84-954: Burgo , de Burgo , del Burgo or El Burgo may refer to: People [ edit ] House of Burgh (Latin: de Burgo ), an Anglo-Norman and Hiberno-Norman dynasty founded in 1193 De Burgo baronets , a title in the Baronetage of Ireland Bill Burgo (1919–1988), American Major League Baseball player in 1943 and 1944 Dominic de Burgo (1629–1704), Roman Catholic Bishop of Elphin Roland de Burgo (died 1589), Roman Catholic and Anglican Bishop of Clonfert Thomas Burke (bishop) or Thomas de Burgo (c. 1709–1776), Irish Dominican and Roman Catholic Bishop of Ossory Jaime del Burgo (born 1942), Spanish lawyer, politician and historian Rufino Segovia del Burgo (born 1985), Spanish footballer Burgo Partridge (1935–1963), English author and member of
168-547: A unique dialect of Irish developed before falling out of use in the early 20th century. With a writing system , Ogham , dating back to at least the 4th century AD, which was gradually replaced by Latin script since the 5th century AD, Irish has one of the oldest vernacular literatures in Western Europe . On the island, the language has three major dialects: Connacht , Munster and Ulster Irish . All three have distinctions in their speech and orthography . There
252-717: A bargaining chip during government formation in Northern Ireland, prompting protests from organisations and groups such as An Dream Dearg . Irish became an official language of the EU on 1 January 2007, meaning that MEPs with Irish fluency can now speak the language in the European Parliament and at committees, although in the case of the latter they have to give prior notice to a simultaneous interpreter in order to ensure that what they say can be interpreted into other languages. While an official language of
336-575: A better future for Ireland and all her citizens." The Strategy was produced on 21 December 2010 and will stay in action until 2030; it aims to target language vitality and revitalization of the Irish language. The 30-page document published by the Government of Ireland details the objectives it plans to work towards in an attempt to preserve and promote both the Irish language and the Gaeltacht. It
420-478: A cultural and social force. Irish speakers often insisted on using the language in law courts (even when they knew English), and Irish was also common in commercial transactions. The language was heavily implicated in the "devotional revolution" which marked the standardisation of Catholic religious practice and was also widely used in a political context. Down to the time of the Great Famine and even afterwards,
504-482: A daughter of Domnall Mór Ó Briain (O'Brien) , King of Thomond , King of Limerick , and claimant to the Kingdom of Munster (a descendant of Brian Boru and the O'Brien dynasty ). William's son, Richard Mór de Burgh, 1st Lord of Connacht (c.1194–1242/3), received the land of "Connok" ( Connacht ) as forfeited by its king, whom he helped to fight (1227). He was Justiciar of Ireland (1228–32). In 1234, he sided with
588-553: A degree course in the NUI federal system to pass the subject of Irish in the Leaving Certificate or GCE / GCSE examinations. Exemptions are made from this requirement for students who were born or completed primary education outside of Ireland, and students diagnosed with dyslexia . NUI Galway is required to appoint people who are competent in the Irish language, as long as they are also competent in all other aspects of
672-460: A fully recognised EU language for the first time in the state's history. Before Irish became an official language it was afforded the status of treaty language and only the highest-level documents of the EU were made available in Irish. The Irish language was carried abroad in the modern period by a vast diaspora , chiefly to Great Britain and North America, but also to Australia , New Zealand and Argentina . The first large movements began in
756-585: A paper suggested that within a generation, non-Gaeltacht habitual users of Irish might typically be members of an urban, middle class, and highly educated minority. Parliamentary legislation is supposed to be available in both Irish and English but is frequently only available in English. This is notwithstanding that Article 25.4 of the Constitution of Ireland requires that an "official translation" of any law in one official language be provided immediately in
840-575: A pass in Leaving Certificate Irish or English, and receive lessons in Irish during their two years of training. Official documents of the Irish government must be published in both Irish and English or Irish alone (in accordance with the Official Languages Act 2003, enforced by An Coimisinéir Teanga , the Irish language ombudsman). The National University of Ireland requires all students wishing to embark on
