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59-404: Bulloch is a surname, and may refer to Angela Bulloch (born 1966), British artist Archibald Bulloch ( c.  1730 –1777), American lawyer and politician Gordon Bulloch (born 1975), Scottish rugby player Irvine Bulloch (1842–1898), American Confederate Navy officer James Dunwoody Bulloch (1823–1901), American overseas agent for

118-474: A thermistor (a temperature-sensitive resistor) that is usually attached to a finger or toe and measured in degrees Celsius or Fahrenheit. Skin temperature mainly reflects arteriole diameter. Hand-warming and hand-cooling are produced by separate mechanisms, and their regulation involves different skills. Hand-warming involves arteriole vasodilation produced by a beta-2 adrenergic hormonal mechanism. Hand-cooling involves arteriole vasoconstriction produced by

177-406: A LF/HF ratio and used to express sympathovagal balance. Some researchers consider a third, medium-frequency (MF) component from .08 Hz to .15 Hz, which has been shown to increase in power during times of appreciation. A pneumograph or respiratory strain gauge uses a flexible sensor band that is placed around the chest, abdomen, or both. The strain gauge method can provide feedback about

236-399: A limited set of possibilities. An electromyograph ( EMG ) uses surface electrodes to detect muscle action potentials from underlying skeletal muscles that initiate muscle contraction. Clinicians record the surface electromyogram (SEMG) using one or more active electrodes that are placed over a target muscle and a reference electrode that is placed within six inches of either active. The SEMG

295-489: A lower threshold, giving more time to contract the EAS and prevent incontinence, or to journey to the toilet. Alternatively, in those with urge incontinence/ rectal hypersensitivity, training is aimed at teaching the person to tolerate progressively larger volumes. Strength training may involve electromyography (EMG) skin electrodes, manometric pressures, intra-anal EMG, or endoanal ultrasound . One of these measures are used to relay

354-425: A patient performs exercises while resting against an air-filled cushion. This is pertinent to physiotherapy . Alternatively, the patient may actively grip or press against an air-filled cushion of custom shape. Mowrer detailed the use of a bedwetting alarm that sounds when children urinate while asleep. This simple biofeedback device can quickly teach children to wake up when their bladders are full and to contract

413-402: A sweat duct, conductance increases. Skin conductance is measured in microsiemens (millionths of a siemens ). In skin potential , a therapist places an active electrode over an active site (e.g., the palmar surface of the hand) and a reference electrode over a relatively inactive site (e.g., forearm). Skin potential is the voltage that develops between eccrine sweat glands and internal tissues and

472-744: A unified signal that is then able to be compared to other signals using the same processing techniques. Biofeedback therapists use EMG biofeedback when treating anxiety and worry , chronic pain , computer-related disorder, essential hypertension , headache (migraine, mixed headache, and tension-type headache ), low back pain , physical rehabilitation ( cerebral palsy , incomplete spinal cord lesions, and stroke ), temporomandibular joint dysfunction (TMD), torticollis , and fecal incontinence , urinary incontinence , and pelvic pain . Physical therapists have also used EMG biofeedback for evaluating muscle activation and providing feedback for their patients. A feedback thermometer detects skin temperature with

531-568: A variety of abstract patterns. Many of her works make use of biofeedback systems, such as in her 1994 work Betaville , a 'Drawing Machine' painting vertical and horizontal stripes on a wall, was triggered whenever someone sat on the bench in front of it. Bulloch has also made a number of works using Belisha beacons , which are more commonly used to illuminate pedestrian crossings. More recently, Bullock's Stacks are unique structures made of compiled rhomboids which play with light and colour to create optical effects. Bullock's art commonly relies on

590-423: Is a biofeedback technique of a conscious control of blood flow. An electronic device called a rheoencephalograph [from Greek rheos 'stream, anything flowing', from rhein 'to flow'] is utilized in brain blood flow biofeedback. Electrodes are attached to the skin at certain points on the head and permit the device to measure continuously the electrical conductivity of the tissues of structures located between

