157-729: Ethnic Macedonians in Bulgaria ( Macedonian : Македонци во Бугарија , romanized : Makedonci vo Bugarija ) are one of the ethnic communities in Bulgaria . They are concentrated within the Blagoevgrad Province and the capital Sofia . In the latest 2021 Bulgarian census 1,143 citizens declared themselves as ethnic Macedonians . According to the Bulgarian Helsinki Committee in 1998, their number ranged from 15,000 to 25,000. In 2006, per
314-532: A centrally planned economy , similar to those in other COMECON states. In the mid-1940s, when collectivisation began, Bulgaria was a primarily agrarian state, with some 80% of its population located in rural areas. Production facilities of all sectors were rapidly nationalised. Chervenkov finally ended all private economic activity. Bulgarian agricultural productivity increased rapidly after collectivisation. Large-scale mechanisation resulted in an immense growth in labour productivity. Government subsidies covered
471-411: A common church for Bulgarian and Macedonian Slavs which would use a common modern Macedo-Bulgarian literary standard. The period between 1840 and 1870, saw a struggle to define the dialectal base of the common language called simply "Bulgarian", with two opposing views emerging. One ideology was to create a Bulgarian literary language based on Macedonian dialects, but such proposals were rejected by
628-563: A 2019 poll conducted by the Pew Global Attitudes Project found that 55 percent of Bulgarians approved of the shift to a market economy and 54 percent approved of the shift to multiparty democracy. The constitution was changed two times, with the Zhivkov Constitution lasting the longest. According to article 1, "The People's Republic of Bulgaria is a socialist state , headed by the working people of
785-507: A Soviet Republic. However, later it was shown that a Byelorussian people did, in fact, exist. The government used force, threats and intimidation, branding opponents of the policy as fascists and chauvinists. Some were resettled as far as Vojvodina after they had been resettled from Pirin to SR Macedonia for unsuccessful Macedonization. Bulgaria adopted the Communist policy of closer rapprochement with Yugoslavia. Dimitrov then launched
942-422: A consonant and is conjugated as an irregular verb. The perfect tense can be formed using both to be ( сум ) and to have ( има ) as auxiliary verbs . The first form inflects the verb for person and uses a past active participle: сум видел многу работи ("I have seen a lot of things"). The latter form makes use of a clitic that agrees in number and gender with the object of the sentence and the passive participle of
1099-567: A crisis between Turkey and Greece in 1971. The operation was codenamed " Cross " and the plan was that Bulgarian secret agents would set fire in the Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople and make it look like the work of Turks. The declassified documents state that "An intervention" in the religious entity would have "significantly damage[d] Turkish-Greek relations and force[d] the United States to choose one side in
1256-446: A definite direct or indirect object is used, a clitic pronoun will refer to the object with the verb: Јас не му ја дадов книгата на момчето ("I did not give the book to the boy"). The direct object is a remnant of the accusative case and the indirect of the dative. Reflexive pronouns also have forms for both direct and indirect objects: себе се , себе си . Examples of personal pronouns are shown below: Relative pronouns can refer to
1413-543: A grammatical aspect ( глаголски вид ) that is a typical feature of Slavic languages . Verbs can be divided into imperfective ( несвршени ) and perfective ( свршени ) indicating actions whose time duration is unknown or occur repetitively or those that show an action that is finished in one moment. The former group of verbs can be subdivided into verbs which take place without interruption (e.g. Тој спие цел ден , "He sleeps all day long) or those that signify repeated actions (e.g. Ја бараше книгата но не можеше да ја најде , "He
1570-419: A grammatical category which specifies the opposition of witnessed and reported actions (also known as renarration). Per this grammatical category, one can distinguish between минато определено i.e. definite past, denoting events that the speaker witnessed at a given definite time point, and минато неопределено i.e. indefinite past denoting events that did not occur at a definite time point or events reported to
1727-505: A large number of political prisoners and focused on improving living standards rather than accelerating industrialization. Chervenkov stayed on as prime minister until April 1956, when he was finally dismissed and replaced by Anton Yugov . With the official start of de-Stalinization in 1955, censorship was relaxed somewhat and the victims of the Kostovite trials, including Kostov himself, began to be rehabilitated. In 1946, Stalin sent
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#17327830533881884-454: A linguistic feature not found in other Slavic languages is the use of the suffix -иња to form plural of neuter nouns ending in -е : пиле - пилиња (a chick - chicks). Counted plural is used when a number or a quantifier precedes the noun; suffixes to express this type of plurality do not correspond with the regular plurality suffixes: два молива (two pencils), три листа (three leaves), неколку часа (several hours). The collective plural
2041-486: A means to disambiguate between two words ( храна , food vs. рана , wound). This explains the rarity of Х in the Macedonian language. ^3 They exhibit different pronunciations depending on dialect. They are dorso-palatal stops in the standard language and are pronounced as such by some native speakers. The word stress in Macedonian is antepenultimate and dynamic (expiratory). This means that it falls on
2198-621: A member of the Balkan sprachbund. This period saw the introduction of many Turkish loanwords into the language. The latter half of the 18th century saw the rise of modern literary Macedonian through the written use of Macedonian dialects referred to as "Bulgarian" by writers. The first half of the 19th century saw the rise of nationalism among the South Slavic people in the Ottoman Empire. This period saw proponents of creating
2355-405: A minor role in the new government at first, though an all-Communist regency council was set up for the young Tsar Simeon II . The Soviet representatives held the real power. A Communist-controlled People's Militia was set up, which harassed and intimidated non-Communist parties. On 1 February 1945, Regent Prince Kiril , former Prime Minister Bogdan Filov , and hundreds of other officials of
2512-537: A new role for it as the helpmate of the Bulgarian Communist Party. This marked the formation of a Communist establishment in Bulgaria. In December 1947, the constituent assembly ratified a new constitution for the republic, referred to as the " Dimitrov Constitution ". The constitution was drafted with the help of Soviet jurists using the 1936 Soviet Constitution as a model. By 1948, the remaining opposition parties were either realigned or dissolved;
2669-469: A non-paired voiceless fricative, nine pairs of voiced and unvoiced consonants and four pairs of stops . Out of all the Slavic languages, Macedonian has the most frequent occurrence of vowels relative to consonants with a typical Macedonian sentence having on average 1.18 consonants for every one vowel. The Macedonian language contains 5 vowels which are /a/, /ɛ/, /ɪ/, /o/, and /u/. For the pronunciation of
2826-883: A perfect tense formed by means of an auxiliary verb "to have", followed by a past participle in the neuter , also known as the verbal adjective . Other features that are only found in Macedonian and not in other Slavic languages include the antepenultimate accent and the use of the same vocal ending for all verbs in first person, present simple ( глед- a -м , јад- а -м , скок- а -м ). Macedonian distinguishes at least 12 major word classes , five of which are modifiable and include nouns, adjectives, pronouns, numbers and verbs and seven of which are invariant and include adverbs , prepositions, conjunctions , interjections , particles and modal words . Macedonian nouns ( именки ) belong to one of three genders (masculine, feminine, and neuter) and are inflected for number (singular and plural), and marginally for case . The gender opposition
2983-418: A period of social liberalization and stability followed under Todor Zhivkov . Varying degrees of conservative or liberal influence followed. After a new energy and transportation infrastructure was constructed, by 1960 manufacturing became the dominant sector of the economy and Bulgaria became a major exporter of household goods and later of computer technologies, earning it the nickname of " Silicon Valley of
3140-455: A person ( кој, која, кое - who), objects ( што - which) or serve as indicators of possession ( чиј, чија, чие - whose) in the function of a question or a relative word. These pronouns are inflected for gender and number and other word forms can be derived from them ( никој - nobody, нешто - something, сечиј - everybody's). There are three groups of demonstrative pronouns that can indicate proximate ( овој - this one (mas.)), distal ( онаа -
