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103-616: The region of the future Buitenzorg Residency was a part of the Sunda Kingdom from the fifth century onwards, with its capital at Pakuan Pajajaran (located roughly around present-day Bogor). As the Banten Sultanate grew in influence, the Sunda Kingdom gradually lost territory to it, until 1579 when its capital was sacked by Banten and the kingdom ceased to exist; the city itself became depopulated as well. In 1745

206-441: A ) ᮔ᮪ ( n ) ᮞᮥ ( su ) ᮔ᮪ ( n ) ᮓ ( da ) , romanized:  Karajaan Sunda , Indonesian pronunciation: [sunˈda] ) was a Sundanese Hindu kingdom located in the western portion of the island of Java from 669 to around 1579, covering the area of present-day Banten , Jakarta , West Java , and the western part of Central Java . The capital of

309-578: A toponym to identify the Western parts of Java. The Juru Pangambat inscription , dated from 854 Saka (932 CE), confirmes this. The name is similarly used by the Javanese to identify their western neighbour, also rival and enemy, as mentioned in Horren inscription (c. 11th century) from Kediri. An early 13th-century Chinese account reported the pepper port of Sin-t'o (Sunda), which probably referred to

412-608: A geopolitical move to secure the capital away from the eastern threat from the rising Muslim power of Demak in Central Java. By 1482, according to Purwaka Caruban Nagari , a Cirebon chronicle, Cirebon declared its independence from Sunda and no longer sent tribute to the Sunda court. Based on the Kebantenan copperplate inscription, he established a tanah devasasana sacred estate at Mount Samya or Rancamaya. He also announced

515-504: A living although most are traditional entrepreneurs, such as travelling food or drink vendors, establishing modest warung (food stalls) or restaurants, as the vendor of daily consumer's goods or open a modest barber shop . Their affinity for establishing and running small-scale entrepreneurship is most likely contributed by the Sundanese tendency to be independent, carefree, egalitarian, individualistic and optimistic. They seem to abhor

618-491: A much less rigid system of social hierarchy. The Sundanese, in their mentality and behavior, greater egalitarianism and antipathy to yawning class distinctions, and community-based material culture, differ from the feudal hierarchy apparent among the people of Javanese principalities. Central Javanese court culture nurtured an atmosphere conducive to elite, stylised, impeccably polished forms of art and literature. Sundanese culture bore few traces of these traditions. Culturally,

721-580: A number of new Residencies in Java. Roughly one quarter of the Batavia Residency was separated into a new Buitenzorg Residency with essential the same borders as the one created in 1817, with Hendrik Kool as Resident. The next resident was Frederik Willem Slangen, who held the office from June 1927 to October 1929. After that, the Resident was Leendert Gerardus Cornelis Adrianus van der Hoek who held

824-455: A skilled hunter named Rakryan Juru Pangambat , declared that the authority is restored to the king of Sunda. This inscription was written in Kawi alphabet , however curiously the language being used is Old Malay . Archaeologist F.D.K. Bosch proposed that this suggests Srivijayan influence over western Java. French historian, Claude Guillot proposed that this was a declaration of independence of

927-470: A traditional way to determine which one will dominate the family which is the one that gets the larger or head part), and the wedding feast inviting whole family and business relatives, neighbours, and friends as guests. Death in a Sundanese family is usually performed through a series of rituals in accordance with traditional Islam, such as the pengajian (reciting Al Quran) including providing berkat (rice box with side dishes) for guests. The Quran recitation

1030-538: A variety of tastes as well as for protein, mineral and nutrient intake. These side dishes are grilled, fried, steamed or boiled and spiced with any combination of garlic, galangal (a plant of the ginger family), turmeric, coriander, ginger, and lemongrass. The herb-rich food wrapped and cooked inside banana leaf called pepes (Sundanese: pais ) is popular among Sundanese people. Pepes are available in many varieties according to their ingredients; carp fish, anchovies, minced meat with eggs, mushroom, tofu or oncom. Oncom

1133-505: Is lalapan , which consists only of raw vegetables, such as papaya leaves, cucumber , eggplant , and bitter melon . In general, Sundanese food tastes rich and savoury, but not as rich as Padang food , not as sweet as Javanese food . In Sundanese culture, there is a culture of eating together known as Cucurak in the Bogor area or Munggahan in the Priangan area. This tradition

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1236-430: Is a fermented peanut-based ingredient that is prevalent within Sundanese cuisine, just like its counterpart, Tempe, which is popular among Javanese people. Usually, the food itself is not too spicy, but it is served with a boiling sauce made by grinding chilli peppers and garlic together. On the coast, saltwater fish are common; in the mountains, fish tend to be either pond-raised carp or goldfish. A well-known Sundanese dish

1339-578: Is a growing shift towards Islamism , especially amongst urban Sundanese. Compared to the 1960s, many Sundanese Muslim women today have decided to wear hijab . The same phenomenon was also found earlier in the Malay community in Sumatra and Malaysia. Modern history saw the rise of political Islam through the birth of Darul Islam Indonesia in Tasikmalaya, West Java, back in 1949, although this movement

1442-520: Is also an essential structure in the traditional Sundanese agricultural community. Leuit is essential during Seren Taun harvest ceremony. Sundanese cuisine is one of the most famous traditional food in Indonesia, and it is also easily found in most Indonesian cities. The Sundanese food is characterised by its freshness; the famous lalab (raw vegetables salad) eaten with sambal (chili paste), and also karedok (peanuts paste) demonstrate

