Drainage is the natural or artificial removal of a surface's water and sub-surface water from an area with excess water. The internal drainage of most agricultural soils can prevent severe waterlogging (anaerobic conditions that harm root growth), but many soils need artificial drainage to improve production or to manage water supplies.
31-531: The Bulloo River / ˈ b ʊ l uː / BUUL -oo is an isolated drainage system in western Queensland , central Australia. Its floodplain , which extends into northern New South Wales , is an important area for waterbirds when inundated. It comprises most of the Bulloo-Bancannia drainage basin . The Bulloo is the only river in the region not part of either the Murray–Darling basin or
62-552: A landowner can alter the drainage from their parcel. Drainage options for the construction industry include: The surface opening of channel drainage usually comes in the form of gratings (polymer, plastic, steel or iron) or a single slot (slot drain) that run along the ground surface (typically manufactured from steel or iron). Earth retaining structures such as retaining walls also need to have groundwater drainage considered during their construction. Typical retaining walls are constructed of impermeable material, which can block
93-407: A system "to provide drainage that more closely mimics the natural landscape prior to development than traditional piped systems". The streets are characterized by ditches along the side of the roadway, with plantings designed throughout the area. An emphasis on non-curbed sidewalks allows water to flow more freely into the areas of permeable surface on the side of the streets. Because of the plantings,
124-416: A typical drainage system, they would be laid along a trench which would then be filled with coarse granular material : gravel , sea shells , stone or rock . The geotextile is then folded over the top of the stone and the trench is then covered by soil. Groundwater seeps through the geotextile and flows through the stone to an outfell. In high groundwater conditions a perforated plastic ( PVC or PE ) pipe
155-664: Is a local government area in South West Queensland , Australia. On 17 April 2020 the Queensland Government reorganised the nine localities in the Shire, resulting in six localities by making the following changes: There were no changes to the localities of Durham and Hungerford . In the 2021 census , the Shire of Bulloo had a population of 337 people. The Shire is located where New South Wales , Queensland and South Australia meet. In
186-482: Is invariably more expensive than a synthetic drain and concrete liners. Over the past 30 years, geotextile, PVC filters, and HDPE filters have become the most commonly used soil filter media. They are cheap to produce and easy to lay, with factory controlled properties that ensure long term filtration performance even in fine silty soil conditions. Seattle's Public Utilities created a pilot program called Street Edge Alternatives Project. The project focuses on designing
217-428: Is laid along the base of the drain to increase the volume of water transported in the drain. Alternatively, a prefabricated plastic drainage system made of HDPE , often incorporating geotextile, coco fiber or rag filters can be considered. The use of these materials has become increasingly more common due to their ease of use, since they eliminate the need for transporting and laying stone drainage aggregate, which
248-489: Is responsible for drainage in construction projects. During the construction process, they set out all the necessary levels for roads , street gutters , drainage, culverts and sewers involved in construction operations. Civil engineers and construction managers work alongside architects and supervisors, planners, quantity surveyors , and the general workforce, as well as subcontractors. Typically, most jurisdictions have some body of drainage law to govern to what degree
279-714: The Lake Eyre basin ; instead it flows into several ephemeral lakes which are blocked by low hills from reaching the Lake Frome , the Paroo River or the Lake Bancannia systems. In its lowest reaches, which extend to near Tibooburra, New South Wales , is the distributary known as Bella Creek. It is believed that in past wet periods the Bulloo has had connections to Lake Frome because its fish fauna resembles that of
310-531: The Netherlands . The area between Amsterdam , Haarlem and Leiden was, in prehistoric times, swampland and small lakes. Turf cutting ( peat mining ), subsidence and shoreline erosion gradually caused the formation of one large lake, the Haarlemmermeer , or lake of Haarlem. The invention of wind-powered pumping engines in the 15th century permitted some of the marginal land drainage. Still,
