Hebrew
70-570: Judeo-Aramaic Judeo-Arabic Other Jewish diaspora languages Jewish folklore Jewish poetry Bukharian , also known as Judeo-Bukharic and Judeo-Tajik (autonym: Bukhori , Hebrew script: בוכארי , Cyrillic: бухорӣ , Latin: Buxorī ), is a Judeo-Persian dialect historically spoken by the Bukharan Jews of Central Asia . It is a Jewish dialect derived from—and largely mutually intelligible with—the Tajik branch of
140-600: A Palestinian dialect but were to some extent normalised to follow Babylonian usage. Eventually, the Targums became standard in Judaea and Galilee also. Liturgical Aramaic, as used in the Kaddish and a few other prayers, was a mixed dialect, to some extent influenced by Biblical Aramaic and the Targums. Among religious scholars, Hebrew continued to be understood, but Aramaic appeared in even the most sectarian of writings. Aramaic
210-514: A committee to assess the feasibility of opening a free college in Queens. In September 1935, the committee recommended the establishment of such a college. Mayor La Guardia backed the recommendation and pushed for the free college's creation. In March 1937, the Board of Education designated the site of the former Parental School to be the future location of Queens College. Paul Klapper , former dean of
280-399: A formal announcement of the acquisition. The college campus continued improving its facilities. Under a $ 1 billion CUNY-wide improvement program, Queens College's Powdermaker Hall was given a $ 57 million renovation, begun in 2000. By 2014, enrollment was 20,000 students, half of whom come from minority backgrounds. Felix V. Matos Rodriguez was appointed president of Queens College by
350-799: A guide to learning the Bukharian language for English speakers. Bukharian historically used the Hebrew alphabet (called Eastern Rashi in writing and square script in printing). From 1928 to 1940, the written Bukharian language in the USSR used the Latin alphabet . The first version of the Latin alphabet for the language was compiled in April 1928 and had the following order: a в d ә l n s r k m h t u x ş f p g o v z ⱨ ƣ q e c ç i j ә̦ ƶ In 1930, changes were made to
420-587: A highly visible borough landmark, is named in their honor. In February 2011, Queens College inherited the personal collection of the late James Forman . The collection, along with other civil rights leaders' collections, is available online at the Queens College Civil Rights Archive. A special program on February 17, 2011, included a presentation by the Honorable Julian Bond for Black History Month , as well as
490-684: A low-rise 506-bed residence hall on campus called the Summit Apartments, which opened in late 2009. This makes Queens College one of only four CUNY campuses with dorm facilities (the others being Hunter College , the College of Staten Island, and City College ). The college is home to the Aaron Copland School of Music (named for Aaron Copland ), which is located in the Music Building. The Music Building also houses
560-594: A result not only did the museum improve its facilities but increased its collections-related staff as well. Today the museum is an integral part of Queens College that serves not only the faculty and staff but the community at large. The museum, located in Klapper Hall, maintains a fine collection of 6,000 pieces of art, as well as artifacts from all cultures dating from ancient times to the modern day. These include works by Rembrandt Van Rijn , Pablo Picasso , Henri Matisse , and Georges Braque . The museum also hosts
630-443: A result, two weeks before the start of classes, Queens College did not reappoint 26 faculty lecturers . That number fell to 24, and 10 were re-hired on an adjunct basis. Courses without instructors were cancelled or divided among remaining faculty. The 80-acre (32 ha) campus, located off Kissena Boulevard , is on a 100-foot (30 m)-high hill that faces Manhattan. Six of the original Spanish-style buildings dating back to
700-399: A series of exhibitions each year. These exhibitions and events are free and open to the public. Queens College's first residence hall, the Summit Apartments, opened in 2009. This low-rise, 506-bed facility is located in the middle of the campus. Queens College is still primarily a commuter school, as only 500 of its over 19,000 students live on campus. The building has a gold certificate from
770-555: Is a Northwest Semitic language , and the two share many features. From the 7th century BCE, Aramaic became the lingua franca of the Middle East . It became the language of diplomacy and trade, but it was not yet used by ordinary Hebrews. As described in 2 Kings 18:26 , the messengers of Hezekiah, king of Judah, demand to negotiate with ambassadors in Aramaic rather than Hebrew ( yehudit , literally "Judean" or "Judahite") so that
