A single-family detached home , also called a single-detached dwelling, single-family residence (SFR) or separate house is a free-standing residential building. It is defined in opposition to a multi-family residential dwelling .
65-567: Bulimba House is a heritage-listed detached house at 34 Kenbury Street, Bulimba , Queensland , Australia. It was designed and built by Andrew Petrie from 1849 to 1850. It is also known as Toogoolawah. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992. A number of timber cottages were constructed around the main house. Bulimba House was erected in 1849–50 for early Queensland pastoralists David and Mary McConnel . David had established Cressbrook in
130-478: A boiler , stove , furnace , incinerator , or fireplace from human living areas. Chimneys are typically vertical, or as near as possible to vertical, to ensure that the gases flow smoothly, drawing air into the combustion in what is known as the stack, or chimney effect . The space inside a chimney is called the flue . Chimneys are adjacent to large industrial refineries , fossil fuel combustion facilities or part of buildings, steam locomotives and ships. In
195-410: A fuel . Deposits of this substance can interfere with the airflow and more importantly, they are combustible and can cause dangerous chimney fires if the deposits ignite in the chimney. Heaters that burn natural gas drastically reduce the amount of creosote buildup due to natural gas burning much cleaner and more efficiently than traditional solid fuels. While in most cases there is no need to clean
260-613: A cap and be insulated if they service solid fuel appliances, but following the manufacturer's instructions carefully. Aluminum and galvanized steel chimneys are known as class A and class B chimneys. Class A are either an insulated, double wall stainless steel pipe or triple wall, air-insulated pipe often known by its genericized trade name Metalbestos. Class B are uninsulated double wall pipes often called B-vent, and are only used to vent non-condensing gas appliances. These may have an aluminum inside layer and galvanized steel outside layer. Concrete flue liners are like clay liners but are made of
325-591: A concrete windshield with a number of flues on the inside. The 300 m (980 ft) high steam plant chimney at the Secunda CTL 's synthetic fuel plant in Secunda, South Africa consists of a 26 m (85 ft) diameter windshield with four 4.6 metre diameter concrete flues which are lined with refractory bricks built on rings of corbels spaced at 10 metre intervals. The reinforced concrete can be cast by conventional formwork or sliding formwork. The height
390-427: A cornice with a deep shadow line, a deep three- piece pine and cedar skirting, and a cast iron and tiled fireplace with a marble mantelpiece. It has timber louvred shutters and timber double doors set in deep timber reveals opening onto the verandahs. The upstairs rooms have raked ceilings, and contain fireplaces with timber and marble mantelpieces. The gardens contain a circular drive, a timber flagpole and several of
455-644: A cultural preference in settler societies for privacy and space. A countervailing trend has been industrialization and urbanization, which has seen more people worldwide move into multi-story apartment blocks . In the New World, this type of densification was halted and reversed following the Second World War when increased automobile ownership and cheaper building and heating costs produced suburbanization instead. Single-family homes are now common in rural and suburban and even some urban areas across
520-399: A downdraft of smoke and wind down the chimney. An H-style cap is a chimney top constructed from chimney pipes shaped like the letter H. It is an age-old method of regulating draft in situations where prevailing winds or turbulences cause downdraft and back-puffing. Although the H cap has a distinct advantage over most other downdraft caps, it fell out of favor because of its bulky design. It
585-399: A family home on a much-reduced site of 0.65 hectares (1.6 acres). Substantial additions to the rear of the house and some internal alterations were made during the 1970s by the owners at the time. The timber kitchen and service wing was demolished at this time. The current owners have undertaken extensive conservation work throughout the house and have refurbished the kitchen. Bulimba House is
650-457: A fine two-storeyed sandstone and brick residence which sits on the rise of gently sloping hill, and is set in a garden containing mature trees. The house in its setting makes a picturesque contribution to the Bulimba townscape. Bulimba House has a steeply pitched terracotta tiled gabled roof, with substantial chimneys rising above the roof line. The external form expresses a simple L-shaped plan;
715-419: A finely turned and carved balustrade. An ogee-shaped archway decorates the foot of the stairs. The Dining Room has a deep plaster cornice , and a fireplace with a finely carved mantelpiece, and tiled and cast iron surrounds. It also contains a bay window which sits in an arched recess. The bay window has sliding internal timber shutters which are encased in timber panels under the window sill. The Drawing Room has