649-410: Is a functional infrared imaging technique. As its name describes, it measures the differences in the color of light reflected back through the scalp based on the relative amount of oxygenated and unoxygenated blood in the brain. Research continues to determine its reliability, validity, and clinical applicability. HEG is used to treat ADHD and migraine, and for research. Pressure can be monitored as

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708-717: Is a professor of Time-Based Media at HFBK Hamburg. Bulloch exhibited at the Museum of Contemporary Art Chicago in 1997. Other museum exhibitions include Kunsthaus Glarus (2001); Berkeley Art Museum and Pacific Film Archive (2003); Le Consortium, Dijon (2005); Modern Art Oxford , Vienna Secession , and The Power Plant , Toronto (2005); and Lenbachhaus , Munich (2008). Her work was also included in notable group exhibitions such as The New Decor at Hayward Gallery , London; Colour Chart: Reinventing Colour 1950 to Today at Tate Liverpool and Museum of Modern Art , New York; and Theanyspacewhatever for which she created an installation for

767-414: Is a treatment for anismus (paradoxical contraction of puborectalis during defecation). This therapy directly evolved from the investigation anorectal manometry where a probe that can record pressure is placed in the anal canal. Biofeedback therapy is also a commonly used and researched therapy for fecal incontinence, but the benefits are uncertain. Biofeedback therapy varies in the way it is delivered. It

826-512: Is also unknown if one type has benefits over another. The aims have been described as to enhance either the rectoanal inhibitory reflex (RAIR), rectal sensitivity (by discrimination of progressively smaller volumes of a rectal balloon and promptly contracting the external anal sphincter (EAS)), or the strength and endurance of the EAS contraction. Three general types of biofeedback have been described, though they are not mutually exclusive, with many protocols combining these elements. Similarly there

885-639: Is associated with activation and focused thinking. High beta is associated with anxiety, hypervigilance , panic , peak performance, and worry . EEG activity from 36 to 44 Hz is also referred to as gamma. Gamma activity is associated with perception of meaning and meditative awareness. Neurotherapists use EEG biofeedback when treating addiction , attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), learning disability , anxiety disorders (including worry , obsessive-compulsive disorder and posttraumatic stress disorder), depression , migraine, and generalized seizures . A photoplethysmograph (PPG) measures

944-645: Is based on the fact that a wide variety of ongoing intrinsic natural functions of the organism occur at a level of awareness generally called the "unconscious". The biofeedback process is designed to interface with select aspects of these "unconscious" processes. The definition reads: Biofeedback is a process that enables an individual to learn how to change physiological activity for the purposes of improving health and performance. Precise instruments measure physiological activity such as brainwaves, heart function, breathing, muscle activity, and skin temperature. These instruments rapidly and accurately feed back information to

1003-619: Is considered insufficient. In 1992, the United States Agency for Health Care Policy and Research recommended biofeedback as a first-line treatment for adult urinary incontinence. In 2019, the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence recommended against the routine use of use biofeedback in managing urinary incontinence in women who can actively contract the pelvic floor. It may be considered though, to aid motivation and adherence to therapy. Biofeedback

1062-679: Is different from Wikidata All set index articles Angela Bulloch Angela Bulloch (born 1966 in Rainy River, Ontario , Canada), is a Canadian artist who often works with sound and installation; she is recognised as one of the Young British Artists . Bulloch lives and works in Berlin. Bulloch studied at Goldsmiths' College, London (1985–1988). She was included in the Freeze Exhibition in 1988 and

1121-425: Is inserted into the vagina to monitor pelvic floor muscle contraction, satisfies all the requirements of a biofeedback device and enhances the effectiveness of popular Kegel exercises. Contradicting this, a 2023 Systematic Review of the literature including eight studies found the scientific evidence to compare pelvic floor muscle training for urinary and anal incontinence after childbirth with and without biofeedback