1545-614: Is also closely related to Malay and Minang as it is to Javanese, as seen by the Sundanese utilising different language levels denoting rank and respect – a concept borrowed from the Javanese. It shares similar vocabularies with Javanese and Malay. There are several dialects of Sundanese, from the Sunda–Banten dialect to the Sunda–Cirebonan dialect in the eastern part of West Java until the western part of Central Java Province. Some of

1648-487: Is also known in Hindu mythology of Sunda and Upasunda , as one of the powerful Asura brothers that received the boon of invulnerability from Brahma . It is not clear, however, whether the eponymous Sunda was derived from this Hindu myth. It seems that by the 10th century, the name Sunda was used by foreigners, possibly by early Indian explorers, Malay Srivijayan traders and colonizer, as well as Javanese neighbours, as

1751-624: Is an effort to revive the Sundanese script , which was used between the 14th and 18th centuries. For example, street names in Bandung and several cities in West Java are now written in both Latin and Sundanese scripts. The initial religious systems of the Sundanese were animism and dynamism with reverence to ancestral ( karuhun ) and natural spirits identified as hyang , yet bears some traits of pantheism . The best indications are found in

1854-575: Is an increasing number of Sundanese people who consider the Hajj (pilgrimage to Mecca) as something that enjoys social prestige. On the other hand, there is also a movement led by the minority Sundanese conservative traditionalist adat , the Sunda Wiwitan community, who are struggling to achieve wider acceptance and recognition of their faith and way of life. Sundanese culture is similar to that of Javanese culture. However, it differs in that it has

1957-443: Is built on short stilts . Its roof variations might includes hip and gablet roof (a combination of gable and hip roof). The more elaborate overhanging gablet roof is called Julang Ngapak , which means "bird spreading wings". Other traditional Sundanese house forms including Buka Pongpok, Capit Gunting, Jubleg Nangkub, Badak Heuay, Tagog Anjing , and Perahu Kemureb . Next to houses, rice barn or called leuit in Sundanese

2060-678: Is called Pantun Sunda , a chant of poetic verses employed for story-telling. It is the counterpart of the Javanese tembang , similar to but independent from Malay pantun . The Pantun Sunda often recount Sundanese folklore and legends such as Sangkuriang , Lutung Kasarung , Ciung Wanara , Mundinglaya Dikusumah , the tales of King Siliwangi , and popular children's folk stories such as Si Leungli . Traditional Sundanese arts include various forms of music, dance, and martial arts. The most notable types of Sundanese music are angklung bamboo music, kacapi suling music, gamelan degung , reyog Sunda and rampak gendang. The Angklung bamboo musical instrument

2163-405: Is concluded that Jaya Pakuan practised asceticism on a mountain in western Java until his death. As manuscript dates from the pre-Islamic Sunda era, it is written in an older form of Sundanese. It does not contain any words traceable to Arabic. Islamic influence is absent from the content of the story as well. The specific mention of Majapahit , Malacca and Demak , allow us to date the writing of

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2266-504: Is considered as the most refined Sundanese). The dialect spoken on the north coast, Banten and Cirebon are considered less refined, and the language spoken by Baduy people is considered the archaic type of Sundanese language, before the adoption of the concept of language stratification to denote rank and respect as demonstrated (and influenced) by Javanese . Today, the Sundanese language is primarily written in Latin script . However, there

2369-414: Is considered one of the important specimens of Old Sundanese literature. The manuscript tells the story of Jaya Pakuan alias Bujangga Manik, though a prince at the court of Pakuan Pajajaran , preferred to live a solitary life as a devout Hindu. As a hermit traveller, the book details two journeys from Pakuan Pajajaran to central and eastern Java and back, the second journey including a visit to Bali . It

2472-518: Is considered one of the world heritages of intangible culture. The most well known and distinctive Sundanese dances are Jaipongan , a traditional social dance which is usually, but mistakenly, associated with eroticism . Other popular dances such as the Merak dance describe colourful dancing peafowls. Sisingaan dance is performed mainly in the Subang area to celebrate the circumcision ritual where

2575-486: Is more influenced by Islamic folklore than the influence of Indian epics present in Javanese versions. The Pencak silat martial art in Sundanese tradition can be traced to the historical figure King Siliwangi of the Sunda Pajajaran kingdom, with Cimande as one of the most prominent schools. The recently developed Tarung Derajat is also a popular martial art in West Java. Kujang is the traditional weapon of

2678-453: Is no stone inscription discovered mentioning the next ruler. There is no tangible evidence discovered from the period between the 11th to the 14th century. Most of our current knowledge about this period came from Carita Parahyangan. The Song Chinese source, Chu-fan-chi circa 1200, mentioned that Srivijaya still ruled Sumatra, the Malay peninsula, and Sin-to (Sunda). The source describes

2781-582: Is performed daily, from the day of death through the seventh day following; later performed again on the 40th day, a year, and the 1,000th day after the passing. This tradition today, however, is not always closely and faithfully followed since growing numbers of Sundanese are adopting a less traditional Islam which does not maintain many of the older traditions. Sundanese literature was basically oral. Their arts (such as architecture, music, dance, textiles, and ceremonies) substantially preserved traditions from an earlier phase of civilization, stretching back even to

2884-635: Is usually carried out together with extended family or colleagues when approaching Ramadan . The traditional occupation of Sundanese people is agricultural , especially rice cultivation. Sundanese culture and tradition are usually centred around the agricultural cycle. Festivities such as the Seren Taun harvest ceremony are held in high importance, especially in the traditional Sundanese community in Ciptagelar village, Cisolok, Sukabumi ; Sindang Barang, Pasir Eurih village, Taman Sari, Bogor ; and

