the scope of developing Building Automation System (BMS) with integrated smart communication technologies, such as Internet of Things (IoT). However, one of

2914-612: The indoor environment. Understanding the sources of indoor environmental contaminants and controlling them can often help prevent or resolve building-related worker symptoms. Practical guidance for improving and maintaining the indoor environment is available. Building indoor environment covers the environmental aspects in the design, analysis, and operation of energy-efficient, healthy, and comfortable buildings. Fields of specialization include architecture, HVAC design, thermal comfort , indoor air quality (IAQ), lighting , acoustics , and control systems . The mechanical systems, usually

2976-426: The interior designer will inevitably generate a few building science issues. Daylighting is the controlled admission of natural light, direct sunlight, and diffused skylight into a building to reduce electric lighting and save energy. A daylighting system comprises of not just daylight apertures, such as skylights and windows, but is coupled with a daylight-responsive lighting control system. Daylight positively impacts

3038-563: The machine processing of speech. Ensuring speech is transmitted intelligibly , efficiently and with high quality; in rooms, through public address systems and through telephone systems are other important areas of study. Ultrasonics deals with sound waves in solids, liquids and gases at frequencies too high to be heard by the average person. Specialist areas include medical ultrasonics (including medical ultrasonography ), sonochemistry , nondestructive testing , material characterisation and underwater acoustics ( sonar ). Underwater acoustics

3100-527: The major obstacles identified by practitioners is the scalability of control logics and building data mapping due to the unique nature of building designs. It was estimated that due to inadequate interoperability, building industry loses $ 15.8 billion annually in the U.S. Recent research projects like Haystack and Brick intend to address the problem by utilizing metadata schema , which could provide more accurate and convenient ways of capturing data points and connection hierarchies in building mechanical systems. With

3162-515: The models is influenced by the modeler's knowledge of building science principles and by the amount of validation performed for the specific program. When existing buildings are being evaluated, measurements and computational tools can be used to evaluate performance based on measured existing conditions. An array of in-field testing equipment can be used to measure temperature, moisture, sound levels, air pollutants, or other criteria. Standardized procedures for taking these measurements are provided in

SECTION 50

#1732772583614

3224-407: The motions and interactions of mechanical systems with their environments, including measurement, analysis and control. This might include: ground vibrations from railways and construction; vibration isolation to reduce noise getting into recording studios; studying the effects of vibration on humans ( vibration white finger ); vibration control to protect a bridge from earthquakes , or modelling

3286-422: The occupants experience visual discomfort from excessive sunlight penetration through the windows of the buildings, they may wish to close the shading devices which would decrease the daylight availability and increase the electric lighting energy consumption. Daylighting and visual comfort is an extensively studied topic in building science that allows for successful harvesting of daylighting and energy savings. It

3348-407: The propagation of structure-borne sound through buildings. Although the way in which sound interacts with its surroundings is often extremely complex, there are a few ideal sound wave behaviours that are fundamental to understanding acoustical design. Complex sound wave behaviors include absorption , reverberation , diffraction , and refraction . Absorption is the loss of energy that occurs when

3410-412: The psychological and physiological health of a human being by stimulating the human circadian rhythm, which can lower depression, improve sleep quality, reduce lethargy, and prevent illness. However, studies do not always lead to a positive correlation between maximizing daylighting availability and human comfort and health. When large windows exist within the buildings, we need to control the quantity and

3472-615: The quality of the visual environment. A lack of attention to visual comfort issues often makes the best daylighting intentions ineffective due to excessive brightness and high contrast luminance ratios within the space which result in glare. Illuminating Engineering Society (IES)’s Lighting Handbook defines glare as the sensation produced by luminance levels in the visual field, sufficiently greater than those that our eyes can adapt to, that causes discomfort or loss in visual performance or visibility. Glare interferes with visual perception caused by an uncomfortably bright light source or reflection. If

3534-447: The reduction of unwanted noise, which is referred to as noise control . Unwanted noise can have significant impacts on animal and human health and well-being, reduce attainment by students in schools, and cause hearing loss. Noise control principles are implemented into technology and design in a variety of ways, including control by redesigning sound sources, the design of noise barriers, sound absorbers, suppressors, and buffer zones, and

3596-474: The responsibility of the architect (in Canada, many architectural firms employ an architectural technologist for this purpose), often in collaboration with the engineering disciplines that have evolved to handle 'non-building envelope' building science concerns: Civil engineering , Structural engineering , Earthquake engineering , Geotechnical engineering , Mechanical engineering, Electrical engineering, Acoustic engineering , & fire code engineering. Even

3658-504: The source of the noise and the path of acoustic transmission , for example noise by steps or noise by (air, water) flow vibrations. An example would be providing suitable party wall design in an apartment complex to minimize the mutual disturbance due to noise by residents in adjacent apartments. Inter-space noise control can take a different form when talking about Acoustics in European football stadiums. One goal in stadium acoustics

3720-697: The substrate ranging from 2 by 4 feet (0.61 m × 1.22 m) to 4 by 10 feet (1.2 m × 3.0 m). Fabric retained in a wall-mounted perimeter track system, is referred to as "on-site acoustical wall panels". This is constructed by framing the perimeter track into shape, infilling the acoustical substrate and then stretching and tucking the fabric into the perimeter frame system. On-site wall panels can be constructed to accommodate door frames, baseboard, or any other intrusion. Large panels (generally, greater than 50 square feet (4.6 m )) can be created on walls and ceilings with this method. Wood finishes can consist of punched or routed slots and provide

3782-599: The support of semantic models, automated configuration can further benefit HVAC control commissioning and software upgrades. The building enclosure is the part of the building that separates the indoors from the outdoors. This includes the wall, roof, windows, slabs on grade, and joints between all of these. The comfort, productivity, and even health of building occupants in areas near the building enclosure (i.e., perimeter zones) are affected by outdoor influences such as noise, temperature, and solar radiation, and by their ability to control these influences. As part of its function,

SECTION 60

#1732772583614

3844-407: The use of hearing protection ( earmuffs or earplugs ). Besides noise control, acoustical engineering also covers positive uses of sound, such as the use of ultrasound in medicine , programming digital synthesizers , designing concert halls to enhance the sound of orchestras and specifying railway station sound systems so that announcements are intelligible . Acoustic engineers usually possess

#613386