341-406: The flatwoods citrus -growing region of Florida , United States. After periods of high rainfall, drainage pumps are employed to prevent damage to the citrus groves from overly wet soils. Rice production requires complete water control, as fields must be flooded or drained at different stages of the crop cycle. The Netherlands has also led the way in this type of drainage by draining lowlands along
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#1732772816685372-631: The Lake Eyre basin rather than that of the Murray–Darling basin. Several tributaries flow into the Bulloo in its upper reaches, the largest being Blackwater Creek. Ranges of low hills prevent the lower reaches of the Bulloo from receiving significant tributaries. Hydrologically, the Bulloo is very similar to the Darling River and Cooper Creek . It is usually completely dry except for water holes, but during years of strong monsoonal activity in
403-424: The Shire of Bulloo on 31 March 1903. On 17 July 1930 Shire of Bulloo was abolished and absorbed into Shire of Quilpie , but was re-instated on 4 July 1931. On 17 April 2020 the Queensland Government reorganised the nine localities in the Shire, resulting in six localities by making the following changes: There were no changes to the localities of Durham and Hungerford . The Shire of Bulloo includes
434-402: The drainage system. Drainage in planters refers to the implementation of effective drainage systems specifically designed for plant containers or pots. Proper drainage is crucial in planters to prevent waterlogging and promote healthy plant growth. Planter Drainage involves the incorporation of drainage holes, drainage layers, or specialized drainage systems to ensure excess water can escape from
465-407: The entire basin, located in the river's headwaters. The Bulloo floodplain, with an area of about 9240 km is classified by BirdLife International as an Important Bird Area . When it floods the site supports several hundred thousand waterbirds , with over 1% of the populations of red-necked avocet , grey teal , Australasian shoveler , Pink-eared duck and freckled duck . It also contains
496-690: The entire population of a subspecies of the grey grasswren . The traditional owners of the area are the Kalili people . Kalili (also known as Galali, Kalali, Kunja, Kurnja, Galili, Kullalli, Ngura) is an Australian Aboriginal language spoken by the Kalili people. The Kullili language region includes the landscape within the local government boundaries of the Paroo Shire and Bulloo Shire , taking in Eulo and extending west towards Thargomindah taking in
527-399: The final drainage of the lake had to await the design of large steam-powered pumps and agreements between regional authorities. The lake was eliminated between 1849 and 1852, creating thousands of km of new land. Coastal plains and river deltas may have seasonally or permanently high water tables and must have drainage improvements if they are to be used for agriculture. An example is
558-617: The land until replacements can be established. In each of these cases, appropriate drainage carries off temporary flushes of water to prevent damage to annual or perennial crops. Drier areas are often farmed by irrigation , and one would not consider drainage necessary. However, irrigation water always contains minerals and salts , which can be concentrated to toxic levels by evapotranspiration . Irrigated land may need periodic flushes with excessive irrigation water and drainage to control soil salinity . Shire of Bulloo The Shire of Bulloo ( / ˈ b ʊ l uː / BUUL -oo )
589-490: The major streets. The invention of hollow-pipe drainage is credited to Sir Hugh Dalrymple, who died in 1753. New storm water drainage systems incorporate geotextile filters that retain and prevent fine grains of soil from passing into and clogging the drain. Geotextiles are synthetic textile fabrics specially manufactured for civil and environmental engineering applications. Geotextiles are designed to retain fine soil particles while allowing water to pass through. In
620-656: The natural flow of water in nature. Since 2010 local and neighbourhood planning in the UK is required by law to factor SUDS into any development projects that they are responsible for. Slot drainage is a channel drainage system designed to eliminate the need for further pipework systems to be installed in parallel to the drainage, reducing the environmental impact of production as well as improving water collection. Stainless steel , concrete channel, PVC and HDPE are all materials available for slot drainage which have become industry standards on construction projects. The civil engineer
651-564: The path of groundwater. When groundwater flow is obstructed, hydrostatic water pressure buildups against the wall and may cause significant damage. If the water pressure is not drained appropriately, retaining walls can bow, move, and fracture, causing seams to separate. The water pressure can also erode soil particles, leading to voids behind the wall and sinkholes in the above soil. Traditional retaining wall drainage systems can include French drains , drain pipes or weep holes . To prevent soil erosion, geotextile filter fabrics are installed with