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#1732773370633840-632: Is also home to the Louis Armstrong archives. The Art Library and the Queens College Art Center are on the sixth floor of Rosenthal. The Art Library has over 70,000 books; 5,000 bound periodicals; and 110,000 slides, pictures, and exhibition catalogs and pamphlets. The collection includes resources for the study of all aspects of the visual arts and material culture, including art and architectural history, theory, criticism, materials, techniques, and practice. Nurtured by both
910-566: Is home to many centers which focus their research on various pressing social issues facing the local communities, students, faculty and the many ethnic and religious groups of the Queens area. As of 2024 , Queens College students represent over 140 countries and speak over 80 different native languages. This rich variety has influenced Queens College's curriculum, research, and outreach programs. Queens College has over 100 different clubs and organizations, ranging from fraternities/sororities to cultural, religious, technology, and art clubs. Most of
980-477: Is located in Queens College's Klapper Hall, named after the former school president, Paul Klapper . The outdoor plaza in front of the museum hosts a site-specific installation by Vito Acconci titled, "More Balls For Klapper Hall" (or "Untitled"). The artwork has been damaged over the years, and other artworks on campus have also been damaged due to neglect or removed completely. Klapper Hall also houses
1050-768: Is the World Bukharian Jewish Congress, which aims to teach and spread awareness of the history, culture, language, and literature of the Bukharian Jews. Based on the Soviet census of 1979, 20% more Central Asian Jews spoke Russian than Bukharian. Among some Bukharian Jewish youth, especially in the New York City area, there has been a revival of using the Bukharian Jewish language written in a modified Latin alphabet similar to
1120-767: The Aaron Copland School of Music and the Queens College Library, the Music Library has evolved into a first-class research facility and is the largest music collection in the CUNY system. The Music Library is located on two levels in the School of Music building and contains over 35,000 scores, 30,000 books, and 20,000 sound recordings, including the David S. Walker Music Education Collection and
1190-500: The Benjamin Rosenthal Library. The library's Chaney-Schwerner-Goodman Clocktower was named after the three civil rights workers who were murdered in 1964 , including Andrew Goodman , a Queens College student. Built in 1988, the library contains over 800,000 books, 32,600 print and electronic materials, the electronic archives, a collection of multimedia materials in its Media Center and an art center. The library
1260-609: The CUNY Graduate Center , and a number of advanced certificate programs. It is also one of seven participating schools in the CUNY Macaulay Honors College . Queens College has a Freshman Honors Program, as well as a program called TIME 2000 for future math educators. The college's Professional & Continuing Studies program offers non-credit courses in such fields as health care, real estate, and risk management. There are seven schools within
1330-528: The CUNY Graduate Center , and a number of advanced certificate programs. Alumni and faculty of the school, such as Arturo O'Farrill and Jerry Seinfeld , have received over 100 Grammy Award nominations. The college is organized into seven schools. It competes in Division II of the NCAA and sponsors 15 men's and women's championship-eligible varsity teams. Before Queens College was established in 1937,
1400-584: The City University of New York Athletic Conference (CUNYAC) at the Division III level from 1978 to 1980. Queens College competes in 15 intercollegiate varsity sports: Men's sports include baseball, basketball, cross country, soccer, tennis and track & field; while women's sports include basketball, cross country, dance, soccer, softball, swimming & diving, tennis, track & field and volleyball. The longest running among these programs are
1470-648: The Civil Rights Movement of the 1960s, including the March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom in 1963. The most well-known student activist was Andrew Goodman , who was slain in Mississippi in 1964 with two other young men, James Chaney , and Michael Schwerner ; all three were trying to register African Americans to vote in the South. Schwerner and Chaney were on the organizing staff of CORE; Goodman