3297-440: A person. Adjectives accompany nouns and serve to provide additional information about their referents. Macedonian adjectives agree in form with the noun they modify and are thus inflected for gender, number and definiteness and убав changes to убава ( убава жена , a beautiful woman) when used to describe a feminine noun, убаво when used to describe a neuter noun ( убаво дете , a beautiful child) and убави when used to form
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#17327830533883454-501: A rate which stayed the same at roughly 64% of the population. Other areas of Macedonian declaration consisted of: 4046 from Sofia , 1955 from Plovdiv and the remaining 2926 were scattered throughout Bulgaria. The change in the population came in 1965 census, when the people in the province declared free as Bulgarians, within ten years the 187,789 strong Macedonian minority fell to just 9,632 individuals. The 1965 census counted only 9,632 people declaring themselves to be Macedonians. While
3611-500: A set of three deictic articles: unspecified, proximal and distal definite article). Macedonian, Bulgarian and Albanian are the only Indo-European languages that make use of the narrative mood . According to Chambers and Trudgill , the question whether Bulgarian and Macedonian are distinct languages or dialects of a single language cannot be resolved on a purely linguistic basis, but should rather take into account sociolinguistic criteria, i.e., ethnic and linguistic identity. This view
3768-419: A short personal pronoun is added: Тоj легна ("He laid down") vs. Тоj го легна детето ("He laid the child down"). Additionally, verbs which are expressed with the reflexive pronoun се can become transitive by using any of the contracted pronoun forms for the direct object: Тој се смее - He is laughing, vs. Тој ме смее - "He is making me laugh"). Some verbs such as sleep or die do not traditionally have
3925-489: A truculent speech that rejected cooperation with opposition groups. Elections held a few weeks later resulted in a large majority for the Fatherland Front. In September 1946, the monarchy was abolished by plebiscite , which resulted in 95.6 percent voting in favour of a republic, and Simeon was sent into exile . The Communists openly took power, and Bulgaria was declared a People's Republic . Vasil Kolarov ,
4082-451: A wider range of goods to purchase. According to official figures, in 1988 100 out of 100 households had a television set , 95 out of 100 had a radio , 96 out of 100 had a refrigerator and 40 out of 100 had an automobile . Along with the improvements in agriculture and the growth of productivity, the GDP per capita grew from $ 1.864 to $ 10.800 in 1989, peaking in 1984, when the GDP per capita
4239-536: A year later, when Kolarov died and Chervenkov added prime minister to his titles. Chervenkov started a process of rapid industrialization modeled after the Soviet industrialisation led by Stalin in the 1930s and agriculture was collectivised. Stalin's death in 1953 had political repercussions in Bulgaria. In 1954, Chervenkov accepted the collective leadership, remained prime minister, but ceded his position as party leader to Todor Zhivkov. The government also released
4396-650: Is Old Church Slavonic . During much of its history, this dialect continuum was called "Bulgarian", although in the late 19th century, its western dialects came to be known separately as "Macedonian". Standard Macedonian was codified in 1945 and has developed modern literature since. As it is part of a dialect continuum with other South Slavic languages , Macedonian has a high degree of mutual intelligibility with Bulgarian and varieties of Serbo-Croatian . Linguists distinguish 29 dialects of Macedonian , with linguistic differences separating Western and Eastern groups of dialects. Some features of Macedonian grammar are
4553-783: Is Bulgarian followed by Serbo-Croatian and Slovene , although the last is more distantly related. Together, South Slavic languages form a dialect continuum . Macedonian, like the other Eastern South Slavic idioms has characteristics that make it part of the Balkan sprachbund , a group of languages that share typological , grammatical and lexical features based on areal convergence, rather than genetic proximity. In that sense, Macedonian has experienced convergent evolution with other languages that belong to this group such as Greek, Aromanian , Albanian and Romani due to cultural and linguistic exchanges that occurred primarily through oral communication. Macedonian and Bulgarian are divergent from
4710-474: Is added as a suffix to nouns. An individual feature of the Macedonian language is the use of three definite articles, inflected for gender and related to the position of the object, which can be unspecified, proximate or distal. Proper nouns are per definition definite and are not usually used together with an article, although exceptions exist in the spoken and literary language such as Совче то , Маре то , Наде то to demonstrate feelings of endearment to
4867-584: Is against the Bulgarian constitution. The constitutional court has not however banned the Evroroma (Евророма) and MRF(ДПС) parties, who are widely considered as ethnic parties. The European Court of Human Rights held "unanimously, that there had been a violation of Article 11 (freedom of assembly and association) of the European Convention on Human Rights." In November 2006, the members of
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5024-515: Is an Eastern South Slavic language. It is part of the Indo-European language family , and is one of the Slavic languages , which are part of a larger Balto-Slavic branch . Spoken as a first language by around 1.6 million people, it serves as the official language of North Macedonia . Most speakers can be found in the country and its diaspora , with a smaller number of speakers throughout
5181-556: Is avoided by some speakers who strive for a clear, formal pronunciation. ^2 Inherited Slavic /x/ was lost in the Western dialects of Macedonian on which the standard is based, having become zero initially and mostly /v/ otherwise. /x/ became part of the standard language through the introduction of new foreign words (e.g. хотел , hotel), toponyms ( Пехчево , Pehčevo ), words originating from Old Church Slavonic ( дух , ghost), newly formed words ( доход , income) and as
5338-671: Is characterized by 46–47 phonetic and grammatical isoglosses. In addition, a more detailed classification can be based on the modern reflexes of the Proto-Slavic reduced vowels ( yers ), vocalic sonorants, and the back nasal *ǫ. That classification distinguishes between the following 6 groups: The phonological system of Standard Macedonian is based on the Prilep-Bitola dialect. Macedonian possesses five vowels , one semivowel , three liquid consonants , three nasal stops , three pairs of fricatives , two pairs of affricates ,
5495-417: Is generally fixed and falls on the antepenultimate syllable while Eastern dialects have non-fixed stress systems that can fall on any syllable of the word, that is also reminiscent of Bulgarian dialects. Additionally, Eastern dialects are distinguishable by their fast tonality, elision of sounds and the suffixes for definiteness. The Northern dialectal group is close to South Serbian and Torlakian dialects and
5652-622: Is in response to the arrests and beatings of Bulgarian citizens who came to worship in front of the remains of Gotse Delchev in Skopje on the occasion of the 151st anniversary of his birth at the border posts of North Macedonia and Bulgaria that afternoon. The incident was condemned by North Macedonia's president, Stevo Pendarovski, and by the European Free Alliance . In 1947 the newspaper 'Pirinski Vestnik' (Pirin Newspaper)
5809-637: Is insufficient for a definitive judgement. Figures for fatalities in forced labour camps also remain elusive. According to official sources, 2,730 people have been sentenced to death, but unofficial estimates suggested that as many as 20,000 people were reported killed under the regime between 1944 and 1989. These revolutionary attacks strengthened when it became apparent that the United States and United Kingdom had little interest in Bulgaria. In November 1945, Communist Party leader Georgi Dimitrov returned to Bulgaria after 22 years in exile. He made
5966-457: Is markedly analytic in comparison with other Slavic languages, having lost the common Slavic case system . The Macedonian language shows some special and, in some cases, unique characteristics due to its central position in the Balkans. Literary Macedonian is the only South Slavic literary language that has three forms of the definite article, based on the degree of proximity to the speaker, and
6123-592: Is no vocative case in neuter nouns. The role of the vocative is only facultative and there is a general tendency of vocative loss in the language since its use is considered impolite and dialectal. The vocative can also be expressed by changing the tone. There are three different types of plural: regular, counted and collective . The first plural type is most common and used to indicate regular plurality of nouns: маж - мажи (a man - men), маса - маси (a table - table), село - села (a village - villages). There are various suffixes that are used and they differ per gender;