2987-612: The Bujangga Manik manuscript, the eastern border of the kingdom was the Pamali River (Ci Pamali, the present-day Brebes River) and the Serayu River (Ci Sarayu) in Central Java. Most accounts of the Sunda Kingdom come from primary historical records from the 16th century. The kingdom's inhabitants were primarily the eponymous ethnic Sundanese , while the majority religion was Hinduism . The name Sunda derives from

3090-603: The Japanese occupation of the Dutch East Indies but it was renamed to the Indonesian name Bogor ; in the early years of Indonesian independence it briefly existed as well, but it was eventually abolished and its territory incorporated into the new West Java province. Sunda Kingdom The Sunda Kingdom ( Sundanese : ᮊ ( ka ) ᮛ ( ra ) ᮏ ( ja ) ᮃ (

3193-610: The Sanskrit prefix su - which means "goodness" or "possessing good quality". The example is suvarna (lit: "good color") used to describe gold. Sunda is also another name for Hindu God Vishnu . In Sanskrit, the term Sundara (masculine) or Sundari (feminine) means "beautiful" or "excellence". According to Reinout Willem van Bemmelen , a Dutch geologist, the name Sunda was derived from Sanskrit term Shuddha , which means "white" and "pure". The term Sunda also means bright, light, purity, cleanness and white. The name Sunda

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3296-930: The Sundanese language , which is part of the Austronesian languages . The western area of the island of Java, namely the provinces of West Java , Banten , and Jakarta , as well as the westernmost part of Central Java , is called by the Sundanese people Tatar Sunda or Pasundan (meaning Sundanese land). Sundanese migrants can also be found in Lampung , South Sumatra , and, to a lesser extent, in Central Java and East Java . The Sundanese people can also be found on several other islands in Indonesia such as Sumatra , Kalimantan , Sulawesi , Bali and Papua . The Sundanese are of Austronesian origins and are thought to have originated in Taiwan . They migrated through

3399-530: The karuhun (ancestral spirits). Today, most Sundanese are Sunni Muslims. After western Java fell under the control of Dutch East India Company (VOC) in the early 18th century, and later under the Dutch East Indies , Christian evangelism towards the Sundanese people was started by missionaries of Genootschap voor In- en Uitwendige Zending te Batavia (GIUZ). This organisation was founded by Mr F. L. Anthing and Pastor E. W. King in 1851. However, it

3502-544: The port of Old Banten . European explorers, mainly Portuguese based in Malacca , also reported the existence of the Sunda Kingdom. Tomé Pires (1513) mentioned a Western Java kingdom that had established trade relation with them as Regño de Çumda, which means "Kingdom of Sunda". Also the report of Antonio Pigafetta (1522) that mentioned Sunda as a pepper producing region. Tomé Pires from Portugal wrote in his report Suma Oriental (1513–1515): Some people affirm that

3605-601: The 15th to 16th centuries, Islam began to spread among the Sundanese people by Indian Muslim traders, and its adoption accelerated after the fall of the Hindu-animist Sunda Kingdom and the establishment of the Islamic Sultanates of Banten and Cirebon in coastal West Java. Numerous ulama (locally known as " kyai ") penetrated villages in the mountainous regions of Parahyangan and established mosques and schools ( pesantren ) and spread

3708-407: The Dutch East Indies . The third was Johan Gerard van Angelbeek, who held the post from 1823–6. After that the status of Buitenzorg was downgraded from a full residency to an independent Assistant Residency, until 1867 when it was abolished and incorporated into an enlarged Batavia Residency . A new Buitenzorg Residency was created in 1925 as a result of the administrative restructuring which created

3811-559: The Indonesian archipelago that were exposed to Indian Hindu-Buddhist influences. Tarumanagara followed by Sunda Kingdom adopted Hinduism as early as the 4th century. The Batujaya stupa complex in Karawang shows Buddhist influences in West Java, while Cangkuang Shivaic temple near Garut shows Hindu influence. The 16th-century sacred text Sanghyang siksakanda ng karesian contains the religious and moral rules, guidance, prescriptions and lessons for ancient Sundanese people. Around

3914-605: The Indonesian government as governor, municipal major, vice president and state ministers, also as officers and general in the Indonesian military . Sundanese is also popularly known as cheerful and mercurial folks, as they love to joke and tease around. The wayang golek artform of Cepot , Dawala, and Gareng punakawan characters demonstrate the Sundanese quirky side. Some Sundanese might find art and culture as their passion and become artists, either in fine art, music or performing art. Today, there are several Sundanese involved in

4017-849: The Islamic faith amongst the Sundanese people. Small traditional Sundanese communities retained their indigenous social and belief systems, adopting self-imposed isolation, and refused foreign influences, proselytism and modernisation altogether, such as those of the Baduy (Kanekes) people of inland Lebak Regency . Some Sundanese villages such as those in Cigugur Kuningan retained their Sunda Wiwitan beliefs, while some villages such as Kampung Naga in Tasikmalaya, and Sindang Barang Pasir Eurih in Bogor, although identifying themselves as Muslim, still uphold pre-Islamic traditions and taboos and venerated

4120-597: The Kingdom of Sunda has grown quite prosperous and took part in international maritime trade. The Carita Parahyangan and Pararaton named him as Prěbu Maharaja , while the pseudohistorical Wangsakerta give a detailed name of Prabu Maharaja Lingga Buana. He ruled from Kawali Galuh, and died in the Battle of Bubat in 1357, fell victim to a stratagem crafted by the Majapahit prime minister, Gajah Mada . Hayam Wuruk ,