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#1732793583621780-662: A flue liner. Chimneys built without a liner can usually have a liner added, but the type of liner needs to match the type of appliance it services. Flue liners may be clay or concrete tile, metal, or poured in place concrete. Clay tile flue liners are very common in the United States, although it is the only liner that does not meet Underwriters Laboratories 1777 approval and frequently they have problems such as cracked tiles and improper installation. Clay tiles are usually about 2 feet (0.61 m) long, available in various sizes and shapes, and are installed in new construction as
845-668: A gas chimney on an annual basis that does not mean that other parts of the chimney cannot fall into disrepair. Disconnected or loose chimney fittings caused by corrosion over time can pose serious dangers for residents due to leakage of carbon monoxide into the home. Thus, it is recommended—and in some countries even mandatory—that chimneys be inspected annually and cleaned on a regular basis to prevent these problems. The workers who perform this task are called chimney sweeps or steeplejacks . This work used to be done largely by child labour and, as such , features in Victorian literature . In
910-626: A home for their own family, but this was not the norm . The idea of a nuclear family living separately from their relatives as the norm is a relatively recent development related to rising living standards in North America and Europe during the early modern and modern eras . In the New World , where land was plentiful, settlement patterns were quite different from the close-knit villages of Europe, meaning many more people lived in large farms separated from their neighbors. This has produced
975-430: A metal flue. Bracing or strapping old masonry chimneys has not proven to be very effective in preventing damage or injury from earthquakes. It is now possible to buy "faux-brick" facades to cover these modern chimney structures. Other potential problems include: Several chimneys with observation decks were built. The following possibly incomplete list shows them. At several thermal power stations at least one smokestack
1040-507: A noncombustible wall thimble allows a vent pipe to run directly through the external wall. On a pitched roof where a chimney penetrates a roof, flashing is used to seal up the joints. The down-slope piece is called an apron, the sides receive step flashing and a cricket is used to divert water around the upper side of the chimney underneath the flashing. Industrial chimneys are commonly referred to as flue-gas stacks and are generally external structures, as opposed to those built into
1105-413: A refractory cement and are more durable than the clay liners. Poured in place concrete liners are made by pouring special concrete into the existing chimney with a form. These liners are highly durable, work with any heating appliance, and can reinforce a weak chimney, but they are irreversible. A chimney pot is placed on top of the chimney to expand the length of the chimney inexpensively, and to improve
1170-412: A short vertical chimney in a remote location where the fumes would cause less harm. Lead and silver deposits formed on the inside of these long chimneys, and periodically workers would be sent along the chimneys to scrape off these valuable deposits. As a result of the limited ability to handle transverse loads with brick, chimneys in houses were often built in a "stack", with a fireplace on each floor of
1235-563: A water tank on their structure. This combination has the advantage that the warm smoke running through the chimney prevents the water in the tank from freezing. Before World War II such structures were not uncommon, especially in countries influenced by Germany. Chimneys can carry antennas for radio relay services, cell phone transmissions, FM-radio and TV on their structure. Also long wire antennas for mediumwave transmissions can be fixed at chimneys. In all cases it had to be considered that these objects can easily corrode especially when placed near
1300-455: Is a fine, modestly-detailed building, containing some finely-detailed internal elements, and in its setting makes a picturesque contribution to the Bulimba townscape. The place is important because of its aesthetic significance. The house is a fine, modestly-detailed building, containing some finely-detailed internal elements, and in its setting makes a picturesque contribution to the Bulimba townscape. [REDACTED] This Misplaced Pages article
1365-433: Is called "natural draught/draft", "natural ventilation" , "chimney effect", or " stack effect ". The taller the stack, the more draught or draft is created. There can be cases of diminishing returns: if a stack is overly tall in relation to the heat being sent out of the stack, the flue gases may cool before reaching the top of the chimney. This condition can result in poor drafting, and in the case of wood burning appliances,