6280-479: Is not distinctively marked in the plural. Masculine nouns usually end in a consonant or a vowel ( -a , -o or -e ) and neuter nouns end in a vowel ( -o or -e ). Virtually all feminine nouns end in the same vowel, -a . The vocative of nouns is the only remaining case in the Macedonian language and is used to address a person directly. The vocative case always ends with a vowel, which can be either an -у ( јунаку : hero vocative) or an -e ( човече : man vocative) to
6437-542: Is often realized phonetically as [aː] ; e.g. ⟨саат⟩ /saat/ [saːt] ' colloq. hour', ⟨змии⟩ - snakes. In other words, two vowels appearing next to each other can also be pronounced twice separately (e.g. пооди - to walk). The consonant inventory of the Macedonian language consists of 26 letters and distinguishes three groups of consonants ( согласки ): voiced ( звучни ), voiceless ( безвучни ) and sonorant consonants ( сонорни ). Typical features and rules that apply to consonants in
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6594-451: Is phonemic in many dialects (varying in closeness to [ ʌ ] or [ ɨ ] ) but its use in the standard language is marginal. When writing a dialectal word and keeping the schwa for aesthetic effect, an apostrophe is used; for example, ⟨к’смет⟩ , ⟨с’нце⟩ , etc. When spelling words letter-by-letters, each consonant is followed by the schwa sound. The individual letters of acronyms are pronounced with
6751-557: Is similar to official state policies and historiography in North Macedonia . Among its main topics are the history and culture of Macedonia and the Macedonians in Bulgaria. Macedonians have been refused the right to register political parties (see United Macedonian Organization Ilinden and OMO Ilinden - PIRIN) on the grounds that the party was an "ethnic separatist organization funded by a foreign government", something that
6908-649: Is supported by Jouko Lindstedt , who has suggested the reflex of the back yer as a potential boundary if the application of purely linguistic criteria were possible. As for the Slavic dialects of Greece , Trudgill classifies the dialects in the east Greek Macedonia as part of the Bulgarian language area and the rest as Macedonian dialects . According to Riki van Boeschoten , dialects in eastern Greek Macedonia (around Serres and Drama ) are closest to Bulgarian, those in western Greek Macedonia (around Florina and Kastoria ) are closest to Macedonian, while those in
7065-421: Is the same as of all other modern Slavic languages , i.e. of the subject-verb-object (SVO) type and has flexible word order . Macedonian vocabulary has been historically influenced by Turkish and Russian . Somewhat less prominent vocabulary influences also came from neighboring and prestige languages . The international consensus outside of Bulgaria is that Macedonian is an autonomous language within
7222-843: Is the smartest girl in her class). The only adjective with an irregular comparative and superlative form is многу which becomes повеќе in the comparative and најмногу in the superlative form. Another modification of adjectives is the use of the prefixes при- and пре- which can also be used as a form of comparison: престар човек (a very old man) or пристар човек (a somewhat old man). Three types of pronouns can be distinguished in Macedonian: personal ( лични ), relative ( лично-предметни ) and demonstrative ( показни ). Case relations are marked in pronouns. Personal pronouns in Macedonian appear in three genders and both in singular and plural. They can also appear either as direct or indirect object in long or short forms. Depending on whether
7379-431: Is unknown due to the policies of neighboring countries and emigration of the population, estimates ranging between 1.4 million and 3.5 million have been reported. According to the 2002 census, the total population of North Macedonia was 2,022,547, with 1,344,815 citizens declaring Macedonian their native language . Macedonian is also studied and spoken to various degrees as a second language by all ethnic minorities in
7536-423: Is used for nouns that can be viewed as a single unit: лисје (a pile of leaves), ридје (a unit of hills). Irregular plural forms also exist in the language: дете - деца (child - children). A characteristic feature of the nominal system is the indication of definiteness . As with other Slavic languages, there is no indefinite article in Macedonian. The definite article in Macedonian is postpositive, i.e. it
7693-547: The Belene labour camp in 1951. Modern sources maintain that resistors to the anti-Macedonian policy formed organizations and were sent to Belene. However, other modern sources clarify, such people were in fact not ethnic Macedonians who wish to join Yugoslavia, but IMRO right-wing activists, supporters of the idea about an Independent Macedonia . Some of them formed anti-communist detachments , while others were arrested by
7850-631: The Blagoevgrad Municipality adopted a declaration which banned the opening of the club. During the opening a verbal incident occurred, and delegations were blocked laying wreaths on the Gotse Delchev monument in Blagoevgrad by members of VMRO-BND . On 4 February 2023, the glass façade of the club was smashed by unknown individuals with stones on 4 February 2023. Multiple people were arrested. The perpetrators say that this
8007-736: The Bulgarian Agrarian People's Union . Bulgaria was closely allied and one of the most loyal satellite states of the Soviet Union during the Cold War , sometimes being called the 16th Soviet Republic rather than an independent country. Bulgaria was also part of Comecon as well as a member of the Warsaw Pact . The Bulgarian resistance movement during World War II deposed the Tsardom of Bulgaria administration in
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#17327830533888164-674: The Bulgarian Communist Party . After taking power, the Fatherland Front formed a coalition led by former Prime Minister Kimon Georgiev , which included the Social Democrats and the Agrarians. Under the terms of the peace settlement, Bulgaria was allowed to keep Southern Dobruja , but formally renounced all claims to Greek and Yugoslav territory. 150,000 Bulgarians settled during the occupation were expelled from Western Thrace . The Communists deliberately took
8321-584: The Bulgarian Empire and was referred to as such due to works of the Ohrid Literary School . Towards the end of the 13th century, the influence of Serbian increased as Serbia expanded its borders southward. During the five centuries of Ottoman rule , from the 15th to the 20th century, the vernacular spoken in the territory of current-day North Macedonia witnessed grammatical and linguistic changes that came to characterize Macedonian as
8478-679: The Bulgarian Muslims . According to the census results 169,544 people of Bulgaria declared themselves to be ethnic Macedonians. Of the total 252,908 inhabitants of Blagoevgrad Province 160,541 or roughly 64% of the population declared themselves to be ethnic Macedonians. Other areas of Macedonian declaration was 2,638 in Sofia , 2,589 in Plovdiv , 1,825 in Burgas and a further 1,851 were scattered throughout Bulgaria. The forcible change of
8635-591: The Bulgarian coup d'état of 1944 which ended the country's alliance with the Axis powers and led to the People's Republic in 1946. The BCP modeled its policies after those of the Soviet Union, transforming the country over the course of a decade from an agrarian peasant society into an industrialized socialist society . In the mid-1950s and after the death of Stalin , the party's hardliners lost influence and
8792-745: The Bulgarians , Tito regarded them as an independent nation which had nothing to do with the Bulgarians. Thus the initial tolerance for the Macedonization of Bulgarian Macedonia gradually grew into outright alarm. As result gradual change of that policy came in Bulgaria after the Tito–Stalin split in 1948. Hürriyet claimed that Macedonians in Bulgaria wishing to join Yugoslavia reportedly conducted guerilla warfare in 1951. Per Kathimerini , about 400 Macedonian prisoners were being held in
8949-595: The Comintern and it was the only political party in Greece to recognize Macedonian national identity. The region of Vardar Macedonia received the status of a constituent republic within Yugoslavia, the Socialist Republic of Macedonia , and in 1945 a separate Macedonian language was codified. The local Slavic population was proclaimed to be ethnically Macedonian - a new nationality meant to be different from
9106-462: The Eastern Bloc ". The country's relatively high productivity levels and high scores on social development rankings made it a model for other socialist countries ' administrative policies. In 1989, after a few years of liberal influence, political reforms were initiated and Todor Zhivkov , who had served as head of the party since 1954, was removed from office in a BCP congress. In 1990, under