924-625: A religious context. An Irish translation of the Old Testament by Leinsterman Muircheartach Ó Cíonga , commissioned by Bishop Bedell , was published after 1685 along with a translation of the New Testament. Otherwise, Anglicisation was seen as synonymous with 'civilising' the native Irish. Currently, modern day Irish speakers in the church are pushing for language revival. It has been estimated that there were around 800,000 monoglot Irish speakers in 1800, which dropped to 320,000 by
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#17327654111311008-470: A seated and chained 'mountain cat'. This is said to represent liberty and courage and is believed to have been awarded for a de Burgh's courage and skill in battle during the Crusades. The motto has varied between A cruce Salus (Latin: 'salvation from the cross'), which would have originated in the Crusades, and un roy, une foy, une loy (archaic French: 'one king, one faith, one law'), originating when
1092-591: A successful battle, the Lionheart marked a cross of blood on his shield stating "for your bravery, this shall be your crest". Origin stories such as this were attributed to noble and Royal families at the time with questionable historicity. However, at a time when heraldry was only beginning to be established, these arms were identical with those of the Bigods , the ruling family of Norfolk. The Bigod arms had been adopted by Roger Bigod, 2nd Earl of Norfolk (d.1221) in
1176-545: A wider meaning, including the Gaelic of Scotland and the Isle of Man , as well as of Ireland. When required by the context, these are distinguished as Gaeilge na hAlban , Gaeilge Mhanann and Gaeilge na hÉireann respectively. In English (including Hiberno-English ), the language is usually referred to as Irish , as well as Gaelic and Irish Gaelic . The term Irish Gaelic may be seen when English speakers discuss
1260-452: Is also An Caighdeán Oifigiúil , a standardised written form devised by a parliamentary commission in the 1950s. The traditional Irish alphabet , a variant of the Latin alphabet with 18 letters , has been succeeded by the standard Latin alphabet (albeit with 7–8 letters used primarily in loanwords ). Irish has constitutional status as the national and first official language of
1344-399: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages House of Burgh The House of Burgh ( English: / b ɜːr / ; ber ; French pronunciation: [buʁ] ) or Burke ( Irish : de Búrca ; Latin: Burgo ) was an ancient Anglo-Norman and later Hiberno-Norman aristocratic dynasty which played a prominent role in
1428-511: Is divided into four separate phases with the intention of improving 9 main areas of action including: The general goal for this strategy was to increase the number of daily speakers from 83,000 to 250,000 by the end of its run. By 2022, the number of such speakers had fallen to 71,968. Before the partition of Ireland in 1921, Irish was recognised as a school subject and as "Celtic" in some third level institutions. Between 1921 and 1972, Northern Ireland had devolved government. During those years
1512-587: Is only in Gaeltacht areas that Irish continues to be spoken as a community vernacular to some extent. According to data compiled by the Department of Tourism, Culture, Arts, Gaeltacht , Sport and Media , only 1/4 of households in Gaeltacht areas are fluent in Irish. The author of a detailed analysis of the survey, Donncha Ó hÉallaithe of the Galway-Mayo Institute of Technology , described
1596-412: Is still spoken daily to some extent as a first language . These regions are known individually and collectively as the Gaeltacht (plural Gaeltachtaí ). While the fluent Irish speakers of these areas, whose numbers have been estimated at 20–30,000, are a minority of the total number of fluent Irish speakers, they represent a higher concentration of Irish speakers than other parts of the country and it
1680-721: The Fíor-Ghaeltacht (true Gaeltacht ), a term originally officially applied to areas where over 50% of the population spoke Irish. There are Gaeltacht regions in the following counties: Gweedore ( Gaoth Dobhair ), County Donegal, is the largest Gaeltacht parish in Ireland. Irish language summer colleges in the Gaeltacht are attended by tens of thousands of teenagers annually. Students live with Gaeltacht families, attend classes, participate in sports, go to céilithe and are obliged to speak Irish. All aspects of Irish culture and tradition are encouraged. The Act
1764-460: The "Chapel of the Greyfriars" . Aware that he would be excommunicated for killing someone inside a church, Robert rushed to Scone before a papal bull could be issued, 6 weeks later being crowned as Robert I, King of Scots with Elizabeth by his side as his consort . They had four children including David II, King of Scots , who himself would go on to become King of Scots in 1329. On
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#17327654111311848-644: The Lords Burgh ). William's descendants included the Lords of Connaught (Connacht) and Earls of Ulster and Clanricarde . His great-great-granddaughter, Elizabeth married King Robert I of Scots . Another descendant, Elizabeth , became the wife of King Edward III's son Lionel of Antwerp, 1st Duke of Clarence , and were ancestors of the Yorkist Plantagenet Kings of England ; and through Edward IV 's eldest daughter, Elizabeth , they are