4223-566: The Neolithic, and never overwhelmed (as eastward, in Java) by aristocratic Hindu-Buddhist ideas. The art and culture of Sundanese people reflect historical influences by various cultures that include prehistoric native animism and shamanism traditions, ancient Hindu - Buddhist heritage, and Islamic culture . The Sundanese have very vivid, orally-transmitted memories of the grand era of the Sunda Kingdom . The oral tradition of Sundanese people

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4326-573: The Parahyangan highland as the playland or the abode of gods, as well as suggesting its natural beauty. The earliest historical polity that appeared in the Sundanese realm in the Western part of Java was the kingdom of Tarumanagara , which flourished between the 4th and 7th centuries. Hindu influences reached the Sundanese people as early as the 4th century AD, as is evident in Tarumanagara inscriptions . The adoption of this dharmic faith in

4429-471: The Patih Amangkubumi, does not wish to cease his fasting. Gajah Mada: "If (I succeed) in defeating (conquering) Nusantara, (then) I will break my fast. If Gurun, Seram, Tanjung Pura, Haru, Pahang, Dompo, Bali, Sunda, Palembang, Temasek, are all defeated, (then) I will break my fast." Sunda was mentioned as one of the kingdoms targeted by Mada's overseas campaign. It seems by the early 14th century,

4532-776: The Philippines and reached Java between 1,500 BC and 1,000 BC. Nevertheless, there is also a hypothesis that argues that the Austronesian ancestors of contemporary Sundanese people originally came from Sundaland , a massive sunken peninsula that today forms the Java Sea, the Malacca and Sunda Straits and the islands between them. According to a recent genetic study, Sundanese, together with Javanese and Balinese , has an significant admixture of Austroasiatic and Austronesian ancestries. The Sunda Wiwitan belief contains

4635-517: The South Sea is carried off by violent currents and unable to return. The Portuguese report is dated from a later period of the kingdom, shortly before its fall to forces of the Sultanate of Banten . The history of the Sunda Kingdom spanned for almost a millennium, between the 7th to 16th century. One of the few remnants is the 7th century Bojongmenje Hindu temple near Bandung . It was one of

4738-526: The Sunda Kingdom at this time probably was under the influence of Mataram, or probably Jayabupati subscribed to Javanese culture. Sri Jayabupati in Carita Parahyangan is mentioned as Prabu Detya Maharaja. The 11th century Horren inscription found in southern Kediri, reported that çatru Sunda ("enemy from Sunda") had invaded and menacing villages in East Java. After Sri Jayabupati, there

4841-452: The Sunda Kingdom moved several times during its history, shifting between the Galuh (Kawali) area in the east and Pakuan Pajajaran in the west. The Sunda Kingdom reached its peak during the reign of King Sri Baduga Maharaja , whose reign from 1482 to 1521 is traditionally remembered as an age of peace and prosperity among Sundanese people. According to primary historical records such as

4944-456: The Sunda Kingdom, possibly from Srivijaya. According to Sanghyang Tapak inscription , dated from 1030 found in Cibadak near Sukabumi , a king, Maharaja Sri Jayabupati , has established a sacred sanctuary of Sanghyang Tapak. Curiously, the style of the inscriptions reveal an East Javanese script, language, and style, akin to Dharmawangsa 's court of Mataram . This has led to suggestions that

5047-481: The Sunda kingdom takes up half of the whole island of Java; others, to whom more authority is attributed, say that the Sunda kingdom must be a third part of the island and an eight more. It ends at the river chi Manuk. The river intersects the whole island from sea to sea in such a way that when the people of Java describe their own country, they say that it is bounded to the west by the island of Sunda. The people hold that whoever passes this strait (the river Cimanuk) into

5150-459: The Sundanese fondness for fresh raw vegetables. Similar to other ethnic groups in Indonesia, Sundanese people eat rice for almost every meal. The Sundanese like to say, "If you have not eaten rice, then you have not eaten at all." Rice is prepared in hundreds of different ways. However, it is simple steamed rice that serves as the centerpiece of all meals. Next to steamed rice , the side dishes of vegetables , fish , or meat are added to provide

5253-466: The Sundanese having a less rigid social hierarchy and more independent social manners. In the 19th century, Dutch colonial exploitation opened much of the interior for coffee , tea , and quinine production, and the highland society took on a frontier aspect, further strengthening the individualistic Sundanese mindset. There is a widespread belief among Indonesian ethnicities that the Sundanese are famous for their beauty. In his report "Summa Oriental" on

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5356-495: The Sundanese people adopt a bilateral kinship system , with male and female descent of equal importance. In Sundanese families, the important rituals revolved around life cycles, from birth to death, adopting many previous Animist and Hindu-Buddhist, as well as Islamic, traditions. For example, during the seventh month of pregnancy, there is a prenatal ritual called Nujuh Bulanan (identical to Naloni Mitoni in Javanese tradition) which traces its origins to Hindu ritual. Shortly after

5459-566: The Sundanese people. The architecture of a Sundanese house is characterised by its functionality, simplicity, modesty, uniformity with little details, its use of natural thatched materials, and its quite faithful adherence to harmony with nature and the environment. Sundanese traditional houses mostly take basic form of gable roofed structure, commonly called kampung style roof, made of thatched materials ( ijuk black aren fibers, kirai , hateup leaves or palm leaves) covering wooden frames and beams, woven bamboo walls, and its structure

5562-468: The Sundanese way of life was, however, never as intense as their Javanese counterparts. It seems that despite the central court beginning to adopt Hindu-Buddhist culture and institution, the majority of common Sundanese still retained their native natural and ancestral worship. By the 4th century, the older megalithic culture was probably still alive and well next to the penetrating Hindu influences. Court cultures flourished in ancient times, for example, during