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#17327733706331540-498: The Hebrew alphabet . But throughout the past century, due to the influence of various empires and ideologies, Bukhori was written using the Latin alphabet in the 1920s and 1930s, then Cyrillic from 1940 onwards. The Hebrew alphabet fell further into disuse outside of Hebrew liturgy when the Bukharian Jewish schools were closed in Central Asia and Bukharian Jewish publications, such as books and newspapers, began to appear using
1610-623: The Persian language . Historically, Bukharian was spoken by Jews in Central Asia. The language classification of Bukharian is as follows: Indo-European > Indo-Iranian > Iranian > West Iranian > Southwest Iranian > Persian > Tajik > Bukharian. Bukhori is based on Classical Persian , with a large number of Hebrew loanwords , as well as smaller numbers of loanwords from other surrounding languages, including Uzbek and Russian . The vocabulary includes lexical items of Persian, Arabic , Uzbek, and Hebrew origin. In 1987,
1680-723: The Soviet Union . One significant attempt was the establishment of a council for Bukharian Jewish literature in the Uzbekistan Writers’ Union, headed by Aharon Shalamaev-Fidoi (who emigrated to Israel in 1991). Another significant attempt was the Hoverim society established in Tajikistan and headed by Professor Datkhaev (Datkhaev emigrated to the US in 1992). The main organizational supporter for Bukharian Jewish culture today
1750-641: The 19th to 20th centuries. (In modern times, the dialects spoken by the few remaining Jews in these cities barely differ, if at all, from their non-Jewish counterparts.) Today, the language is spoken by approximately 10,000 Jews remaining in Uzbekistan and surrounding areas, although most of its speakers reside elsewhere, predominantly in Israel (approximately 50,000 speakers) and the United States. Like most Jewish languages , Bukhori traditionally used
1820-626: The CUNY Board of Trustees in 2014. Five years later, he became the first Latino Chancellor of the City University of New York. William Tramontano served as QC's interim president from 2019 until July 1, 2020, when Frank H. Wu succeeded him as the new college president. Budgetary pressures from city government continued to affect Queens College in the 2020s. In November 2023, Mayor Eric Adams ordered $ 23 million in CUNY-wide cuts. As
1890-591: The Cyrillic alphabet. Today, many older Bukharian Jews who speak Bukharian only know the Cyrillic alphabet when reading and writing Bukharian. The origin of its respective spelling system is Talmudic orthography. Early in the Soviet period, communists wanted Hebrew to be the language of culture and instruction for Jews in the Republic of Turkestan and in the Bukhara People's Soviet Republic . In late 1921,
1960-676: The Fine Arts and English Departments, and boasts the largest ceramics studio within the CUNY system. Other facilities in this building include a metal working studio, wood shop, black and white darkroom, student gallery and a suite of art studios for BFA and MFA candidates. The college holds courses at several off-campus locations, including the 43rd Street Extension Center in Manhattan and the CUNY Center for Higher Education in downtown Flushing , which opened in late 2003. The college has
2030-603: The Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED), an organization that certifies buildings to have met environmentally sustainable construction standards. Queens College's residence hall offers study lounges on each floor, wireless internet, laundry services, and a state of the art fitness center. The Summit Apartments also includes kitchens with full-size appliances, as well as dining areas, microwaves, couches, entertainment stands, and music practice rooms. In addition to
2100-582: The New York Parental School was investigated amid rumors of abuse. The school was shut down and students were transferred to local public schools. A few months later, the grounds were turned over to the city. The city planned to house 500 mental patients from Randall's Island Hospital, who were temporarily displaced by the construction of the Triborough Bridge . Meanwhile, County Judge Charles S. Colden appointed and chaired
2170-693: The Persians, continued to be regarded as normative, and the writings of Jews in the east were held in higher regard because of it. The division between western and eastern dialects of Aramaic is clear among different Jewish communities. Targumim , translations of the Jewish scriptures into Aramaic, became more important since the general population ceased to understand the original. Perhaps beginning as simple interpretive retellings, gradually 'official' standard Targums were written and promulgated, notably Targum Onkelos and Targum Jonathan : they were originally in