9263-886: The European Court of Human Rights made two decisive rulings against Bulgaria in violation of Article 11 (freedom of assembly and association) of the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms . In the two rulings: Case of Vasilev and Society of the Repressed Macedonians in Bulgaria Victims of the Communist Terror v. Bulgaria (Application no. 23702/15); and Case of Macedonian Club for Ethnic Tolerance in Bulgaria and Radonov v. Bulgaria (Application no. 67197/13),
9420-602: The European Parliament Milan Horáček , Joost Lagendijk , Angelika Beer and Elly de Groen-Kouwenhoven introduced an amendment to the accession of Bulgaria to the European Union protocol calling "on the Bulgarian authorities to prevent any further obstruction to the registration of the political party of the ethnic Macedonians (OMO-Ilinden PIRIN) and to put an end to all forms of discrimination and harassment vis-à-vis that minority." On 28 May 2018,
9577-606: The Macedonian question . Whereas Bulgarians envisaged a state where Yugoslavia and Bulgaria would be placed on an equal footing, the Yugoslavs saw Bulgaria as a seventh republic in an enlarged Yugoslavia. Their differences also extended to the national character of the Macedonians – whereas Bulgaria considered them to be a national offshoot of the Bulgarians , the Yugoslavs regarded them as people who had nothing to do with
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#17327830533889734-424: The Macedonian question . Whereas Dimitrov envisaged a state where Yugoslavia and Bulgaria would be placed on an equal footing and Macedonia would be more or less attached to Bulgaria, Tito saw Bulgaria as a seventh republic in an enlarged Yugoslavia tightly ruled from Belgrade. Their differences also extended to the national character of the Macedonians – whereas Dimitrov considered them to be an national offshoot of
9891-593: The Social Democrats merged with the Communists, while the Agrarian Union became a loyal partner of the Communists. During 1948–1949, Orthodox , Muslim , Protestant and Roman Catholic religious organisations were restrained or banned. Both Protestant and Catholic preachers were frequently accused by Communist prosecutors of having ties to Western intelligence agencies, particularly those of
10048-406: The 1947 Bled Agreement ). Although at the 1934 census , no Macedonians were recorded in Bulgaria, at the 1946 and 1956 censuses, the results indicated their number of almost 190,000. There are clear indications that the majority of the population from Blagoevgrad Province then was listed as ethnic Macedonians ex officio by order of the authorities. However, differences soon emerged with regard to
10205-444: The Blagoevgrad region of Bulgaria. As regards self-identification, a total of 1,654 people officially declared themselves to be ethnic Macedonians in the latest Bulgarian census in 2011 (0,02%) and 561 of them are in Blagoevgrad Province (0,2%). There are 1,091 citizens of North Macedonia who are permanent residents in Bulgaria. The UMO Ilinden-Pirin party claims to represent the ethnic Macedonian minority in Bulgaria. In 2007 it
10362-866: The Bulgarian People's Republic was officially renamed to the Republic of Bulgaria. On 5 April 1991 with the new Constitution of Bulgaria all the symbols of the Bulgarian People's Republic were officially dissolved. On 1 March 1941, the Kingdom of Bulgaria signed the Tripartite Pact , and officially became a member of the Axis . Following the German invasion of Yugoslavia and Greece in April, Bulgaria came to occupy large parts of those countries. In 1942,
10519-461: The Bulgarian codifiers. That period saw poetry written in the Struga dialect with elements from Russian . Textbooks also used either spoken dialectal forms of the language or a mixed Macedo-Bulgarian language. Subsequently, proponents of the idea of using a separate Macedonian language emerged. Krste Petkov Misirkov 's book Za makedonckite raboti ( On Macedonian Matters ) published in 1903,
10676-562: The Bulgarian part of geographical Macedonia. This was one of the conditions of the Bled agreement , signed between Yugoslavia and Bulgaria on 1 August 1947. In November 1947, pressured by the Yugoslavs, Bulgaria also signed a treaty of friendship with Yugoslavia, and teachers were sent from the Socialist Republic of Macedonia to Blagoevgrad Province to teach the newly codified Macedonian language. The Bulgarian president Georgi Dimitrov
10833-576: The Bulgarians or Serbs . For a period of some years after the war, the Yugoslav and Bulgarian leaders Josip Broz Tito and Georgi Dimitrov worked on a project to merge their two countries into a Balkan Federative Republic according to the projects of Balkan Communist Federation . As a concession to the Yugoslavian side, Bulgarian authorities agreed to the recognition of a distinct Macedonian ethnicity and language as part of their own population in
10990-461: The Bulgarians. Today the Bulgarian authorities deny any existence of Macedonian minority in the country, claiming there is no ethnic difference between both communities, while Skopje insists on the presence of such separate community, with some circles stating on 750,000 oppressed Macedonians there. Until 1913 the majority of the Slavic -speaking population of all three parts of the region of Macedonia identified as Bulgarian . In October 1925
11147-473: The Eastern South Slavic dialect continuum, although since Macedonian and Bulgarian are mutually intelligible and are socio-historically related, a small minority of linguists are divided in their views of the two as separate languages or as a single pluricentric language . 5 May, the day when the government of Yugoslav Macedonia adopted the Macedonian alphabet as the official script of
11304-646: The European Court of Human Rights unanimously ruled that Bulgaria violated Article 11 (freedom of assembly and association) of the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms, and that Bulgaria must pay a collective total of 16,000 euros to the applicants. Macedonian language Macedonian ( / ˌ m æ s ɪ ˈ d oʊ n i ə n / MASS -ih- DOH -nee-ən ; македонски јазик , translit. makedonski jazik , pronounced [maˈkɛdɔnski ˈjazik] )
11461-454: The German surrender, the regime also purged the officer corps. As the war came to a halt, the government expanded its campaign of political revolution to attack economic elites in banking and private business. It is estimated that, between 1944 and 1989, between 5,000 and 10,000 people were killed in Bulgaria as part of agricultural collectivisation and political repression, although documentation
11618-1009: The Macedonian language include assimilation of voiced and voiceless consonants when next to each other, devoicing of vocal consonants when at the end of a word, double consonants and elision. At morpheme boundaries (represented in spelling) and at the end of a word (not represented in spelling), voicing opposition is neutralized . ^1 The alveolar trill ( /r/ ) is syllabic between two consonants; for example, ⟨прст⟩ [ˈpr̩st] 'finger'. The dental nasal ( /n/ ) and dental lateral ( /ɫ/ ) are also syllabic in certain foreign words; e.g. ⟨њутн⟩ [ˈɲutn̩] ' newton ', ⟨Попокатепетл⟩ [pɔpɔkaˈtɛpɛtɫ̩] ' Popocatépetl ', etc. The labiodental nasal [ɱ] occurs as an allophone of /m/ before /f/ and /v/ (e.g. ⟨трамвај⟩ [ˈtraɱvaj] ' tram '). The velar nasal [ŋ] similarly occurs as an allophone of /n/ before /k/ and /ɡ/ (e.g. ⟨англиски⟩ [ˈaŋɡliski] 'English'). The latter realization
11775-660: The Macedonian language was discontinued and the Macedonian teachers from Yugoslavia were expelled. Since 1958, Bulgaria has not recognized a Macedonian minority in the Pirin region and in the following ten years, the 178,862 strong Macedonian population fell to just 1,600. The March Plenum of the Central Committee of the BCP openly denounces any notion of "a separate Macedonian nation" in Bulgaria. However, in 1964 four people were tried for writing: "We are Macedonians" and "Long live
11932-478: The Macedonian minority in the country in any way and re-affirmed its non-recognition of the minority. From 20 to 31 December 1946, the People's Republic of Bulgaria conducted a census during which, on 27 December the governor of Blagoevgrad districts sent a telegram with an order all Bulgarians (excluding the ones migrated from other regions of Bulgaria) in the region to be counted as ethnic Macedonians , including
12089-548: The Macedonian nation" on a restaurant wall. Since the fall of communism in the early 1990s various associations have been set up to represent the minority, these include the association United Macedonian Organisation (UMO-Ilinden), the political party United Macedonian Organisation: Ilinden–Pirin (UMO Ilinden-Pirin) and the Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organisation - Independent (IMRO-I) . These organizations have called for
12246-719: The Prosperity of Pirin Macedonia , Committee on the Repression of Macedonians in the Pirin part of Macedonia , Solidarity and Struggle Committee of Pirin Macedonia , the Macedonian Democratic Party and the People's Academy of Pirin Macedonia . On 30 October 2022, a Macedonian culture club named after Nikola Vaptsarov was opened. Prior to the opening of the club, on 18 October 2022, the Council of