5665-634: The area of the future city of Buitenzorg was gifted to Governor General Gustaaf Willem van Imhoff , who gave it its name and established it as the site of the Governor General's residence for the following two centuries. The Napoleonic governor of the Indies Herman Willem Daendels divided Java into prefectures during his brief rule, and created one at Buitenzorg which was south of the Batavia prefecture, bordered on

5768-651: The birth of a baby, a ritual called Akekahan (from Arabic word: Aqiqah ) is performed; an Islamic tradition in which the parents slaughter a goat for a baby girl or two goats for a baby boy, the meat later being cooked and distributed to relatives and neighbors. The circumcision ceremony is performed on prepubescent boys and celebrated with Sisingaan (lion) dance. The wedding ceremony is the highlight of Sundanese family celebration involving complex rituals from naroskeun and neundeun omong (marriage proposal and agreement conducted by parents and family elders), siraman (bridal shower), seserahan (presenting wedding gifts for

5871-464: The boy is seated upon a lion figure carried by four men. Other dances such as the Peafowl dance, Dewi dance and Ratu Graeni dance show Javanese Mataram courtly influences. Wayang golek puppetry is the most popular wayang performance for Sundanese people. Many forms of kejawen dance, literature, gamelan music and shadow puppetry ( wayang kulit ) derive from the Javanese. Sundanese puppetry

5974-411: The bride), akad nikah (wedding vows), saweran (throwing coins, mixed with flower petals and sometimes also candies, for the unmarried guests to collect and believed to bring better luck in romance), huap lingkung (bride and groom feed each other by the hand, with arms entwined to symbolize love and affection), bakakak hayam (bride and groom ripping a grilled chicken through holding each of its legs;

6077-515: The chant of poetic verses about the golden age of Sunda Pajajaran, and the legend of Prabu Siliwangi , the most popular king of Sunda. Several stone inscriptions mention the kingdom, such as Juru Pangambat , Jayabupati , Kawali , and Batutulis . Most account and records of the Sunda Kingdom are derived from manuscripts dated from a later period circa 15th to 16th century, such as Bujangga Manik , Sanghyang Siksakanda ng Karesian , Carita Parahyangan and Kidung Sunda . The earliest reference to

6180-721: The collection of taxes from the residents because they were knowledgeable about the Hindu religion and worshipped the gods. According to Batutulis inscription , Rahyang Niskala Wastu Kancana was buried in Nusalarang, and supported by Carita Parahyangan manuscript that mentioned " Prebu Niskala Wastu Kancana surup di Nusalarang ring giri Wanakusumah ". At this point, the capital was still located in Galuh, more precisely in Kawali city. Niskala Wastu Kancana's son, named as Tohaan di Galuh (Lord of Galuh) in Carita Parahyangan, succeeded him as

6283-582: The construction of a sacred compound in Sunda Sembawa, stipulated as the resident of the priests. Sundanese people The Sundanese ( Indonesian : Orang Sunda ; Sundanese : ᮅᮛᮀ ᮞᮥᮔ᮪ᮓ , romanized:  Urang Sunda ) are an indigenous ethnic group native to the western region of Java island in Indonesia , primarily West Java . They number approximately 42 million and form Indonesia's second most populous ethnic group . They speak

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6386-465: The deepwater harbour of Sin-t’o (Sunda). Chu-fan-chi reported that: All along the shores, people are dwelling. The people are working in agriculture, their houses are on poles and the roofs are thatched with the bark of the leaves of palm trees and the walls were made with wooden boards tied together with rattan. Both men and women wrap around their loins a piece of cotton, and in cutting their hair they only leave it half an inch long. The pepper grown on

6489-471: The earliest historical records that mention the name "Sunda" appears in the Kebon Kopi II inscription dated 854 saka (932 AD) discovered in Bogor . In 1225, a Chinese writer named Chou Ju-kua , in his book Chu-fan-chi , describes the port of Sin-t'o ( Sunda ), which probably refers to the port of Banten or Kalapa . By examining these records, it seems that the name "Sunda" started to appear in

6592-491: The earliest temple structures in Java, older than temples of Dieng in Central Java, and linked to the Sunda Kingdom. The earlier period is unclear, much owed to only two manuscripts dated from a much later period, the Carita Parahyangan . Its relations to Tarumanagara , a previous kingdom in western Java is unknown. The history of later period, however, after the late 14th century, is clearer especially following

6695-463: The early 11th century as a Javanese term used to designate their western neighbours. A Chinese source more specifically refers to it as the port of Banten or Sunda Kelapa. After the formation and consolidation of the Sunda Kingdom 's unity and identity during the Pajajaran era under the rule of Sri Baduga Maharaja (popularly known as King Siliwangi ), the shared common identity of Sundanese people

6798-641: The early 16th century Sunda Kingdom , Portuguese apothecary Tomé Pires mentioned: "The (Sundanese) women are beautiful, and those of the nobles chaste, which is not the case with those of the lower classes". Sundanese women are, as the belief goes, one of the most beautiful in the country due to the climate (they have a lighter complexion than other Indonesians) and a diet featuring raw vegetables (they are said to possess especially soft skin). Bandungite ladies, popularly known as Mojang Priangan are reputedly pretty, fashion smart and forward-looking. Probably because of this, many Sundanese people today pursue careers in

6901-521: The entertainment industry. The Sundanese language is spoken by approximately 36 million people in 2010 and is the second most widely spoken regional language in Indonesia. The 2000 Indonesia Census put this figure at 30.9 million. This language is spoken in the southern part of the Banten province, and most of West Java and eastwards as far as the Pamali River in Brebes, Central Java . Sundanese