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#17327935836211430-439: Is combusted in a stove, oven, fireplace, hot water boiler, or industrial furnace, the hot combustion product gases that are formed are called flue gases. Those gases are generally exhausted to the ambient outside air through chimneys or industrial flue-gas stacks (sometimes referred to as smokestacks). The combustion flue gases inside the chimneys or stacks are much hotter than the ambient outside air and therefore less dense than
1495-415: Is common for the metal to become warped over time, thus further degrading the ability of the throat damper to seal. However, the advantage of a throat damper is that it seals off the living space from the air mass in the chimney, which, especially for chimneys positioned on an outside of wall of the home, is generally very cold. It is possible in practice to use both a top damper and a throat damper to obtain
1560-402: Is completely separated by open space on all sides from any other structure, except its own garage or shed. — Statistics Canada The definition of this type of house may vary between legal jurisdictions or statistical agencies. The definition, however, generally includes two elements: Most single-family homes are built on lots larger than the structure itself, adding an area surrounding
1625-517: Is found mostly in marine use but has been regaining popularity due to its energy-saving functionality. The H-cap stabilizes the draft rather than increasing it. Other downdraft caps are based on the Venturi effect , solving downdraft problems by increasing the updraft constantly resulting in much higher fuel consumption. A chimney damper is a metal plate that can be positioned to close off the chimney when not in use and prevent outside air from entering
1690-419: Is the minimum required flow area from water heater tank and A f =19.6 inch is the minimum flow area from a furnace of a central heating system. Gas fired appliances must have a draft hood to cool combustion products entering the chimney and prevent updrafts or downdrafts. A characteristic problem of chimneys is they develop deposits of creosote on the walls of the structure when used with wood as
1755-524: Is timber boarded. The south verandah also has chamfered octagonal timber posts and timber spandrels (now partly obscured by later alterations). The end elevations are more utilitarian, with only three openings to the west and a small room under the skillion roof surmounted by a gable end to the east. The brickwork to the back (south) elevation has up-struck mortar. The interior contains some fine detailing. It has cedar and hoop pine joinery throughout. The centrally located entrance hall has cedar stairs with
1820-400: Is to ensure the pollutants are dispersed over a wider area to meet legal or other safety requirements. A flue liner is a secondary barrier in a chimney that protects the masonry from the acidic products of combustion, helps prevent flue gas from entering the house, and reduces the size of an oversized flue. Since the 1950s, building codes in many locations require newly built chimneys to have
1885-656: Is used as electricity pylon. The following possibly incomplete list shows them. Nearly all this structures exist in an area, which was once part of the Soviet Union. Although this use has the disadvantage that conductor ropes may corrode faster due to the exhaust gases, one can find such structures also sometimes in countries not influenced by the former Soviet Union. An example herefore is one chimney of Scholven Power Plant in Gelsenkirchen, which carries one circuit of an outgoing 220 kV-line. Chimneys can also carry
1950-649: The Brisbane Valley in 1841, the second run in the Moreton Bay district of New South Wales. In mid-1849 he purchased 173 acres (70 ha) of land on the angle of the Brisbane River approximately five miles downstream from Brisbane Town . The subtropical rainforest area was known to the local Aborigines as Tugulawa or Toogoolawah, meaning "shape of heart". Here McConnel established an experimental farm, attempting to prove that cash-crop agriculture
2015-490: The Middle Ages in some parts of Europe, a stepped gable design was developed, partly to provide access to chimneys without use of ladders. Masonry (brick) chimneys have also proven to be particularly prone to crumbling during earthquakes . Government housing authorities in cities prone to earthquakes such as San Francisco , Los Angeles , and San Diego now recommend building new homes with stud-framed chimneys around
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2080-504: The United States , the term smokestack industry refers to the environmental impacts of burning fossil fuels by industrial society, including the electric industry during its earliest history. The term smokestack (colloquially, stack ) is also used when referring to locomotive chimneys or ship chimneys , and the term funnel can also be used. The height of a chimney influences its ability to transfer flue gases to