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2240-468: The School of Education at City College of New York , was appointed the new college's president. The college opened in October 1937—later than anticipated due to a painters' strike—with 21 members on its teaching staff and 400 students in its inaugural freshmen class. The school's colors of blue and silver were selected by a "Color Committee" drawn from the entering class of students, and were announced at
2310-1223: The Soviet Latin alphabet had the following order: A a, B в, C c, Ç ç, D d, E e, F f, G g, Ƣ ƣ, H h, I i, J j, K k, L l, M m, N n, O o, P p, Q q, R r, S s, Ş ş, T t, U u, Ū ū, V v, X x, Z z, Ƶ ƶ, Ә ә Currently, printed literature in the Bukharian Judeo-Tajik dialect is published mainly in Cyrillic . Some works also use the Latin alphabet, which is close to the Uzbek one . Current Cyrillic alphabet: А а, Б б, В в, Г г, Д д, Е е, Ё ё, Ж ж, З з, И и, Й й, К к, Л л, М м, Н н, О о, П п, Р р, С с, Т т, У у, Ф ф, Х х, Ц ц, Ч ч, Ш ш, Ъ ъ, Э э, Ю ю, Я я, Ғ ғ, Ӣ ӣ, Қ қ, Ӯ ӯ, Ҳ ҳ, Ҷ ҷ Current Latin alphabet: A a, B в, C c, Ch ch, D d, E e, F f, G g, Gh gh, H h, I i, J j, K k, L l, M m, N n, O o, P p, Q q, R r, S s, Sh sh, T t, Ts ts, U u, U' u', V v, X x, Y y, Yi yi, Z z, Zh zh' Judeo-Aramaic languages The Judaeo-Aramaic languages are those varieties of Aramaic and Neo-Aramaic languages used by Jewish communities. Aramaic, like Hebrew,
2380-883: The Summit, many students rent apartments off-campus in the surrounding neighborhoods. Queens College operates a free shuttle service for students from campus (next to the Student Union building) to major transportation hubs in Flushing and Jamaica . The shuttle service also transports students from the Kissena end of campus to the Main Street end. The shuttle operates seven days a week. USNWR Regional Rankings - North Queens College offers undergraduate degrees in 78 majors, over 100 master's degrees, over 40 accelerated master's options, 20 doctoral degrees through
2450-546: The Turkestani People's Commissariat of Education ordered that schools for Bukharian Jews to teach in Bukharian and not in Hebrew. In Uzbekistan in 1934, 15 Bukharian Jewish clubs and 28 Bukharian Jewish red teahouses existed. However, in 1938, Bukharian was no longer used as the language for instruction in the schools and in cultural activities. Attempts were made to bring about a revival of Bukharian Jewish culture in
2520-700: The Ursula Springer Choral Music Collection. Since 1957 Queens College has been collecting works of art, these collections were initially used for teaching purposes and were meant to serve the college community. The collections were eventually brought together with the establishment of the Godwin-Ternbach Museum in 1980. The museum is now a part of the Kupferberg Center for the Arts, which has joined all
2590-562: The alphabet: capital letters were introduced, the letter ә̦ was eliminated, and the letter Ů ů was introduced. At a spelling conference in August 1934, the letter Ⱨ ⱨ was removed from the alphabet and the letter Ů ů was replaced by Ū ū. On February 5, 1935, this decision was legalized by order No. 112 of the People's Commissariat of Education of the Uzbek SSR. As a result, the later version of
2660-586: The beginning of the 20th century, dozens of small Aramaic-speaking Jewish communities were scattered over a wide area extending between Lake Urmia and the Plain of Mosul , and as far east as Sanandaj . Throughout the same region l, there were also many Aramaic-speaking Christian populations. In some places, Zakho for instance, the Jewish and Christian communities easily understood each other's Aramaic. In others, like Sanandaj, Jews and Christians who spoke different forms of Aramaic could not understand each other. Among
2730-413: The classification of Imperial Aramaic as an "official language", noting that no surviving edict expressly and unambiguously accorded that status to any particular language. Documentary evidence shows the gradual shift from Hebrew to Aramaic: The phases took place over a protracted period, and the rate of change varied depending on the place and social class in question: the use of one or other language
2800-501: The college as New York City faced a crippling financial crisis . CUNY's policy of free tuition was revoked; the overall CUNY budget was cut by $ 135 million; and CUNY Chancellor Robert Kibbee demanded that Queens College slash its budget by 15%. Some faculty members resigned in protest. The New York Times reported in December 1976 that "Queens College, considered the jewel in the university's crown, has been particularly hard hit by