7004-472: The era of Sunda Kingdom . However, the Sundanese appear not to have had the resources nor desire to construct large religious monuments . The traditional rural Sundanese method of rice farming, by ladang or huma (dry rice farming), also contributed to small populations of sparsely inhabited Sundanese villages. Geographic constraints that isolate each region also led Sundanese villages to enjoy their simple way of life and their independence even more. That

7107-526: The existence of the Sunda Kingdom. The copperplate inscription of Kebantenan I (Jayagiri) reads that Raja Rahyang Niskala Wastu Kancana sent an order through Hyang Ningrat Kancana to the Susuhunan of Pakuan Pajajaran to take care of dayohan in Jayagiri and Sunda Sembawa, banning the collection of collecting taxes from the residents, because they would be knowledgeable about the Hindu religion and worshipped

7210-462: The gods. The Kebantenan II (or Sunda Sembawa I) copperplate inscription announces Sri Baduga Maharaja (1482–1521), the king in Pakuan, approved an already delineated sacred estate ( tanah devasasana ) put at the disposal of the wiku (priests), which must not be split as it houses facilities for worship, which belong to the king. The Kebantenan III (Sunda Sembawa II) copperplate inscription announces

7313-449: The hills (of this country) is small-grained but heavy and superior to that of Ta-pan (Tuban in eastern Java). The country produces pumpkins, sugar cane, bottle gourd , beans and egg plants . As, however, there is no regular government in this country, the people are given to brigandage, on which account foreign traders rarely go there. According to this source, the kingdom of Sunda produced high-quality black pepper. The kingdom located in

7416-463: The king of Majapahit, intended to marry Princess Dyah Pitaloka , the daughter of Prabu Maharaja. Delighted, the Sunda king and his royal family came to Majapahit, to marry off his daughter to Hayam Wuruk. The Sunda party erected the encampment on Bubat square in the northern part of Trowulan and awaited the proper wedding ceremony. Gajah Mada however, saw this event as an opportunity to demand Sunda's submission to Majapahit overlordship and insisted that

7519-422: The king of Sunda's sanctions of holy construction in Sunda Sembawa. The Kebantenan IV inscription details that Sri Baduga Maharaja, who ruled in Pakuan, sanctioned a similar sacred estate at Gunung Samya (Mount Rancamaya). The Bujangga Manik manuscript is the primary source on the daily life of the Sunda Kingdom in the late 15th to early 16th century. Detailing place names, culture and customs, in great detail, it

7622-477: The king. He was mentioned in Kebantenan I inscription as Hyang Ningrat Kancana and in Batutulis inscription as Rahyang Dewa Niskala. The new king, however, reigned for only seven years and subsequently demoted. Carita Parahyangan tells that "... kena salah twa(h) bogo(h) ka estri larangan ti kaluaran ..," which translate as "because (his) wrongdoing, fell in love with a forbidden outsider woman." Although it

7725-636: The kingdom is the Jayabupati inscription which consists of 40 lines written on four pieces of stone, found on the Cicatih river bank in Cibadak, Sukabumi . This inscription is again written in Kawi script , and mentions the establishment of a protected sacred area called Sanghyang Tapak by the King Jayabhupati of Sunda. The inscription is dated to 1030 CE. Copperplate letters dating to the 15th century, including royal instructions, also support

7828-486: The memory of the prehistoric ancient lake in Bandung basin highland, which suggest that Sundanese already inhabit the region since the Mesolithic era, at least 20,000 years ago. Another popular Sundanese proverb and legend mentioned the creation of Parahyangan (Priangan) highlands, the heartland of the Sundanese realm; "When the hyangs (gods) were smiling, the land of Parahyangan was created". This legend suggested

7931-579: The most distinct dialects are from Banten, Bogor, Priangan, and Cirebon. In Central Java, Sundanese is spoken in some of the Cilacap region and some of the Brebes region. It is known that the most refined Sundanese dialect — which is considered as its original form – are those spoken in Ciamis, Tasikmalaya, Garut, Bandung, Sumedang, Sukabumi, and especially Cianjur (The dialect spoken by people living in Cianjur

8034-1603: The music and entertainment industry, with some of Indonesia's most famous singers, musicians, composers, cinema directors, film and sinetrons (soap opera) actors being of Sundanese origin. Notable Sundanese that has been recognised as Indonesian national heroes include Dewi Sartika that fought for equality for women's education, and statesmen such as Oto Iskandar di Nata and Djuanda Kartawidjaja . Former governor of Jakarta Ali Sadikin , former vice president Umar Wirahadikusumah , and former defence minister Agum Gumelar , and ministers of foreign affairs such as Mochtar Kusumaatmadja , Hassan Wirajuda and Marty Natalegawa , Meutya Hafid are among notable Sundanese in politics. Ajip Rosidi and Achdiat Karta Mihardja are among Indonesian distinguished poets and writers. The modern Indonesian entertainment industry employs large numbers of Sundanese artists that have become Indonesia's most famous singers, musicians, composers, cinema directors, film and sinetron actors. Famous dangdut singers Rhoma Irama , Elvy Sukaesih and, musicians and composers such as Erwin Gutawa and singers such as Roekiah , Hetty Koes Endang , Vina Panduwinata , Nicky Astria , Nike Ardilla , Poppy Mercury , Rossa , Gita Gutawa and Syahrini , Indonesian sinetrons actors such as Raffi Ahmad , Jihan Fahira and Asmirandah Zantman , also stunt choreographer, movie action star Kang Cecep Arif Rahman, also film director Nia Dinata , are among artists of Sundanese background. Famous wayang golek puppet master