12403-467: The Slavic population in the Bulgarian part of Macedonia repulsed a brief invasion by Greece , fighting alongside the Bulgarian army, and at the referendum held 3 years before to try those responsible for the Second Balkan and First World Wars lost by Bulgaria and which leads to the full accession of Macedonia, they voted "no" en masse because of the pro-Yugoslav line of the ruling BZNS and
12560-518: The Turkish language and were forced to adopt Bulgarian names took place in the winter of 1984. The issue strained Bulgaria's economic relations with the West. The 1989 expulsion of Turks from Bulgaria caused a significant drop in agricultural production in the southern regions due to the loss of around 300,000 workers. In the late 1980s, the Communists, like their leader, had grown too feeble to resist
12717-626: The UMO Ilinden–Pirin's freedom of organizing meetings. The court stated that Bulgaria had violated Act 11 from the European Convention of Human Rights . UMO-Ilinden has been accused of being funded by the Skopie government by VMRO-BND. Many other Macedonian organizations have been set up since the fall of communism they include; Independent Macedonian Association – Ilinden , Traditional Macedonian Organization — TMO, Union for
12874-474: The United States and United Kingdom. The Orthodox Church of Bulgaria continued functioning but never regained the influence it held under the monarchy; many high roles within the church were assumed by communist functionaries. Dimitrov died in 1949 and for a time Bulgaria adopted collective leadership. Vulko Chervenkov led the Communist Party and Vasil Kolarov was prime minister. This broke down
13031-497: The accusation against its leaders for the defeat of Bulgaria in the last war due to their leadership military mutiny , while the rest of the country voted mostly for outside several cities strongly opposed to the ruling Agrarianist government and with weaker communist opposition. During World War II , most parts of Yugoslav and Greek Macedonia were annexed by Bulgaria, and the local Slavic-speakers were regarded and self-identified as Macedonian Bulgarians . Not until much later did
13188-563: The all the population of the region of Pirin into Bulgarians "within a few days". In the 1992 census, 10,803 people declared themselves to be Macedonian. Of them, 3,500 registered Macedonian as their mother tongue. According to the President of the Bulgarian Helsinki Committee Krasimir Kanev , the real number of Macedonians in Bulgaria varies from 15,000 to 25,000. Results of the 2001 census in
13345-541: The anti-Axis resistance movement Fatherland Front was formed from a mixture of Communists, Socialists , left-wing Agrarians and Zveno . The estimate for the number of partisans (armed guerrilla fighters) at any one time in Bulgaria is 18,000. In 1944, with the entry of the Red Army into Romania, the Kingdom of Bulgaria renounced the Axis and declared neutrality. On 5 September, the Soviet Union declared war on
13502-545: The centre ( Edessa and Salonica ) are intermediate between the two. The Slavic people who settled in the Balkans during the 6th century CE, spoke their own dialects and used different dialects or languages to communicate with other people. The "canonical" Old Church Slavonic period of the development of Macedonian started during the 9th century and lasted until the first half of the 11th century. It saw translation of Greek religious texts. The Macedonian recension of Old Church Slavonic also appeared around that period in
13659-405: The communist authorities and interned in labour camps . At that time in the Pirin region didn't crystallize such significant collective identity, which may be qualified as a Macedonian minority. A change of policy came in 1958. At the plenum of the Bulgarian Communist Party held the same year, the decision was made that the Macedonian nation and language did not exist. Afterwards, the teaching of
13816-415: The country and within the region of Macedonia , including Pirin Macedonia into Bulgaria and Aegean Macedonia into Greece. Variations in consonant pronunciation occur between the two groups, with most Western regions losing the /x/ and the /v/ in intervocalic position ( глава (head): /ɡlava/ = /ɡla/: глави (heads): /ɡlavi/ = /ɡlaj/) while Eastern dialects preserve it. Stress in the Western dialects
13973-522: The country was the Day of the People's Uprising of 9 September (Ден на народното въстание на 9 септември), celebrations of which were modeled on Soviet celebrations on October Revolution Day . The celebrarions saw the Bulgarian Politbureau greeting the masses from Georgi Dimitrov Mausoleum . However, in this case, there were no military parades. The yearlong 1300th anniversary celebrations of
14130-544: The country. Outside North Macedonia, there are small ethnic Macedonian minorities that speak Macedonian in neighboring countries including 4.697 in Albania (1989 census), 1,609 in Bulgaria (2011 census) and 12,706 in Serbia (2011 census). The exact number of speakers of Macedonian in Greece is difficult to ascertain due to the country's policies. Estimates of Slavophones ranging anywhere between 50,000 and 300,000 in
14287-555: The demand for change. Liberal outcry at the breakup of an environmental demonstration in Sofia in October 1989 broadened into a general campaign for political reform. More moderate elements in the Communist leadership reacted by deposing Zhivkov and replacing him with foreign minister Petar Mladenov on 10 November 1989. This move gained a short respite for the Communist Party and prevented revolutionary change. Mladenov promised to open up
14444-405: The document with the order is kept. There are strong indications that the majority of the population from Blagoevgrad Province was listed as ethnic Macedonians against their will in the 1946 and 1956 census. In 1956, 187,789 people of Bulgaria declared themselves to be ethnic Macedonians. Of the 281,015 inhabitants of Blagoevgrad Province , 178,862 people declared themselves to be Macedonians;
14601-653: The ensuing crisis". In addition, the Bulgarians also planned to boost the effect of its operation against Greece and Turkey by conducting "active measures" "for putting the enemy in a position of delusion". The plan was developed by the 7th Department of the First Main Directorate of the DS (intelligence and secret police services of communist Bulgaria), and was affirmed by Deputy Head of the Directorate on 16 November 1970, and approved by its Head. The operation
14758-642: The ethnicity of the population was confirmed by the leader of the opposition party BZNS " Nikola Petkov " who on 30 December 1946 stated that "the population is disgusted by this outrageous violation of conscience." This issue was confirmed by the ex-president of the Republic of Bulgaria Petar Stoyanov and Veselin Angelov [ bg ] (аssoc scientist, Ph.D. in history), from the Regional Historical Museum of Blagoevgrad - where
14915-582: The experiment. Chervenkov was appointed minister of education and culture. In 1957 and 1958, he purged the leadership of the Bulgarian Writers' Union and dismissed liberal journalists and editors from their positions. His crackdowns effectively ended the "Bulgarian thaw" of independent writers and artists inspired by Khrushchev's 1956 speech against Stalinism. In July 1968, the 9th World Festival of Youth and Students took place in Sofia, attracting 20,000 people from 138 countries. The main holiday of
15072-506: The eyes of the Macedonian people the whole mission of achieving Macedonian autonomy will remain with Tito and you will get the criticism. You seem to be afraid of Kimon Georgiev, you have involved yourselves too much with him and do not want to give autonomy to Pirin Macedonia. That a Macedonian consciousness has not yet developed among the population is of no account. No such consciousness existed in Byelorussia either when we proclaimed it
15229-500: The first Anti-fascist Assembly for the National Liberation of Macedonia (ASNOM) meeting, Macedonian was declared an official language. With this, it became the last of the major Slavic languages to achieve a standard literary form. As such, Macedonian served as one of the three official languages of Yugoslavia from 1945 to 1991. Although the precise number of native and second language speakers of Macedonian
15386-650: The first Bulgarian computer, the Vitosha , as well as the Pravetz computers . Bulgaria is currently the only Balkan Country to operate a supercomputer , an IBM Blue Gene/P . In the 1960s, Zhivkov introduced reforms that had a positive effect on the country's economy. He put emphasis on light industry , agriculture , tourism , as well as on Information Technology in the 1970s and the 1980s. Surplus agricultural production could be sold freely, prices were lowered even more, and new equipment for light industrial production
15543-455: The following order to the Bulgarian delegation: Cultural autonomy must be granted to Pirin Macedonia within the framework of Bulgaria. Tito has shown himself more flexible than you – possibly because he lives in a multiethnic state and has had to give equal rights to the various peoples. Autonomy will be the first step towards the unification of Macedonia, but in view of the present situation there should be no hurry on this matter. Otherwise, in