2870-462: The college was beginning to recover from the financial crisis of the 1970s. In addition, the student body, in accordance with the mission of the short-lived Open Admissions program, had grown much more diverse, and college faculty were trained to understand Latin American culture and how to teach American literature to non-native students. By that time, former Queens College president Joseph S. Murphy
Bukharian (Judeo-Tajik dialect) - Misplaced Pages Continue
2940-420: The college: Aaron Copland School of Music, Graduate School of Library and Information Studies, School of Arts & Humanities, School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, School of Education, School of Math and Natural Sciences, and School of Social Sciences. The Aaron Copland School of Music is one of the oldest departments at Queens College, founded when the college opened in 1937. The department's curriculum
3010-551: The common people would not understand. During the 6th century BCE, the Babylonian captivity brought the working language of Mesopotamia much more into the daily life of ordinary Jews. Around 500 BCE, Darius I of Persia proclaimed that Aramaic would be the official language for the western half of his empire, and the Eastern Aramaic dialect of Babylon became the official standard. In 1955, Richard Frye questioned
3080-442: The cuts, which have gone to the heart of the faculty." All hiring and building on campus was halted. In 1979, President Jimmy Carter became the first sitting president to visit Queens College, where he conducted a Town Hall Meeting at Colden Center. By 1984, student enrollment had declined to 15,000. But with a $ 175 million building program in place by 1986 for the college's 50th anniversary, enrollments were expected to rise and
3150-506: The different Jewish dialects, mutual comprehension became quite sporadic. In the middle of the 20th century, the founding of the State of Israel led to the disruption of centuries-old Aramaic-speaking communities. Today, most first-language speakers of Jewish Aramaic live in Israel, but their distinct languages are gradually being replaced by Modern Hebrew . Modern Jewish Aramaic languages are still known by their geographical location before
3220-758: The early 20th century still stand, such as Jefferson Hall, which was built in 1907. The college has since expanded to over 40 buildings, including the main classroom building, Powdermaker Hall, rebuilt in 2003 and named after the college's distinguished anthropologist Hortense Powdermaker . Queens College is one of two CUNY colleges that participates in Division II sports (the other is the College of Staten Island ). A Child Development Center, staffed by professionals, offers inexpensive child care services to students with children. The Godwin-Ternbach Museum, which opened in 1981 and houses more than 6,000 works of art,
3290-547: The final decline of Hebrew to the margins of Jewish society. Writings from the Seleucid and Hasmonaean periods show the complete supersession of Aramaic as the language of the Jewish people. In contrast, Hebrew was the holy tongue . The early witness to the period of change is the Biblical Aramaic of the books of Daniel and Ezra . The language shows a number of Hebrew features have been taken into Jewish Aramaic:
3360-418: The first class of students and the following generations. The college campus grew as buildings were constructed and enrollment increased. But changes beyond growth were in store for Queens College: in 1970, CUNY adopted the controversial policy of Open Admissions, which guaranteed a place at CUNY for any high school graduate in New York, regardless of traditional criteria like grades or test scores. The program
3430-425: The first school dance, which was held on Wednesday, November 24, 1937. Around 1,200 students enlisted in the American military during World War II ; fifty-nine would be killed in action. Queens College's motto is "Discimus ut serviamus", which translates to "We learn so that we may serve." With public service for the common good on his mind, Queens College president Paul Klapper created the motto in 1937 to inspire
3500-634: The first semester of classes held in 2012. Queens College has since taken over the former Law School building, now named Queens Hall and home to the college's language departments. Townsend Harris High School and John Bowne High School are located at the edge of the Queens College campus. The Kupferberg Center for the Arts is home to Colden Auditorium, Goldstein Theatre, and the Ethel & Samuel Lefrak Concert Hall. Trevor Noah , Jerry Seinfeld , David Bowie , Patti LaBelle and Johnny Mathis , The Byrds , Victor Manuelle , Cesar Millan , and El Gran Combo have performed at Colden. The campus maintains