8137-614: The mythical origin of Sundanese people; Sang Hyang Kersa, the supreme divine being in ancient Sundanese belief created seven bataras (deities) in Sasaka Pusaka Buana (The Sacred Place on Earth). The oldest of these bataras is called Batara Cikal and is considered the ancestor of the Kanekes people . The other six bataras ruled various locations in Sunda lands in Western Java. A Sundanese legend of Sangkuriang contains

8240-414: The name "Sunda" being used to identify a kingdom is the Kebon Kopi II inscription dated 854 Saka (932 CE). This inscription is in the Kawi script , but the language used is Old Malay . It translates as follows: This memorial stone is to remark the saying of Rakryan Juru Pangambat (Royal Hunter), in 854 Saka, that the order of government is returned to the power of the king of Sunda. Another reference to

8343-428: The north coast of Java, ships steered 97 1/2 degrees for three watches to make Kalapa ; they then followed the coast (past Tanjung Indramayu), finally steering 187 1/2 degrees for four watches to reach Cirebon. Ships from Banten proceeded eastward along the north coast of Java, past Kalapa , past Indramayu head, past Cirebon. According to this source, the port of Sunda was located west of Kalapa and later identified as

8446-468: The office until October 1931. It was used as a unit of measure in the 1930 Dutch East Indies census; the Residency was estimated to have a population of 1,121,615, of which around 90 per cent were Native Indonesians , 5 per cent Chinese Indonesians , and the rest Europeans and others. The borders established in 1925 were changed again in 1931, with many of the new Residencies being abolished; Buitenzorg

8549-412: The oldest epic poems ( wawacan ) and among the remote Baduy tribe. This religion is called Sunda Wiwitan ("early Sundanese"). The rice agriculture had shaped the culture, beliefs and ritual system of traditional Sundanese people, among other the reverence to Nyai Pohaci Sanghyang Asri as the goddess of rice and fertility. The land of Sundanese people in western Java is among the earliest places in

8652-472: The port of Banten or Sunda Kalapa. By the 15th to 16th century, after the consolidation of the kingdom by Sri Baduga Maharaja , the name Sunda had shifted from a toponym, into a name that identified a kingdom and its people. The Sunda Strait is named after the Sunda Kingdom, the latter having once ruled the area on both coasts of the strait. Knowledge of the kingdom among Sundanese people has been kept alive through Sundanese Pantun oral tradition,

8755-409: The port of Sunda as strategic and thriving, pepper from Sunda being among the best in quality. The people worked in agriculture and their houses were built on wooden poles ( rumah panggung ). However, robbers and thieves plagued the country. The port of Sunda referred by Chou Ju-kua probably referred to Old Banten , instead of Sunda Kelapa . It seems that by the early 13th century, the maritime trade

8858-457: The princess was to be presented as a token of submission. Angered and humiliated, the Sunda king decided to cancel the wedding and to return home, resulting in a skirmish between the Sunda royal family and the Majapahit army. Outnumbered, almost the entire Sundanese party, including the princess, perished in this tragedy. The tradition says Princess Dyah Pitaloka committed suicide to defend the honour of her country. After his death, Prabu Maharaja

8961-458: The reign of King Wastu Kancana and Sri Baduga Maharaja . This is contributed mainly to the availability of historical sources, including numbers of foreign reports, especially Portuguese's Suma Oriental , several stone inscriptions ( prasasti ) especially Batutulis , and native primary historical manuscripts of Bujangga Manik and Sanghyang Siksakanda ng Karesian . According to Kebon Kopi II inscription , dated from 932, discovered near Bogor ,

9064-538: The relations between Sunda and its powerful eastern neighbour Majapahit empire badly deteriorated following the Bubat incident. Niskala Wastu then resided in Kawali palace of Galuh. His reign is remembered as a long era of peace and prosperity. The copperplate inscription of Kebantenan I reads that Raja Rahyang Niskala Wastu Kancana sent an order through Hyang Ningrat Kancana to the Susuhunan of Pakuan Pajajaran to take care of dayohan in Jayagiri and Sunda Sembawa, banning

9167-566: The rigid structure and rules of government offices. Several traditional travelling food vendors and food stalls such as Siomay , Gado-gado and Karedok , Nasi Goreng , Cendol , Bubur Ayam , Roti Bakar (grilled bread), Bubur kacang hijau (green beans congee) and Indomie instant noodle stall are notably run by Sundanese. Nevertheless, there are numbers of Sundanese that successfully carved their career as intellectuals or politicians in national politics, government offices and military positions. Some notable Sundanese has gained positions in

9270-545: The story in the 15th century, probably the latter part of this century, or the early 16th century at the latest. According to F. Hirt and W. W. Rockhill, there are Chinese sources concerning the Sunda Kingdom. At the time of the Southern Sung dynasty, the inspector of trade with foreign countries, Chau Ju-kua , collected reports from sailors and merchants who had visited foreign countries. His report on far countries, Chu-fan-chi , written from 1178 to 1225 AD, mentions

9373-424: The throne, stylized as Prabu Raja Wastu Kancana. According to one of Astana Gede inscriptions , approximately dated from the second half of the 14th century, the king ordered the construction of defensive structures, walls and moats surrounding Kawali city, and renovated Surawisesa palace. The construction of moats and other defensive measures, was probably as a response to a perceived foreign threat. Especially since

9476-439: The town of Kuningan . Sang Ratu Jayadewata (reigned 1482 to 1521) or also known as Sri Baduga Maharaja , is a grandson of Prabu Wastu Kancana. Jayadewata is often linked with a popular character Prabu Siliwangi in the Sundanese oral tradition of pantun . King Jayadewata moved the government seat from Kawali back to Pakuan in 1482. It is not clear, however, the reason behind the transfer of capital westward; it might be