2145-468: The McConnels returned temporarily to Britain. Most of the household furniture also was sold at this time. Coutts later subdivided the estate but remained in the house until his death in 1869. Since then the house has been owned or rented by a number of prominent Brisbanites including Arthur Edward Moore , Premier of Queensland from 1929 to 1932, who purchased Bulimba House in 1935. The property remains
2210-563: The New World and Europe , as well as wealthier enclaves within the Third World . They are most common in low-density, high-income regions. For example, in Canada , according to the 2006 census, 55.3% of the population lived in single-detached houses, but this varied substantially by region. In the city of Montreal , Quebec, Canada's second- most populous municipality , only 7.5% of the population lived in single-detached homes; in contrast, in
2275-1049: The United Kingdom and Canada), and separate house (in New Zealand). In the United Kingdom, the term single-family home is almost unknown, except through Internet exposure to US media. Whereas in the US, housing is commonly divided into "single-family homes", " multi-family dwellings ", "condo/ townhouse ", etc., the primary division of residential property in British terminology is between "houses" (including "detached", " semi-detached ", and "terraced" houses and bungalows ) and "flats" (i.e., "apartments" or "condominiums" in American English). In pre-industrial societies, most people lived in multi-family dwellings for most of their lives. A child lived with their parents from birth until marriage and then generally moved in with
2340-413: The ambient air. That causes the bottom of the vertical column of hot flue gas to have a lower pressure than the pressure at the bottom of a corresponding column of outside air. That higher pressure outside the chimney is the driving force that moves the required combustion air into the combustion zone and also moves the flue gas up and out of the chimney. That movement or flow of combustion air and flue gas
2405-581: The benefits of both. The two top damper designs currently on the market are the Lyemance (pivoting door) and the Lock Top (translating door). In the late Middle Ages in Western Europe the design of stepped gables arose to allow maintenance access to the chimney top, especially for tall structures such as castles and great manor houses . When coal, oil, natural gas, wood, or any other fuel
2470-429: The bricks around tile liners. To control downdrafts, venting caps (often called chimney pots ) with a variety of designs are sometimes placed on the top of chimneys. In the 18th and 19th centuries, the methods used to extract lead from its ore produced large amounts of toxic fumes. In the north of England, long near-horizontal chimneys were built, often more than 3 km (2 mi) long, which typically terminated in
2535-483: The cash cropping, operated self-sufficiently with a dairy herd, numerous livestock and poultry, kitchen garden and extensive orchard. By 1853 the farm comprised 220 acres (89 ha) and included a variety of outbuildings: kitchen, laundry, store, stable, coachhouse, workrooms, dairies, barns and workers' cottages. In the early years eighty to one hundred men were employed on the estate, although some of these were probably seasonal, and various wives and daughters served in
2600-403: The chimney and making it onto the roof. Although the masonry inside the chimney can absorb a large amount of moisture which later evaporates, rainwater can collect at the base of the chimney. Sometimes weep holes are placed at the bottom of the chimney to drain out collected water. A chimney cowl or wind directional cap is a helmet-shaped chimney cap that rotates to align with the wind and prevent
2665-459: The chimney is built. A refractory cement is used between each tile. Metal liners may be stainless steel, aluminum, or galvanized iron and may be flexible or rigid pipes. Stainless steel is made in several types and thicknesses. Type 304 is used with firewood , wood pellet fuel , and non-condensing oil appliances, types 316 and 321 with coal, and type AL 29-4C is used with high efficiency condensing gas appliances. Stainless steel liners must have
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2730-430: The chimney's draft . A chimney with more than one pot on it indicates that multiple fireplaces on different floors share the chimney. A cowl is placed on top of the chimney to prevent birds and other animals from nesting in the chimney. They often feature a rain guard to prevent rain or snow from going down the chimney. A metal wire mesh is often used as a spark arrestor to minimize burning debris from rising out of
2795-402: The city of Calgary , the third-most populous, 57.8% did. Note that this includes the "city limits" populations only, not the wider region. Culturally, single-family houses are associated with suburbanization in many parts of the world. Owning a home with a yard and a " white picket fence " is seen as a key component of the " American dream " (which also exists with variations in other parts of