15700-502: The future can be formed by either adding the negation particle at the beginning не ќе одам (I will not go) or using the construction нема да ( нема да одам ). There is no difference in meaning, although the latter form is more commonly used in spoken language. Another future tense is future in the past which is formed using the clitic ќе and the past tense of the verb inflected for person, таа ќе заминеше ("she would have left"). Similar to other Slavic languages, Macedonian verbs have
15857-465: The government, although there were some periods of liberalization (meaning entrance in Bulgaria of Western literature, music, etc.). The thaw in intellectual life had continued from 1951 until the middle of the decade. Chervenkov's resignation and the literary and cultural flowering in the Soviet Union created expectations that the process would continue, but the Hungarian revolution of fall 1956 ended
16014-440: The government. Some social and cultural liberalization and progress was led by Lyudmila Zhivkova , Todor's daughter, who became a source of strong disapproval and annoyance to the Communist Party due to her unorthodox lifestyle that included the practicing of Eastern religions. She died in 1981, approaching her 39th birthday. A campaign of forced assimilation was waged against the ethnic Turkish minority, who were forbidden to speak
16171-446: The initiative of a Balkan Federation that would range from Pirin to the Šar Mountains and reflect a Macedonian consciousness. For this purpose, he launched a policy of forced Macedonisation of the Bulgarian population in the Pirin region through conscious change of ethnic self-determination, held by means of administrative coercion and intensive propaganda. In December 1946, he conducted a census in Pirin. State authorities instructed
16328-459: The kingdom and three days later the Red Army entered north-eastern Bulgaria, prompting the government to declare support in order to minimise military conflict. On 9 September, communist guerrillas launched a coup d'état which de facto ended the rule of the Bulgarian monarchy and its administration, after which a new government assumed power led by the Fatherland Front, which itself was led by
16485-399: The kingdom were arrested on charges of war crimes . By June, Kirill and the other Regents, twenty-two former ministers, and many others had been executed. The new government began to arrest Nazi collaborators. Thousands of people were charged with treason or participating in counter-revolutionary conspiracy and sentenced to either death or life in prison. When the army returned following
16642-537: The language are found at universities across Europe ( France , Germany , Austria , Italy , Russia ) as well as Australia, Canada and the United States ( Chicago and North Carolina ). During the standardization process of the Macedonian language, the dialectal base selected was primarily based on the West-Central dialects, which spans the triangle of the communities Makedonski Brod , Kičevo , Demir Hisar , Bitola , Prilep , and Veles . These were considered
16799-491: The large losses from the artificially low consumer prices. Chervenkov's Stalinist policy led to a massive industrialisation and development of the energy sector, which remained one of Bulgaria's most advanced economic sectors. His rule lasted from 1950 to 1955, and saw the construction of dozens of dams and hydroelectric powerplants, chemical works, the Elatsite gold and copper mine and many others. The war-time coupon system
16956-630: The last decade of the 20th century have been reported. Approximately 580,000 Macedonians live outside North Macedonia per 1964 estimates with Australia , Canada , and the United States being home to the largest emigrant communities. Consequently, the number of speakers of Macedonian in these countries include 66,020 (2016 census), 15,605 (2016 census) and 22,885 (2010 census), respectively. Macedonian also has more than 50,000 native speakers in countries of Western Europe , predominantly in Germany , Switzerland and Italy . The Macedonian language has
17113-868: The late 1980s, the BCP had an estimated peak membership of 1,000,000 — more than 10% of the population. In 1946, the military rapidly adopted a Soviet military doctrine and organization. The country received large amounts of Soviet weaponry, and eventually established a domestic military vehicle production capability. By the year 1988, the Bulgarian People's Army ( Българска народна армия ) numbered 152,000 men, serving in four different branches – Land Forces, Navy, Air and Air Defense Forces, and Missile Forces. The BPA operated 3,000 tanks , 2,000 armored vehicles, 2,500 large caliber artillery systems, over 500 combat aircraft, 33 combat vessels, as well as 67 Scud missile launchers, 24 SS-23 launchers and dozens of FROG-7 artillery rocket launchers. The PRB adopted
17270-563: The leadership of Aleksandar Lilov , the BCP changed its name to the Bulgarian Socialist Party (BSP) and adopted social democracy and democratic socialism in place of Marxism–Leninism . Following the BSP victory in the 1990 election , which was the first openly contested multi-party election since 1931 , the name of the state was changed to the Republic of Bulgaria . Geographically, the People's Republic of Bulgaria had
17427-886: The local population in the Pirin region to mark administrative records such as "Macedonian", including Pomaks , with the exception of those originating within the country. At its meeting on 21 December, the Regional Committee of the Workers' Party in Upper Cuma decided to accept a formula indicating 70% of residents were "Macedonians". As a result, among the 281,015 inhabitants, 169,444 were identified as ethnic Macedonians. In 1947, Bulgaria and Yugoslavia signed agreements whereby Pirin Macedonia became part of federal Yugoslavia, which proceeded to unify Pirin Macedonia with Vardar Macedonia and abolished visa regimes and removed customs services. Shortly thereafter – in 1948, due to
17584-552: The low quality of many goods, a comprehensive State standard system was introduced in 1970, which included strict quality requirements for all sorts of products, machines and buildings. The PRB had an average GDP per capita for an Eastern Bloc country. Average purchasing power was one of the lowest in the Eastern Bloc, mostly due to the larger availability of commodities than in other socialist countries. Workers employed abroad often received higher payments, and could thus afford
17741-474: The middle vowels / е / and / о / by native Macedonian speakers, various vowel sounds can be produced ranging from [ɛ] to [ẹ] and from [o] to [ọ]. Unstressed vowels are not reduced , although they are pronounced more weakly and shortly than stressed ones, especially if they are found in a stressed syllable. The five vowels and the letter р (/r/) which acts as a vowel when found between two consonants (e.g. црква , "church"), can be syllable-forming. The schwa
17898-634: The most widespread and most likely to be adopted by speakers from other regions. The initial idea to select this region as a base was first proposed in Krste Petkov Misirkov's works as he believed the Macedonian language should abstract on those dialects that are distinct from neighboring Slavic languages, such as Bulgarian and Serbian. Based on a large group of features, Macedonian dialects can be divided into Eastern, Western and Northern groups. The boundary between them geographically runs approximately from Skopje and Skopska Crna Gora along
18055-428: The number of Macedonians from other parts of Bulgaria did not change compared to previous censuses (c. 8–9,000), the number of Macedonians in the district of Blagoevgrad fell to 1,432 in the 1965 census. The Communist Party of Bulgaria insisted at the time that the process had been completed in a completely "free" manner, but 20 years later Zhivkov mentioned a "manoeuvre" he had employed, known only to four persons, to turn
18212-564: The number-three man in the party, became president. Over the next year, the Communists consolidated their hold on power. Elections for a constituent assembly in October 1946 gave the Communists a majority. A month later, Dimitrov became prime minister. The Agrarians refused to co-operate with the authorities, and in June 1947 their leader Nikola Petkov was arrested, despite strong international protests. The new Agrarian leader, Georgi Traykov , repudiated his party's traditional ideology and defined
18369-832: The one there (fem.)) and unspecific ( тоа - that one (neut.)) objects. These pronouns have served as a basis for the definite article. Macedonian verbs agree with the subject in person (first, second or third) and number (singular or plural). Some dependent verb constructions ( нелични глаголски форми ) such as verbal adjectives ( глаголска придавка : плетен/плетена ), verbal l-form ( глаголска л-форма : играл/играла ) and verbal noun ( глаголска именка : плетење ) also demonstrate gender. There are several other grammatical categories typical of Macedonian verbs, namely type, transitiveness, mood, superordinate aspect (imperfective/perfective aspect ). Verb forms can also be classified as simple, with eight possible verb constructions or complex with ten possible constructions. Macedonian has developed