9579-503: The traditional Sundanese community in Cigugur Kuningan . The typical Sundanese leuit (rice barn) is an important part of traditional Sundanese villages; it is held in high esteem as the symbol of wealth and welfare. Since early times, the Sundanese have predominantly been farmers. They tend to be reluctant to be government officers or legislators. Next to agriculture, Sundanese people often choose business and trade to make

9682-599: The western parts of Java near Sunda Strait , corresponds to today Banten, Jakarta and the west part of West Java province. According to this source, the port of Sunda was under Srivijaya mandala domination. This Port of Sunda was highly possible to refer to Old Banten instead of Kalapa (present-day North Jakarta ). Its capital is located 10 kilometres inland southward in Banten Girang near Mount Pulosari . The Chinese book “Shun-Feng Hsiang-Sung" from around 1430 AD relates: In this voyage eastward from Sunda, along

9785-621: The western side by Banten and to the south by Preanger . After the departure of the British from Java, the Dutch reorganized the island into a new set of subdivisions called Residencies. The Buitenzorg Residency was created with the same borders as the Prefecture created by Daendels. The first Resident in 1817–8 was F. E. Hardy. The second Resident, who took office in 1818, was Carel Sirardus Willem van Hogendorp , future Governor-General of

9888-749: Was Nederlandsche Zendelings Vereeniging (NZV) that sent their missionaries to convert the Sundanese peoples. They started the mission in Batavia, later expanding into several towns in West Java such as Bandung , Cianjur , Cirebon , Bogor and Sukabumi . They built schools, churches and hospitals for native people in West Java. Compared to the large Sundanese Muslim population, the numbers of Christian Sundanese are scarce. Today, Christians in West Java are mostly Chinese Indonesians residing in West Java, with only small numbers of native Sundanese Christians. In contemporary Sundanese social and religious life, there

9991-575: Was expanded to absorb the former West-Priangan Residency , more than doubling its size, and with Pieter Marinus Letterie as the new Resident. In November 1933 Alexander Hendrik de Jong became the new Resident. Finally, in March 1937 Cornelis van Rossen became the final Resident, holding office until the Japanese invasion in 1942. The larger Buitenzorg Residency borders remained in place for the final years of Dutch rule in Java; its borders were retained during

10094-761: Was later cracked down by the Indonesian Republic. In modern contemporary political landscapes, the Sundanese realm in West Java and Banten also provides widespread support for Islamic parties such as the Prosperous Justice Party (PKS) and the United Development Party (PPP). There are numbers of Sundanese ulama and Islamic preachers who have been successful in gaining national popularity, such as Kyai Abdullah Gymnastiar , Ustadz Adi Hidayat and Mamah Dedeh who have become TV personalities through their dakwah show. There

10197-438: Was more firmly established. They adopted the name "Sunda" to identify their kingdom, their people and their language . Inland Pasundan is mountainous and hilly, and until the 19th century, it was thickly forested and sparsely populated. The Sundanese traditionally live in small and isolated hamlets, rendering control by indigenous courts difficult. The Sundanese, traditionally engage in dry-field farming. These factors resulted in

10300-747: Was probably the factor that would contribute to the carefree nature, egalitarian, conservative, independent and somewhat individualistic social outlook of the Sundanese people. The Sundanese seems to love and revere their nature in spiritual ways, leading to them adopting some taboos to conserve nature and maintain the ecosystem. The conservative tendency and their somewhat opposition to foreign influences are demonstrated in extreme isolationist measures adopted keenly by Kanekes or Baduy people . They have rules against interacting with outsiders and adopting foreign ideas, technology, and ways of life. They have also set some taboos, such as not cutting trees or harming forest creatures, to conserve their natural ecosystem. One of

10403-664: Was revered as Prabu Wangi ( lit.   ' King with pleasant fragrance ' ) for the heroic defence of his honour. Thus his successors, the later kings of Sunda, were later called Siliwangi (lit. successor of Wangi). The story is the main theme of the book Kidung Sunda , another source reporting this incident found in Bali. The next king of Sunda was Niskala Wastu Kancana , who was the youngest son of Prabu Maharaja and younger brother to Princess Dyah Pitaloka, who both perished in Bubat Incident. In 1371, Prince Wastu ascended to

10506-808: Was still dominated by Srivijayan mandala based in Sumatra. The name Sunda appeared in Javanese source, the Pararaton , reported that in 1336, during the inauguration of his newly appointed position as Prime Minister, Gajah Mada declared the Palapa oath , which stated his foreign policy to unify the archipelago under Majapahit domination. Pararaton recorded what Gajah Mada had said: "Sira Gajah Madapatih Amangkubhumi tan ayun amuktia palapa, sira Gajah Mada: Lamun huwus kalah nusantara isun amukti palapa, lamun kalah ring Gurun, ring Seran, Tañjung Pura, ring Haru, ring Pahang, Dompo, ring Bali, Sunda , Palembang, Tumasik, samana isun amukti palapa." Translation: "He, Gajah Mada

10609-596: Was unclear as to what the line mean, it was possible that the forbidden outsider woman was a Muslim, signifying the presence of Islam in western Java. According to the Batutulis inscription, Rahyang Dewa Niskala was later buried in Gunatiga. This information is supported by Carita Parahyangan which mentioned that Tohaan di Galuh was nu surup di Gunung Tilu' died or buried in Gunung Tilu (Tilu means three), which corresponds to Gunung Tilu mountain range located east of

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