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#1732772816685682-762: The planter. This helps to prevent root rot , water accumulation, and other issues that can negatively impact plant health. By providing adequate drainage in planters, it supports optimal plant growth and contributes to the overall success of gardening or landscaping projects. Drainage options for the planter include: Wetland soils may need drainage to be used for agriculture . In the northern United States and Europe, glaciation created numerous small lakes , which gradually filled with humus to make marshes . Some of these were drained using open ditches and trenches to make mucklands , which are primarily used for high-value crops such as vegetables . The world's largest project of this type has been in process for centuries in
713-415: The properties of Bulloo Downs and Currawinya. 28°43′S 142°30′E / 28.717°S 142.500°E / -28.717; 142.500 Drainage The Indus Valley Civilization had sewerage and drainage systems. All houses in the major cities of Harappa and Mohenjo-daro had access to water and drainage facilities. Waste water was directed to covered gravity sewers , which lined
744-410: The roots eliminates air movement through the soil. Other soils may have an impervious layer of mineralized soil, called a hardpan , or relatively impervious rock layers may underlie shallow soils. Drainage is especially important in tree fruit production. Soils that are otherwise excellent may be waterlogged for a week of the year, which is sufficient to kill fruit trees and cost the productivity of
775-564: The run off water from the urban area does not all directly go into the ground, but can also be absorbed into the surrounding environment. Monitoring conducted by Seattle Public Utilities reports a 99 percent reduction of storm water leaving the drainage project. Drainage has undergone a large-scale environmental review in the recent past in the United Kingdom. Sustainable urban drainage systems (SUDS) are designed to encourage contractors to install drainage system that more closely mimic
806-404: The shore and pushing back the sea until the original nation has been greatly enlarged. In moist climates, soils may be adequate for cropping with the exception that they become waterlogged for brief periods each year, from snow melt or from heavy rains . Soils that are predominantly clay will pass water very slowly downward. Meanwhile, plant roots suffocate because the excessive water around
837-465: The south west corner of the shire, Cameron Corner is the point on the borders of all three states. The Bulloo Shire covers an area of 73,724 square kilometres (28,465 sq mi), and its administrative centre is the town of Thargomindah . Major industries in the shire include wool, beef, opals , oil and natural gas. The Shire's traditional land owners were the Galali people . Paroo Division
868-450: The summer the Bulloo can flood heavily to discharges of more than 1000 m³/s, and annual flows of up to five times the mean. In dry years annual rainfall can be as low as 100mm (4 inches) throughout the basin and years of zero runoff are not unknown. Annual rainfall throughout the basin ranges from 330 mm (13 inches) in the north to 200 mm (8 inches) in the south, with the northward increase being due to higher falls in
899-672: The summer. In the winter, rainfall is rare throughout the basin, with the average between April and October generally around 115 mm (4.5 inches), though on extremely rare occasions such as 1920-1921 and 1956 the river has had a significant flood during the winter. The basin was flooded in the March 2010 Queensland floods and again in the floods of early 2012. Temperatures in the summer are extreme throughout except during monsoonal activity, with mean maxima around 38 °C (100 °F) in January and minina around 23 °C (74 °F). In
930-444: The winter maxima remain warm, ranging from 20 °C (68 °F) in the south to 25 °C (77 °F) in the north, but frosts are not unknown at night. The Bulloo basin is used almost exclusively for the extensive grazing of sheep and cattle . The only towns within the basin are the former opal mining town of Quilpie and, further downstream, Thargomindah . There is only one major protected area, Idalia National Park , in
961-674: Was established on 11 November 1879 as one of the original divisions proclaimed under the Divisional Boards Act 1879 . On 3 June 1880, the western part of the Paroo Division was separated to create the Bulloo Division . On 21 June 1883, the boundaries between Diamantina Division and Bulloo Division were adjusted. With the passage of the Local Authorities Act 1902 , Bulloo Division became