18526-435: The personal evaluation of a leading local ethnic Macedonian activist Stojko Stojkov, they counted already between 5,000 and 10,000 people. The 1992 census indicated 10,830 Macedonians, but in the 2001 census this figure had decreased to 5,071. However, in the 2011 Bulgarian census 1,654 people declared themselves to be ethnic Macedonians . Macedonians were recognized as a minority between 1946 and 1958. During this period there
18683-452: The plural ( убави мажи, убави жени, убави деца ). Adjectives can be analytically inflected for degree of comparison with the prefix по- marking the comparative and the prefix нај- marking the superlative . Both prefixes cannot be written separately from the adjective: Марија е паметна девојка (Marija is a smart girl), Марија е попаметна од Сара (Marija is smarter than Sara), Марија е најпаметната девојка во нејзиниот клас (Marija
18840-615: The population in Pirin Macedonia has a Bulgarian national self-consciousness and a regional Macedonian identity similar to the Macedonian regional identity in Greek Macedonia . Moreover, the majority of Bulgarians believe that most of the population of North Macedonia is Bulgarian. In 2019, Bulgaria adopted a framework position on the EU accession of North Macedonia , in which it demanded that North Macedonia refrain from supporting
18997-411: The present number of Bulgarian citizens with ethnic Macedonian self-consciousness is between 5,000 and 10,000. He has claimed that the result of the 2011 census, which counted only 1,654 Macedonians is a consequence of manipulation. Stoykov has explained that from this figure, even about 1,000 people were registered as Macedonia citizens. According to the Bulgarian Helsinki Committee , the vast majority of
19154-564: The process of Macedonian national identity formation gain momentum. After 1944, the People's Republic of Bulgaria and the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia began a policy of making Macedonia a connecting link for the establishment of new Balkan Federative Republic and stimulating there a development of distinct Slav Macedonian consciousness. The Communist Party of Greece as well as its fraternal parties in Bulgaria and Yugoslavia , had already been influenced by
19311-439: The property of being transitive. People%27s Republic of Bulgaria The People's Republic of Bulgaria ( PRB ; Bulgarian : Народна република България (НРБ) , pronounced [nɐˈrɔdnɐ rɛˈpublikɐ bɐɫˈɡarijɐ] Narodna republika Bŭlgariya, NRB ) was the official name of Bulgaria when it was a socialist republic from 1946 to 1990, ruled by the Bulgarian Communist Party (BCP) together with its coalition partner,
19468-491: The regime, stating that he supported multi-party elections. Demonstrations throughout the country led Mladenov to announce that the Communist Party would cede its monopoly over the political system. On 15 January 1990, the National Assembly formally amended the legal code to abolish the Communist Party's "leading role". In June 1990, the first multi-party elections since 1939 were held. Finally on 15 November 1990,
19625-435: The remaining South Slavic languages in that they do not use noun cases (except for the vocative , and apart from some traces of once productive inflections still found scattered throughout these two) and have lost the infinitive . They are also the only Slavic languages with any definite articles (unlike standard Bulgarian, which uses only one article, standard Macedonian as well as some south-eastern Bulgarian dialects have
19782-560: The republic, is marked as Macedonian Language Day . This is a working holiday , declared as such by the government of North Macedonia in 2019. Macedonian belongs to the eastern group of the South Slavic branch of Slavic languages in the Indo-European language family, together with Bulgarian and the extinct Old Church Slavonic . Some authors also classify the Torlakian dialects in this group. Macedonian's closest relative
19939-402: The restoration of rights granted to Macedonians during the 1940s and 1950s. However, such organizations in Pirin were restrained by Bulgarian authorities in the 1990s. Police also prevented ethnic Macedonians from commemorating Jane Sandanski at his gravesite. The Republic of Bulgaria has not recognized the Macedonian language. However, in 1999 the linguistic controversy between the two countries
20096-399: The rights to education and medical care. However, subsequent events regarding Bulgarian Turks in the 1980s were a direct violation of these commitments. In 1978, Bulgaria attracted international attention when dissident writer Georgi Markov was accosted on a London street by a stranger who rammed his leg with the tip of an umbrella . Markov died shortly afterwards of ricin poisoning. He
20253-414: The rivers Vardar and Crna . There are numerous isoglosses between these dialectal variations, with structural differences in phonetics, prosody (accentuation), morphology and syntax. The Western group of dialects can be subdivided into smaller dialectal territories, the largest group of which includes the central dialects. The linguistic territory where Macedonian dialects were spoken also span outside
20410-416: The root of masculine nouns. For feminine nouns, the most common final vowel ending in the vocative is -o ( душо , sweetheart vocative; жено , wife vocative). The final suffix -e can be used in the following cases: three or polysyllabic words with the ending -ица ( мајчице , mother vocative), female given names that end with -ка : Ратка becomes Ратке and -ја : Марија becomes Марије or Маријо . There
20567-496: The rupture in relations between Tito and Stalin, the contract was dissolved. For a while, BCP and the Bulgarian state held contradictory, policy on the Macedonian issue. In 1963, at the March Plenum of the Central Committee of the Communist Party, Zhivkov declared that the population in Pirin Macedonia was part of Bulgaria that was forced by the Communist Party. According to declassified documents, Bulgaria planned on fomenting
20724-460: The same borders as present-day Bulgaria and it bordered the Black Sea to the east; Romania to the north; Yugoslavia (via SRs Serbia and Macedonia ) to the west and Greece and Turkey to the south. The first elected president Zhelyu Zhelev was inaugurated on 1 August 1990 and became the first oppositional president of Bulgaria in the People's Republic. On 15 November 1990 after the elections
20881-439: The same rules ( не‿му‿јá‿даде , did not give it to him; не‿ќé‿дојде , he will not come). Other uses include the imperative form accompanied by short pronoun forms ( дáј‿ми : give me), the expression of possessives ( мáјка‿ми ), prepositions followed by a noun ( зáд‿врата ), question words followed by verbs ( когá‿дојде ) and some compound nouns ( сувó‿грозје - raisins, киселó‿млеко - yoghurt) among others. Macedonian grammar
21038-548: The same stress. Linking is a common feature of the Macedonian language. This linguistic phenomenon is called акцентска целост and is denoted with a spacing tie ( ‿ ) sign. Several words are taken as a single unit and thus follow the rules of the stress falling on the antepenultimate syllable. The rule applies when using clitics (either enclitics or proclitics) such as the negating particle не with verbs ( тој нé‿дојде , he did not come) and with short pronoun forms. The future particle ќе can also be used in-between and falls under
21195-460: The schwa in the same way: ⟨ МПЦ ⟩ ( [mə.pə.t͡sə] ). The lexicalized acronyms ⟨ СССР ⟩ ( [ɛs.ɛs.ɛs.ɛr] ) and ⟨МТ⟩ ( [ɛm.tɛ] ) (a brand of cigarettes), are among the few exceptions. Vowel length is not phonemic. Vowels in stressed open syllables in disyllabic words with stress on the penultimate can be realized as long, e.g. ⟨Велес⟩ [ˈvɛːlɛs] ' Veles '. The sequence /aa/
21352-561: The seventh Grand National Assembly voted to change the country's name to the Republic of Bulgaria and removed the Communist state emblem from the national flag. A 2009 poll conducted by the Pew Global Attitudes Project found that only 11% of Bulgarians believe ordinary people benefited from the 1989 transition. Sixteen percent say the state is run for the benefit of all people, down from 55% in 1991. However,
21509-435: The speaker, excluding the time component in the latter case. Examples: Но, потоа се случија работи за кои не знаев ("But then things happened that I did not know about") vs. Ми кажаа дека потоа се случиле работи за кои не знаев ("They told me that after, things happened that I did not know about"). The present tense in Macedonian is formed by adding a suffix to the verb stem which is inflected per person, form and number of
21666-496: The status of an official language only in North Macedonia, and is a recognized minority and official language in parts of Albania ( Pustec ), Romania , Serbia ( Jabuka and Plandište ) and Bosnia and Herzegovina . There are provisions to learn Macedonian in Romania as Macedonians are an officially recognized minority group. Macedonian is studied and taught at various universities across the world and research centers focusing on
