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27-493: Consonant clusters also occur among plosives/affricates, nasals, and fricatives. In the 2010 Bura-English Dictionary, Roger Blench proposed an orthography similar to that of Hausa based on the Latin alphabet with the addition of the letters ɓ, ɗ, ə, and ƙ, as well as the following digraphs: This article about a Biu-Mandara language is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . This Nigeria -related article

54-653: A creolization process between the Berber and Old North African languages; this creolized language may reflect the linguistic connections between modern Berber speakers and Guanche speakers of the Canary Islands . Among many unknown elements found in rock engravings on the Canary Islands, some evidence (e.g., few basic lexicon , numbers) of the Punic language and Libyco-Berber script have been found. While

81-852: A consultant and research fellow of the Overseas Development Institute in London. Old North African speakers, who have been misidentified as Paleoberbers and did not speak a language(s) that is linguistically related to existing Berber languages , were foragers of prehistoric North Africa that spoke a presently extinct set(s) of languages. Roger Blench coined the term, "Old North African," to describe and distinguish earlier languages spoken in North Africa from later languages spoken by incoming Berber speakers, Punic speakers, and Arabic speakers. From coastal North Africa to Iberia (e.g., Spain ), ethnic groups spoke

108-485: A separate permit is required for each individual animal taken (tags). In some parts of Africa , wild animals hunted for their meat are called bushmeat ; see that article for more detailed information on how this operates within the economy (for personal consumption and for money) and the law (including overexploitation and illegal imports). Animals hunted for bushmeat include, but are not limited to: Some of these animals are endangered or otherwise protected, and thus it

135-746: A set(s) of languages known as Old North African, which were not necessarily genetically related to one another. Ethnic groups of Iberia that spoke the Tartessian language may be considered Old North African speakers. Ethnic groups and the archaeological cultures of North Africa that came before the Capsian culture, ethnic groups of the Capsian culture , and ethnic groups of the Neolithic Maghreb are considered to be Old North African speakers. As large animals migrated into and across

162-732: Is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Roger Blench Roger Marsh Blench (born August 1, 1953) is a British linguist , ethnomusicologist and development anthropologist . He has an M.A. and a Ph.D. from the University of Cambridge and is based in Cambridge, England . He researches, publishes, and works as a consultant. Blench is known for his wide-ranging interests and has made important contributions to African linguistics , Southeast Asian linguistics, anthropology, ethnomusicology , ethnobotany , and various other related fields. He has done significant research on

189-401: Is cooked in the same ways as farmed meat. Because some game meat is leaner than store-bought beef, overcooking is a common mishap which can be avoided if properly prepared. It is sometimes grilled or cooked longer or by slow cooking or moist-heat methods to make it more tender, since some game tends to be tougher than farm-raised meat. Other methods of tenderizing include marinating as in

216-756: Is illegal to hunt them. In Africa, animals hunted for their pelts or ivory are sometimes referred to as big game . Also see the legal definition of game in Eswatini . South Africa is a famous destination for game hunting, with its large biodiversity and therefore impressive variety of game species. Many creatures have returned to former areas from which they were once taken as a result of being killed for big-game hunting . Commonly hunted species include: South Africa also has 62 species of gamebirds, including guineafowl , francolin , partridge , quail , sandgrouse , duck , geese , snipe , bustard and korhaan . Some of these species are no longer hunted, and of

243-548: Is now a trustee of the Kay Williamson Educational Foundation, which exists both to publish the unpublished material left by Kay Williamson and to promote the study of Nigerian languages . A series of publications supported by the trust is under way with Rüdiger Köppe Verlag in Cologne . Blench has also conducted research and evaluations of international development activities worldwide, as

270-439: Is quickly field-dressed by removing the viscera in the field, while very large animals like moose may be partially butchered in the field because of the difficulty of removing them intact from their habitat. Commercial processors often handle deer taken during deer seasons, sometimes even at supermarket meat counters. Otherwise the hunter handles butchering. The carcass is kept cool to minimize spoilage. Traditionally, game meat

297-447: Is typically taken from a wild animal that has been shot with a gun or bow . Hunters must be absolutely certain of their target before shooting and should make every effort to get the animal down as quickly and painlessly as possible. Once obtained, game meat must be processed to avoid spoiling. The method of processing varies by game species and size. Small game and fowl may simply be carried home to be butchered . Large game such as deer

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324-862: The Canary Islands . Though speculative, Guanche speakers may have spoken the Basque language , Tartessian language, and other similar languages of the Iberian Peninsula; supportive evidence for this view may be found in the few lexemes that have been related to the Basque language and an absence of Berber etymology found in some Guanche words. Due to the migration of incoming Arabic (e.g., Hassānīya ), Berber (e.g., Tuareg ), and Punic speakers, Old North African languages may have eventually ceased being spoken in North Africa. Remnants of extinct Old North African languages may have been preserved in