2860-435: The cooling of the gases before emission can cause creosote to condense near the top of the chimney. The creosote can restrict the exit of flue gases and may pose a fire hazard. Designing chimneys and stacks to provide the correct amount of natural draft involves a number of design factors, many of which require iterative trial-and-error methods. As a "first guess" approximation, the following equation can be used to estimate
2925-421: The exhaust. Sometimes chimneys were converted into radio towers and are not useable as ventilation structure any more. As chimneys are often the tallest part of a factory, they offer the possibility as advertising billboard either by writing the name of the company to which they belong on the shaft or by installing advertisement boards on their structure. At some power stations, which are equipped with plants for
2990-452: The external environment via stack effect . Additionally, the dispersion of pollutants at higher altitudes can reduce their impact on the immediate surroundings. The dispersion of pollutants over a greater area can reduce their concentrations and facilitate compliance with regulatory limits. Industrial chimney use dates to the Romans , who drew smoke from their bakeries with tubes embedded in
3055-606: The fire, meaning more heat could escape into the room. Because the air going up the shaft was cooler, these could be made of less fireproof materials. Another step in the development of chimneys was the use of built-in ovens which allowed the household to bake at home. Industrial chimneys became common in the late 18th century. Chimneys in ordinary dwellings were first built of wood and plaster or mud. Since then chimneys have traditionally been built of brick or stone, both in small and large buildings. Early chimneys were of simple brick construction. Later chimneys were constructed by placing
3120-407: The fireplace from the chimney. The advantage of a top damper is the tight weatherproof seal that it provides when closed, which prevents cold outside air from flowing down the chimney and into the living space—a feature that can rarely be matched by the metal-on-metal seal afforded by a throat damper. Additionally, because the throat damper is subjected to intense heat from the fire directly below, it
3185-558: The front (north) elevation has two projecting gables to the western end, and a deep ground floor verandah with a terracotta tiled skillion roof to the eastern end. The back of the house (to the south) also has a deep ground floor verandah with a (now enclosed) verandah above. The exterior is modestly detailed, comprising tooled square-coursed sandstone to the north, west and eastern facades , and English bond brickwork south. The roof tiles ( c. 1919 ) have small turtle emblems. The front elevation has single central casement windows to
3250-463: The gable ends, with a projecting bay window to the ground floor. The windows have curved pressed metal hoods with heart-shaped motifs (a later addition), and the bay window has smooth grey sandstone dressings. The gable ends have deep timber boarded eaves with terracotta finials. The verandah is supported on chamfered octagonal timber posts with rounded capitals, and has timber boarded spandrel panels with internally exposed bracing. The verandah ceiling
3315-491: The growth of Bulimba as a farming community in the 1850s. The place demonstrates rare, uncommon or endangered aspects of Queensland's cultural heritage. It is rare as an early surviving sandstone homestead in Brisbane, and evidences the skills of Brisbane's early Scottish carpenters and stonemasons. The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places. The house
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#17327935836213380-439: The house sharing a single chimney, often with such a stack at the front and back of the house. Today's central heating systems have made chimney placement less critical, and the use of non-structural gas vent pipe allows a flue gas conduit to be installed around obstructions and through walls. Most modern high-efficiency heating appliances do not require a chimney. Such appliances are generally installed near an external wall, and
3445-460: The house, kitchen, laundry and dairy. In manorial tradition, McConnel encouraged his workers to establish their own farms, selling them small portions of the Bulimba property for which they made regular repayments from their wages, and were given time off to clear and cultivate. Due to Mary McConnel's ill health the property was sold in February 1853 to pastoralist Donald Coutts for £ 5,000, and
3510-666: The house, which is commonly called a yard in North American English or a garden in British English . Garages can also be found on many lots. Houses with an attached front entry garage closer to the street than any other part of the house are often derisively called a snout house . Terms corresponding to a single-family detached home in common use are single-family home (in the US and Canada), single-detached dwelling (in Canada), detached house (in