3570-566: The importance of Judeo-Aramaic cultural heritage. Queens College, City University of New York Queens College ( QC ) is a public college in the New York City borough of Queens . Part of the City University of New York system, Queens College occupies an 80-acre (32 ha) campus primarily located in Flushing, Queens . Queens College was established in 1937 and offers undergraduate degrees in over 70 majors, graduate studies in over 100 degree programs and certificates, over 40 accelerated master's options, 20 doctoral degrees through
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#17327733706333640-423: The language of religious scholars. The 13th-century Zohar , published in Spain, and the popular 16th-century Passover song Chad Gadya , published in Bohemia, testify to the continued importance of the language of the Talmud long after it had ceased to be the language of the people. Aramaic continued to be the first language of the Jewish communities that remained in Aramaic-speaking areas throughout Mesopotamia. At
3710-425: The letter He is often used instead of Aleph to mark a word-final long a vowel and the prefix of the causative verbal stem, and the masculine plural -īm often replaces -īn . Different strata of Aramaic began to appear during the Hasmonaean period, and legal, religious, and personal documents show different shades of hebraism and colloquialism. The dialect of Babylon, the basis for Standard Aramaic under
3780-449: The music library and the 490-seat LeFrak Concert Hall. CUNY School of Law was previously located to the west of the campus of Queens College; while it was always a separate administrative unit of CUNY, the building itself read "CUNY School of Law at Queens College", and was once a building for the Department of Education. The CUNY Board of Trustees approved plans for the Law School to be relocated to 2 Court Square in Long Island City, with
3850-408: The official Aramaic of the Persian Empire by this period. Middle Babylonian Aramaic was the dominant dialect, and it is the basis of the Babylonian Talmud . Middle Galilean Aramaic , once a colloquial northern dialect, influenced the writings in the west. Most importantly, it was the Galilean dialect of Aramaic that was most probably the first language of the Masoretes , who composed signs to aid in
3920-502: The one developed by Bukharian Jewish linguist and writer, Yakub Kalontarov. Today, youth learning the Bukharian Jewish language sponsored by the Achdut-Unity Club in Queens use the modified Latin alphabet. Classes on Bukharian Jewish history and the Bukhori language are also available at Queens College, CUNY since 2010, marking the first time that Bukhori has been taught in an American university. The classes are taught by Bukharian adjunct professor Imanuel Rybakov. Rybakov has also authored
3990-412: The organizations are located within the Student Union building. To complement the college's educational mission, the Student Union provides various facilities, services, co-curricular activities, and programs. Queens College Greek life consists of eight fraternities and seven sororities . According to campus sources, Greek membership numbers in the hundreds, with more members in Greek Life than in all
4060-410: The other clubs combined. Queens College's athletic teams are the Knights. The college is a member of the Division II level of the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA), primarily competing in the East Coast Conference (ECC, formerly known as the New York Collegiate Athletic Conference until after the 2005–06 school year) since the 1989–90 academic year. The Knights previously competed in
4130-452: The pronunciation of scripture, Hebrew as well as Aramaic. Thus, the standard vowel marks that accompany pointed versions of the Tanakh may be more representative of the pronunciation of Middle Galilean Aramaic than of the Hebrew of earlier periods. As the Jewish diaspora was spread more thinly, Aramaic began to give way to other languages as the first language of widespread Jewish communities. Like Hebrew before it, Aramaic eventually became
4200-454: The return to Israel. These include: Judeo-Aramaic studies are well established as a distinctive interdisciplinary field of collaboration between Jewish studies and Aramaic studies . The full scope of Judeo-Aramaic studies includes not only linguistic, but rather the entire cultural heritage of Aramaic-speaking Jewish communities, both historical and modern. Some scholars, who are not experts in Jewish or Aramaic studies, tend to overlook
4270-541: The school offers two professional certificates, one in Children and Young Adult Services as well as one in Archives, Records Management, and Preservation. Starting as a program within the education department at Queens College in 1955, GSLIS began issuing MLS degrees in 1965. It achieved status as a separate school for graduate studies within Queens College in 1979. In 2002, the school opened its Children and Young Adult Services certificate and, in 2003, its Archives, Records Management, and Preservation certificate. The college