1180-505: Is measured in microvolts (millionths of a volt). In addition to surface electrodes, clinicians may also insert wires or needles intramuscularly to record an EMG signal. While this is more painful and often costly, the signal is more reliable since surface electrodes pick up cross talk from nearby muscles. The use of surface electrodes is also limited to superficial muscles, making the intramuscular approach beneficial to access signals from deeper muscles. The electrical activity picked up by

1239-448: Is measured in millivolts (thousandths of a volt). In skin resistance , also called galvanic skin response (GSR), an electrodermograph imposes a current across the skin and measures the amount of opposition it encounters. Skin resistance is measured in kΩ (thousands of ohms). Biofeedback therapists use electrodermal biofeedback when treating anxiety disorders , hyperhidrosis (excessive sweating), and stress. Electrodermal biofeedback

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1298-402: Is more sensitive than a thermistor to minute blood flow changes. Biofeedback therapists can use a photoplethysmograph to supplement temperature biofeedback when treating chronic pain, edema, headache (migraine and tension-type headache), essential hypertension, Raynaud's disease, anxiety, and stress. The electrocardiogram (ECG) uses electrodes placed on the torso, wrists, or legs, to measure

1357-543: Is replaced by low-amplitude desynchronized beta activity during movement, complex problem-solving, and visual focusing. This phenomenon is called alpha blocking. The synchronous sensorimotor rhythm (SMR) ranges from 12 to 15 Hz and is located over the sensorimotor cortex (central sulcus). The sensorimotor rhythm is associated with the inhibition of movement and reduced muscle tone. The beta rhythm consists of asynchronous waves and can be divided into low beta and high beta ranges (13–21 Hz and 20–32 Hz). Low beta

1416-403: Is the dominant frequency from ages 1 to 2, and is associated in adults with deep sleep, critical for memory, cognition, sleep maintenance, and mental health. Disorders that disrupt sleep such as insomnia, traumatic brain injury, obstructive sleep apnea, and other neuropsychiatric conditions are also associated with the delta rhythm. The synchronous theta rhythm ranges from 4 to 7 Hz. Theta

1475-467: Is the dominant frequency in healthy young children and is associated with drowsiness or starting to sleep, REM sleep, hypnagogic imagery (intense imagery experienced before the onset of sleep), hypnosis, attention, and processing of cognitive and perceptual information. The synchronous alpha rhythm ranges from 8 to 13 Hz and is defined by its waveform and not by its frequency. Alpha activity can be observed in about 75% of awake, relaxed individuals and

1534-415: Is used as an adjunct to psychotherapy to increase client awareness of their emotions. In addition, electrodermal measures have long served as one of the central tools in polygraphy ( lie detection ) because they reflect changes in anxiety or emotional activation. An electroencephalograph (EEG) measures the electrical activation of the brain from scalp sites located over the human cortex. The EEG shows

1593-401: Is variance of the length of both the individual sessions and the overall length of the training, and if home exercises are performed in addition and how. In rectal sensitivity training, a balloon is placed in the rectum, and is gradually distended until there is a sensation of rectal filling. Successively smaller volume reinflations of the balloon aim to help the person detect rectal distension at

1652-411: The surname Bulloch . If an internal link intending to refer to a specific person led you to this page, you may wish to change that link by adding the person's given name (s) to the link. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bulloch&oldid=1171227001 " Category : Surnames Hidden categories: Articles with short description Short description

1711-638: The Confederate States James Stephens Bulloch (1793–1849), Scottish-American settler of Georgia and grandfather of Theodore Roosevelt Jeremy Bulloch (1945–2020), British actor Martha Bulloch (1835–1884), mother of Theodore Roosevelt William Bellinger Bulloch (1777–1852), American politician Willie Bulloch (1895–1962), Scottish footballer See also [ edit ] Bulloch County, Georgia Bulloch Hall Bullock (disambiguation) [REDACTED] Surname list This page lists people with