3575-426: The interior space, and can be opened to permit hot gases to exhaust when a fire is burning. A top damper or cap damper is a metal spring door placed at the top of the chimney with a long metal chain that allows one to open and close the damper from the fireplace. A throat damper is a metal plate at the base of the chimney, just above the firebox, that can be opened and closed by a lever, gear, or chain to seal off
3640-553: The main house was completed. By 1852 they were using the Aboriginal name from the Whites Hill area which was already the official name for the whole parish—Bulimba, meaning place of the magpie lark or peewee. Situated on a rise in the centre of the property, Bulimba House overlooked the entire estate and boasted sweeping panoramic views from every window. It functioned as the centrepiece of a model manorial farm which, besides
3705-461: The mature trees on the property, which include mangoes, camphor laurels and jacarandas. Bulimba House was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992 having satisfied the following criteria. The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland's history. Bulimba House is significant historically as the focus of one of Brisbane's earliest experimental riverine farms, and has an important association with
3770-529: The natural draught/draft flow rate by assuming that the molecular mass (i.e., molecular weight) of the flue gas and the external air are equal and that the frictional pressure and heat losses are negligible: Q = C A 2 g H T i − T e T e {\displaystyle Q=C\,A\,{\sqrt {2\,g\,H\,{\frac {T_{i}-T_{e}}{T_{e}}}}}} where: Combining two flows into chimney: A t + A f < A , where A t =7.1 inch
3835-542: The nearby Quarries Reach of the Brisbane River, and Moreton Bay cedar was employed in both the structure and the finishes. Cabinetmaker Robert Towell was engaged to craft most of the furniture on the spot, using local cedar and stained pine. Scottish labourers were used to clear the land around the property. McConnel and his wife Mary moved to Toogoolawah in December 1849, living in the detached service wing until
3900-401: The parents of the man ( patrilocal ) or the woman ( matrilocal ) so that the grandparents could help raise the young children and so the middle generation could care for their aging parents. This type of arrangement also saved some of the effort and materials used for construction and, in colder climates, heating. If people had to move to a new place or were wealthy enough, they could build or buy
3965-484: The wall of a building. They are generally located adjacent to a steam-generating boiler or industrial furnace and the gases are carried to them with ductwork. Today the use of reinforced concrete has almost entirely replaced brick as a structural element in the construction of industrial chimneys. Refractory bricks are often used as a lining, particularly if the type of fuel being burned generates flue gases containing acids. Modern industrial chimneys sometimes consist of
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#17327935836214030-541: The walls. However, domestic chimneys first appeared in large dwellings in northern Europe in the 12th century. The earliest surviving example of an English chimney is at the keep of Conisbrough Castle in Yorkshire , which dates from 1185 AD, but they did not become common in houses until the 16th and 17th centuries. Smoke hoods were an early method of collecting the smoke into a chimney. These were typically much wider than modern chimneys and started relatively high above
4095-494: The world). In the 21st century, a lack of affordable housing , the climate change impacts of urban sprawl and car dependency , and concerns about racial inequality have increasingly led cities to abandon single-family housing and single-family zoning in favor of higher-density zones. House types include: Chimneys A chimney is an architectural ventilation structure made of masonry, clay or metal that isolates hot toxic exhaust gases or smoke produced by
4160-463: Was a viable activity in Moreton Bay. Early crops included cotton, wheat, barley, maize, oats, lucerne, rye grass and yams. Whilst residing at Kangaroo Point in the second half of 1849, McConnel employed builder Andrew Petrie to construct the house at Toogoolawah, the first masonry Tudor-style homestead in the Brisbane region. The stone, as sandstone without directional grain, was quarried from
4225-632: Was originally based on "The Queensland heritage register" published by the State of Queensland under CC-BY 3.0 AU licence (accessed on 7 July 2014, archived on 8 October 2014). The geo-coordinates were originally computed from the "Queensland heritage register boundaries" published by the State of Queensland under CC-BY 3.0 AU licence (accessed on 5 September 2014, archived on 15 October 2014). [REDACTED] Media related to Bulimba House at Wikimedia Commons Detached house A single detached dwelling contains only one dwelling unit and
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