351-753: The Deer Act 1991 ). Deer hunted in the UK are: Other animals which are hunted in the UK include: Capercaillie are not currently hunted in the UK because of a recent decline in numbers and conservation projects towards their recovery. The ban is generally considered voluntary on private lands, and few birds live away from RSPB or Forestry Commission land allegedly. In Iceland game includes: Game in Norway , Sweden , Denmark and Finland includes: In Poland , legal game includes: Big game Small game Game meat

378-587: The Green Sahara , Old North African speakers, who hunted them as game animals, also migrated into and across the Sahara. The variety of cultures in the Maghreb described by Herodotus in 2500 BP may have been the cultural variety existing among Old North African speakers at that time. In 300 BCE, Guanche speakers, who may have been Old North African speakers rather than Berber speakers, may have peopled

405-675: The Niger–Congo , Nilo-Saharan , and Afroasiatic families, as well as the Arunachal languages . Additionally, Blench has published extensively on the relationship between linguistics and archaeology. Blench is currently engaged in a long-term project to document the languages of central Nigeria . He has also expressed concern about ranching in Nigeria. Blench collaborated with the late Professor Kay Williamson , who died in January 2005, and

432-462: The ancient Egyptian language . For example, language contacts between Darfurian and Chadian proto-languages with the ancient Egyptian language. Additionally, the Tehenu and Temehu , which may have been ethnic groups with cultures and languages distinct from one another, may have also had their languages preserved in the ancient Egyptian language. The Libyco-Berber script may be the result of

459-538: The 44 indigenous gamebirds that can potentially be utilised in South Africa, only three, namely the yellow-throated sandgrouse , Delegorgue's pigeon and the African pygmy goose warrant special protection. Of the remaining 41 species, 24 have shown an increase in numbers and distribution range in the last 25 years or so. The status of 14 species appears unchanged, with insufficient information being available for

486-552: The Berber languages have been diverged from other Afroasiatic languages , may reflect inheritance from Old North African languages. While possibly being Nilo-Saharan languages, the Nemadi and Dawada languages may also be descendant languages of the Old North African languages. Genetics may further inform the academic discussion about the connections between Old North African speakers and Nilo-Saharan speakers to

513-458: The Canary Islands. The internal diversity of the Berber languages are not able to be reconciled with how early the Neolithic (7000 BP, afterwards) and Capsian (12,000 BP - 8000 BP) periods occurred in North Africa; thus, these Neolithic and Capsian periods in North Africa are not able to be characterized as "Berber." The foundational vocabulary of the Berber languages, if not due to how long

540-406: The dish Hasenpfeffer , cooking in a game pie or as a stew such as burgoo . The Norwegian Food Safety Authority considers that children, pregnant women, fertile-aged women, and people with high blood pressure should not consume game shot with lead -based ammunition more than once a month. Children who often eat such game might develop a slightly lower IQ, as lead influences the development of

567-476: The general view of the Berber languages being linguistically connected to the Guanche language is based largely on numerical evidence, it is also as probable that the affinity found between the languages are due to late-added Berber loanwords and that Guanche speakers were Old North African speakers. The Numidian language , which may have also been an Old North African language, constitutes the rock engravings in

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594-431: The natural diet of the animal, which usually results in a lower fat content compared to domestic farm-raised animals. In some countries, game is classified, including legal classifications with respect to licenses required, as either "small game" or "large game". A single small game licence may cover all small game species and be subject to yearly bag limits . Large game are often subject to individual licensing where

621-591: The remaining three species. The gamebirds of South Africa where the population status in 2005 was secure or growing are listed below: In Australia , game includes: Game in New Zealand includes: In the United States and Canada , white-tailed deer are the most commonly hunted big game. Other game species include: In the PRC there is a special cuisine category called ye wei , which includes animals in

648-592: The south of the Maghreb. Game (hunting) Game or quarry is any wild animal hunted for animal products (primarily meat ), for recreation (" sporting "), or for trophies . The species of animals hunted as game varies in different parts of the world and by different local jurisdictions, though most are terrestrial mammals and birds . Fish caught non- commercially ( recreational fishing ) are also referred to as game fish . The range of animal species hunted by humans varies in different parts of

675-590: The wild. In the UK game is defined in law by the Game Act 1831 ( 1 & 2 Will. 4 . c. 32). It is illegal to shoot game on Sundays or at night. Other non-game birds that are hunted for food in the UK are specified under the Wildlife and Countryside Act 1981 . UK law defines game as including: Deer are not included in the definition, but similar controls provided to those in the Game Act apply to deer (from

702-441: The world. This is influenced by climate , faunal diversity, popular taste and locally accepted views about what can or cannot be legitimately hunted. Sometimes a distinction is also made between varieties and breeds of a particular animal, such as wild turkey and domestic turkey . The flesh of the animal, when butchered for consumption, is often described as having a "gamey" flavour. This difference in taste can be attributed to

729-418: Was hung until "high" or "gamey", that is, approaching a state of decomposition . However, this adds to the risk of contamination. Small game can be processed essentially intact, after gutting and skinning or defeathering (by species). Small animals are ready for cooking, although they may be disjointed first. Large game must be processed by techniques commonly practiced by commercial butchers. Generally game

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