1770-483: The RAIR occurs (i.e. when there is rectal distension). There is some research that shows the effects of biofeedback on irritable bowel syndrome. However, there may be some adverse effects when using these devices. In 2010 and 2017, the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence recommended against the use of biofeedback in managing constipation in children. Caton recorded spontaneous electrical potentials from

1829-666: The Whitechapel Artists' Award. Bulloch undertook a two-month residency at ARCUS- project in Moriya, Japan in 1994. She was nominated for the Turner Prize in 1997, part of an all-female shortlist that also included Cornelia Parker , Christine Borland and Gillian Wearing (who won the prize that year). For the Turner Prize exhibition, Bulloch exhibited her playful artwork called Rules Series . In 2005, she

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1888-403: The activity of those same systems, with a goal of being able to manipulate them at will. (Emphasis added by author.) In both of these definitions, a cardinal feature of the concept is the association of the "will" with the result of a new cognitive "learning" skill. Some examine this concept and do not necessarily ascribe it simply to a willful acquisition of a new learned skill but also extend

1947-583: The amplitude of electrical activity at each cortical site, the amplitude and relative power of various wave forms at each site, and the degree to which each cortical site fires in conjunction with other cortical sites (coherence and symmetry). The EEG uses precious metal electrodes to detect a voltage between at least two electrodes located on the scalp. The EEG records both excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSPs) and inhibitory postsynaptic potentials (IPSPs) that largely occur in dendrites in pyramidal cells located in macrocolumns, several millimeters in diameter, in

2006-512: The behavior conditioning aspect of biofeedback in promoting significant changes in the functioning of the organism. The principle of information is both complex and, in part, controversial. The term itself is derived from the Latin verb informare which means literally 'to bring into form or shape'. The meaning of information is largely affected by the context of usage. Probably the simplest and perhaps most insightful definition of information

2065-640: The ceiling of Frank Lloyd Wright's Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum in New York. Bulloch was nominated for the Turner Prize in 1997 and for the Preis der Nationalgalerie für junge Kunst in 2005. Biofeedback Biofeedback may be used to improve health , performance, and the physiological changes that often occur in conjunction with changes to thoughts , emotions , and behavior . Recently, technologies have provided assistance with intentional biofeedback. Eventually, these changes may be maintained without

2124-632: The commonly-used fast Fourier transform (FFT). The FFT splits the HRV data into a power spectrum , revealing the waveform's constituent frequencies. Among those constituent frequencies, high-frequency (HF) and low-frequency (LF) components are defined as above and below .15 Hz, respectively. As a rule of thumb, the LF component of HRV represents sympathetic activity, and the HF component represents parasympathetic activity. The two main components are often represented as

2183-481: The context of technology. She is an ambiguous multi-disciplinary artist and has worked in multiple media, including video, installation, sculpture, painting. In particular, she has used video, animation, sound and light to explore pre-edited systems. Bulloch is recognised for her 'Pixel Boxes' originally constructed using beech wood and a plastic front screen and later with materials such as copper, aluminium or corian. The boxes use different lights and colours to create

2242-412: The digits or hand and wrist. Orienting responses to unexpected stimuli, arousal and worry, and cognitive activity can increase eccrine sweat gland activity, increasing the conductivity of the skin for electric current. In skin conductance , an electrodermograph imposes an imperceptible current across the skin and measures how easily it travels through the skin. When anxiety raises the level of sweat in

2301-410: The dynamics into the realms of a behavioristic conditioning. Behaviorism contends that it is possible to change the actions and functions of an organism by exposing it to a number of conditions or influences. Key to the concept is not only that the functions are unconscious but that conditioning processes themselves may be unconscious to the organism. Information coded biofeedback relies primarily on

2360-965: The electrical activity of the heart and measures the interbeat interval (distances between successive R-wave peaks in the QRS complex ). The interbeat interval, divided into 60 seconds, determines the heart rate at that moment. The statistical variability of that interbeat interval is what we call heart rate variability. The ECG method is more accurate than the PPG method in measuring heart rate variability. Biofeedback therapists use heart rate variability (HRV) biofeedback when treating asthma , COPD , depression, anxiety, fibromyalgia , heart disease , and unexplained abdominal pain . Research shows that HRV biofeedback can also be used to improve physiological and psychological wellbeing in healthy individuals. HRV data from both polyplethysmographs and electrocardiograms are analyzed via mathematical transformations such as