21823-401: The subject. Macedonian verbs are conventionally divided into three main conjugations according to the thematic vowel used in the citation form (i.e. 3p - pres - sg ). These groups are: a -group, e -group and и -group. Furthermore, the и -subgroup is divided into three more subgroups: а- , е- and и- subgroups. The verb сум (to be) is the only exception to the rule as it ends with
21980-540: The third from last syllable in words with three or more syllables, and on the first or only syllable in other words. This is sometimes disregarded when the word has entered the language more recently or from a foreign source. To note which syllable of the word should be accented, Macedonian uses an apostrophe over its vowels. Disyllabic words are stressed on the second-to-last syllable: дéте ( [ˈdɛtɛ] : child), мáјка ( [ˈmajka] : mother) and тáтко ( [ˈtatkɔ] : father). Trisyllabic and polysyllabic words are stressed on
22137-673: The third-to-last syllable: плáнина ( [ˈpɫanina] : mountain) планѝната ( [pɫaˈninata] : the mountain) планинáрите ( [pɫaniˈnaritɛ] : the mountaineers). There are several exceptions to the rule and they include: verbal adverbs (i.e. words suffixed with -ќи ): e.g. викáјќи ( [viˈkajci] : shouting), одéјќи ( [ɔˈdɛjci] : walking); adverbs of time: годинáва ( [godiˈnava] : this year), летóво ( [leˈtovo] : this summer); foreign loanwords : e.g. клишé ( [kliˈʃɛ:] cliché), генéза ( [ɡɛˈnɛza] genesis), литератýра ( [litɛraˈtura] : literature), Алексáндар ( [alɛkˈsandar] , Alexander ). Linking occurs when two or more words are pronounced with
22294-460: The transnational region of Macedonia . Macedonian is also a recognized minority language in parts of Albania , Bosnia and Herzegovina , Romania , and Serbia and it is spoken by expatriate communities predominantly in Australia , Canada , and the United States . Macedonian developed out of the western dialects of the Eastern South Slavic dialect continuum , whose earliest recorded form
22451-480: The use of a dynamic stress that falls on the ante-penultimate syllable, three suffixed deictic articles that indicate noun position in reference to the speaker and the use of simple and complex verb tenses . Macedonian orthography is phonemic with a correspondence of one grapheme per phoneme . It is written using an adapted 31-letter version of the Cyrillic script with six original letters. Macedonian syntax
22608-425: The verb in its uninflected form ( го имам гледано филмот , "I have seen that movie"). Another past form, the aorist is used to describe actions that have finished at a given moment in the past: одев ("I walked"), скокаа ("they jumped"). Future forms of verbs are conjugated using the particle ќе followed by the verb conjugated in present tense, ќе одам (I will go). The construction used to express negation in
22765-427: The village and the city. The leading force in society and politics is the Bulgarian Communist Party ." The BCP created an extensive nomenklatura on each organizational level. The PRB functioned as a one-party people's republic , with People's Committees representing local governance. Their role was to exercise Party decisions in their respective areas and to otherwise defer to popular opinion in decision-making. In
22922-426: Was a surge of Macedonistic policies, the government went as far as to declare the newly codified Macedonian an official language of the Pirin region. The Bulgarian Communist Party was compelled by Joseph Stalin to accept the formation of a distinct Macedonian nation, in order to create with the Yugoslav and Greek communists a United Macedonian state, as part of a scheduled Balkan Communist Federation (see also
23079-519: Was abolished, and healthcare and education were government provided. All this was achieved with strict government control and organization. Labor came from prisoner brigades and the Bulgarian Brigadier Movement – a youth labor movement where young people worked on construction projects. Bulgaria was involved in computer construction, which earned it the nickname "Silicon Valley of the Eastern Bloc". Bulgarian engineers developed
23236-453: Was about $ 11.100. From the mid-1950s until the end of the 1970s the growth was constant, until the 1970s energy crisis hit the country. The crisis along with some structural problems, reduced the growth during the 1980s. After 1965, Renault and Fiat chose Bulgaria to site their factories to make automobiles for sale in the Eastern Bloc partnership. Culture in PRB was strictly regulated by
23393-546: Was accepted as member of the European Free Alliance . On 29 February 2000, by decision of the Bulgarian Constitutional Court , UMO Ilinden–Pirin was banned, as a separatist party, which is banned by the Bulgarian constitution, which also forbids parties on ethnic and religious grounds. On 25 November, the European Court of Human Rights in Strasbourg condemned Bulgaria because of violations of
23550-539: Was established and a "Macedonian Book" publishing company were set up. These were part of the measures to promote the Macedonian language and consciousness and were subsequently shut down in 1958. In the early 1990s a new newspaper was established for the ethnic Macedonian minority in Blagoevgrad Province, it is called Narodna Volja and its main office is in Blagoevgrad . The ideology of the newspaper
23707-789: Was imported. Bulgaria became the first Communist country to purchase a license from Coca-Cola in 1965. Despite relative stability, the economy shared the same drawbacks of other countries from Eastern Europe – it traded almost entirely with the Soviet Union (more than 60%) and planners could not take into account whether there were markets for the goods produced. This resulted in surpluses of certain products, while other commodities were in deficit. The other main trade partners were East Germany and Czechoslovakia , while countries such as Mongolia and various African countries were also large-scale importers of Bulgarian goods. The country enjoyed good trade relations with various non-Communist countries, most notably West Germany and Italy. In order to combat
23864-607: Was looking for the book but he could not find it"). Perfective verbs are usually formed by adding prefixes to the stem of the verb, depending on which, they can express actions that took place in one moment ( чукна , "knocked"), actions that have just begun ( запеа , "start to sing"), actions that have ended ( прочита , "read") or partial actions that last for short periods of time ( поработи , "worked"). The contrast between transitive and intransitive verbs can be expressed analytically or syntactically and virtually all verbs denoting actions performed by living beings can become transitive if
24021-454: Was solved with the help of the phrase: "the official language of the country in accordance with its constitution". Meanwhile, in 1999, Ivan Kostov and Lyubcho Georgievski , the prime ministers of Bulgaria and Macedonia respectively, signed a common declaration, which proclaimed that no Macedonian minority exists within Bulgaria. In 2006, according to a personal evaluation of a leading local ethnic Macedonian political activist Stoyko Stoykov,
24178-745: Was supposed to be prepared by the middle of 1971 and then executed, but it was abandoned. In 1971, the new "Zhivkovskata" Constitution added so-called "Article 1", which grants the PA as the sole ruling a "leading force of society and the state". Zhivkov was promoted to Head of State (Chairman of the State Council) and Stanko Todorov became prime minister. Bulgaria signed the Helsinki Accords in 1975, which guaranteed human rights and fundamental freedoms, including freedom of movement, contacts, information, culture and education, right to work, and
24335-582: Was sympathetic to the Macedonian Question . The Bulgarian communist government was compelled once again to adapt its stand to Soviet interests in the Balkans. At the same time, the organisation of the old nationalist movement the Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization (IMRO) in Bulgaria was suppressed by the Bulgarian communist authorities. However, differences soon emerged with regard to
24492-482: Was the first attempt to formalize a separate literary language. With the book, the author proposed a Macedonian grammar and expressed the goal of codifying the language and using it in schools. The author postulated the principle that the Prilep-Bitola dialect be used as a dialectal basis for the formation of the Macedonian standard language; his idea however was not adopted until the 1940s. On 2 August 1944 at
24649-571: Was the victim of the Bulgarian secret service , as confirmed by KGB documents revealing that they had jointly planned the operation with Bulgaria. The Bulgarian People's Army sided with the Soviet Union and the Afghan communists during the Soviet–Afghan War in Afghanistan fighting the jihadist guerrillas from 1982 until its withdrawal in 1989. By the 1980s, the conservatives controlled
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