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#17327733706334340-588: The site of the campus was home to the Jamaica Academy, a one-room schoolhouse built in the early 19th century, where Walt Whitman once worked as a teacher. The building was located on Flushing-Jamaica Road (later renamed Kissena Boulevard ). Jamaica Academy became public in 1844. In 1909, the New York Parental School, a home for troubled boys, opened on the land surrounding the future site of Queens College and incorporated Jamaica Academy on its campus. Buildings such as Jefferson Hall (named after Thomas Jefferson ) were used as both dormitories and classrooms. In 1934,
4410-431: The total number of speakers was 85,000. In the USSR, there were 45,000 speakers; in Israel, there were 32,000; and in all other countries combined, there were 3,000. Ethnic Tajik minorities exist in many countries, such as Afghanistan , Pakistan, and Uzbekistan . Samarkand and Bukhara are two cities in Uzbekistan which are particularly densely populated by Tajik speakers, among whom were tens of thousands of Bukharan Jews in
4480-413: The works of art on campus in collaborations of visual, performance, dance, and theater arts. In the early 1990s, the museum was downsized due to budget cuts. Over the next few years, the college kept it open but on a reduced budget and staff. In 2001, however, the college hired Amy Winter as director of the museum. To address the concerns of the museum Winter turned to MAP (The Museum Assessment Program); as
4550-412: Was CUNY Chancellor. In the 1990s, the college attracted high-profile researchers to its faculty, including the virologist Luc Montagnier . Under President Allen Lee Sessoms, the college underwent some growth but also some missteps, including the highly publicized inability to fund the planned AIDS research center that Montagnier had been hired to lead. Queens College students were active participants in
4620-593: Was a Freedom Summer volunteer. The three activists were stopped and arrested for allegedly driving over the speed limit on a Mississippi road. After being brought into the sheriff's department and released, the three young men were stopped by two carloads of Ku Klux Klan members on a remote rural road. The men approached their car, then shot and killed all three young men. The murders received national attention, and six conspirators were brought to trial and convicted by federal prosecutors for civil rights violations. The Chaney-Goodman-Schwerner Clock Tower of Rosenthal Library,
4690-461: Was intended to offer college education to more New York City residents, in particular those of color. But Open Admissions did not seem to affect Queens College as much as it did other schools — a year after its implementation, only 10% of its student body was black or Puerto Rican, according to the newly appointed college president, Joseph S. Murphy . In 1973, enrollment at Queens reached an all-time high of 31,413 students. By 1976 new concerns overtook
4760-463: Was originally established by Edwin Stringham, and a later emphasis on the analytical system of Heinrich Schenker was initiated by Saul Novack . It offers undergraduate and graduate degrees. GSLIS is an American Library Association accredited program and the only public school of library science in New York City . The school offers a Master of Library Science (MLS), MLS School Media Specialist, and dual MLS/MA in history degree paths. Additionally,
4830-561: Was probably a social, political, and religious barometer. The conquest of the Middle East by Alexander the Great in the years from 331 BCE overturned centuries of Mesopotamian dominance and led to the ascendancy of Greek , which became the dominant language throughout the Seleucid Empire , but significant pockets of Aramaic-speaking resistance continued. Judaea was one of the areas in which Aramaic remained dominant, and its use continued among Babylonian Jews as well. The destruction of Persian power, and its replacement with Greek rule helped
4900-489: Was used extensively in the writings of the Dead Sea Scrolls , and to some extent in the Mishnah and the Tosefta alongside Hebrew. The First Jewish–Roman War of 70 CE and Bar Kokhba revolt of 135, with their severe Roman reprisals, led to the breakup of much of Jewish society and religious life. However, the Jewish schools of Babylon continued to flourish, and in the west, the rabbis settled in Galilee to continue their study. Jewish Aramaic had become quite distinct from
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