2419-443: The electrodes is recorded and displayed in the same fashion as the surface electrodes. Prior to placing surface electrodes, the skin is normally shaved, cleaned and exfoliated to get the best signal. Raw EMG signals resemble noise (electrical signal not coming from the muscle of interest) and the voltage fluctuates; therefore, they are processed normally in three ways: rectification, filtering, and integration. This processing allows for

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2478-413: The electrodes. The brain blood flow technique is based on non-invasive method of measuring bio-impedance. Changes in bio-impedance are generated by blood volume and blood flow and registered by a rheographic device. The pulsative bio-impedance changes directly reflect the total blood flow of the deep structures of brain due to high frequency impedance measurements. Hemoencephalography or HEG biofeedback

2537-684: The end of expiration) exhaled through the nostril into a latex tube. The average value of end-tidal CO 2 for a resting adult is 5% (36 Torr or 4.8 kPa). A capnometer is a sensitive index of the quality of patient breathing. Shallow, rapid, and effortful breathing lowers CO 2 , while deep, slow, effortless breathing increases it. Biofeedback therapists use capnometric biofeedback to supplement respiratory strain gauge biofeedback with patients diagnosed with anxiety disorders, asthma, chronic pulmonary obstructive disorder (COPD), essential hypertension, panic attacks, and stress. Rheoencephalography (REG), or brain blood flow biofeedback,

2596-470: The field of biofeedback. Its uses may be applied in the areas of health, wellness and awareness. Biofeedback has its modern conventional roots in the early 1970s. Over the years, biofeedback as a discipline and a technology has continued to mature and express new versions of the method with novel interpretations in areas utilizing the electromyograph , electrodermograph, electroencephalograph and electrocardiogram among others. The concept of biofeedback

2655-428: The increased firing of sympathetic C-fibers . Biofeedback therapists use temperature biofeedback when treating chronic pain, edema , headache (migraine and tension-type headache), essential hypertension, Raynaud's disease , anxiety, and stress . An electrodermograph (EDG) measures skin electrical activity directly (skin conductance and skin potential) and indirectly (skin resistance) using electrodes placed over

2714-431: The interpretation of the viewer, with its meaning being determined by their subjectivity. A lot of her light and music works are developed using technology Bulloch has created herself. Bulloch is a fan of music and performs live. She is also the owner of the record label LBCDLP. Music is often incorporated into her art in a variety of ways such as light instillations that respond to a musical score. Since 2018 Bulloch

2773-864: The lungs), reverse breathing (breathing where the abdomen expands during exhalation and contracts during inhalation), and thoracic breathing (shallow breathing that primarily relies on the external intercostals to inflate the lungs). Dysfunctional breathing behaviors include apnea (suspension of breathing), gasping, sighing, and wheezing. A pneumograph is often used in conjunction with an electrocardiograph (ECG) or photoplethysmograph (PPG) in heart rate variability (HRV) training. Biofeedback therapists use pneumograph biofeedback with patients diagnosed with anxiety disorders, asthma, chronic pulmonary obstructive disorder (COPD), essential hypertension, panic attacks , and stress. A capnometer or capnograph uses an infrared detector to measure end-tidal CO 2 (the partial pressure of carbon dioxide in expired air at

2832-410: The muscular activity or anal canal pressure during anal sphincter exercise. Performance and progress can be monitored in this manner. Co-ordination training involves the placing of 3 balloons, in the rectum and in the upper and lower anal canal. The rectal balloon is inflated to trigger the RAIR, an event often followed by incontinence. Co-ordination training aims to teach voluntary contraction of EAS when

2891-413: The relative blood flow through a digit using a photoplethysmographic (PPG) sensor attached by a Velcro band to the fingers or to the temple to monitor the temporal artery . An infrared light source is transmitted through or reflected off the tissue, detected by a phototransistor , and quantified in arbitrary units. Less light is absorbed when blood flow is greater, increasing the intensity of light reaching

2950-417: The relative expansion/contraction of the chest and abdomen, and can measure respiratory rate (the number of breaths per minute). Clinicians can use a pneumograph to detect and correct dysfunctional breathing patterns and behaviors. Dysfunctional breathing patterns include clavicular breathing (breathing that primarily relies on the external intercostals and the accessory muscles of respiration to inflate

3009-406: The sensor. A photoplethysmograph can measure blood volume pulse (BVP), which is the phasic change in blood volume with each heartbeat, heart rate, and heart rate variability (HRV), which consists of beat-to-beat differences in intervals between successive heartbeats. A photoplethysmograph can provide useful feedback when temperature feedback shows minimal change. This is because the PPG sensor

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3068-478: The sensorimotor rhythm, low beta, high beta, and gamma. The thresholds or boundaries defining the frequency ranges vary considerably among professionals. Fast cortical potentials can be described by their predominant frequencies, but also by whether they are synchronous or asynchronous wave forms. Synchronous wave forms occur at regular periodic intervals, whereas asynchronous wave forms are irregular. The synchronous delta rhythm ranges from 0.5 to 3.5 Hz. Delta

3127-516: The upper cortical layers. Neurofeedback monitors both slow and fast cortical potentials. Slow cortical potentials are gradual changes in the membrane potentials of cortical dendrites that last from 300 ms to several seconds. These potentials include the contingent negative variation (CNV), readiness potential , movement-related potentials (MRPs), and P300 and N400 potentials. Fast cortical potentials range from 0.5 Hz to 100 Hz. The main frequency ranges include delta, theta, alpha,

3186-432: The urinary sphincter and relax the detrusor muscle, preventing further urine release. Through classical conditioning, sensory feedback from a full bladder replaces the alarm and allows children to continue sleeping without urinating. Kegel developed the perineometer in 1947 to treat urinary incontinence (urine leakage) in women whose pelvic floor muscles are weakened during pregnancy and childbirth. The perineometer, which

3245-412: The use of extra equipment, for no equipment is necessarily required to practice biofeedback. Meta-analysis of different biofeedback treatments have shown some benefit in the treatment of headaches and migraines and ADHD , though most of the studies in these meta-analyses did not make comparisons with alternative treatments. Information coded biofeedback is an evolving form and methodology in

3304-414: The user. The presentation of this information—often in conjunction with changes in thinking, emotions, and behavior—supports desired physiological changes. Over time, these changes can endure without continued use of an instrument. A more simple definition could be: Biofeedback is the process of gaining greater awareness of many physiological functions primarily using instruments that provide information on

3363-527: Was established as one of the Young British Artists. On reflecting on being a Young British Artist, Bulloch said "When I was 22, it was important for me. It was helpful in terms of managing media responses to my work because whenever I mentioned this little label, everyone was like, “Oh yeah, YBA”. But they were just talking about a media generated label, instead of the actual work. It's easier, isn't it? It's for lazy journalists." In 1989 she won

3422-433: Was given by Gregory Bateson—"Information is news of change" or another as "the difference that makes a difference". Information may also be thought of as "any type of pattern that influences the formation or transformation of other patterns". Recognizing the inherent complexity of an organism, information coded biofeedback applies algorithmic calculations in a stochastic approach to identify significant probabilities in

3481-527: Was nominated for the Preis der Nationalgalerie für junge Kunst. In 2002 Bulloch was awarded the ASEF ( Asia-Europe Foundation ) Cultural Grant. Between 2001 and 2003 she undertook a guest professorship of sculpture at the Akademie für Bildende Künste, Vienna. Within her art, Bullock plays with the boundaries of mathematics and aesthetics. She has a particular interest in instructions and rules, especially in

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