1932-631: The Republic of Ireland , and is also an official language of Northern Ireland and among the official languages of the European Union . The public body Foras na Gaeilge is responsible for the promotion of the language throughout the island. Irish has no regulatory body but An Caighdeán Oifigiúil , the standard written form, is guided by a parliamentary service and new vocabulary by a voluntary committee with university input. In An Caighdeán Oifigiúil ("The Official [Written] Standard ")
2016-634: The 17th century, largely as a result of the Cromwellian conquest of Ireland , which saw many Irish sent to the West Indies . Irish emigration to the United States was well established by the 18th century, and was reinforced in the 1840s by thousands fleeing from the Famine . This flight also affected Britain. Up until that time most emigrants spoke Irish as their first language, though English
2100-789: The 1998 Good Friday Agreement , the language gradually received a degree of formal recognition in Northern Ireland from the United Kingdom, and then, in 2003, by the British government's ratification in respect of the language of the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages . In the 2006 St Andrews Agreement the British government promised to enact legislation to promote the language and in 2022 it approved legislation to recognise Irish as an official language alongside English. The bill received royal assent on 6 December 2022. The Irish language has often been used as
2184-400: The 2021 census of Northern Ireland , 43,557 individuals stated they spoke Irish on a daily basis, 26,286 spoke it on a weekly basis, 47,153 spoke it less often than weekly, and 9,758 said they could speak Irish, but never spoke it. From 2006 to 2008, over 22,000 Irish Americans reported speaking Irish as their first language at home, with several times that number claiming "some knowledge" of
2268-403: The 6th century, used the Latin alphabet and is attested primarily in marginalia to Latin manuscripts. During this time, the Irish language absorbed some Latin words, some via Old Welsh , including ecclesiastical terms : examples are easpag (bishop) from episcopus , and Domhnach (Sunday, from dominica ). By the 10th century, Old Irish had evolved into Middle Irish , which
2352-571: The Act all detailing different aspects of the use of Irish in official documentation and communication. Included in these sections are subjects such as Irish language use in official courts, official publications, and placenames. The Act was recently amended in December 2019 in order to strengthen the already preexisting legislation. All changes made took into account data collected from online surveys and written submissions. The Official Languages Scheme
2436-1052: The Bloomsbury Group Burgo Fitzgerald, a character in the novel Can You Forgive Her? , by Anthony Trollope Places [ edit ] El Burgo , a village in the province of Málaga in Spain Burgo de Osma-Ciudad de Osma , third-largest municipality in Soria, Castile and León, Spain Buildings [ edit ] Burgo de Osma Cathedral , Roman Catholic church located in El Burgo de Osma, Spain Pellicer-De Burgo House , historic house located at 53 St George Street in St Augustine, Florida Food [ edit ] Steak de Burgo , steak dish and regional specialty in
2520-516: The Bruce in 1302 at the age of 13. The wedding most likely took place at Writtle , near Chelmsford , Essex and was arranged by either Richard or Edward I , King Edward having heavily encouraged it as a way to keep the loyalty of the Scottish nobility. However, the Bruce would soon be separated from his English allies upon the murder of John Comyn , his greatest rival for the Scottish throne, in
2604-551: The English side in O'Neill's Rebellion and afterwards obtained the English Earldom of St Albans (1628). His son, Ulick Burke , received the Irish Marquessate of Clanricarde (first creation, 1646). His cousin and heir, Richard Burke, 6th Earl of Clanricarde was an uncle of Richard Burke, 8th Earl and John Burke, 9th Earl , both of whom fought for James II and paid the penalty for doing so (1691), but
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2688-471: The European Union , only co-decision regulations were available until 2022, due to a five-year derogation, requested by the Irish Government when negotiating the language's new official status. The Irish government had committed itself to train the necessary number of translators and interpreters and to bear the related costs. This derogation ultimately came to an end on 1 January 2022, making Irish
2772-549: The Irish language policy followed by Irish governments as a "complete and absolute disaster". The Irish Times , referring to his analysis published in the Irish language newspaper Foinse , quoted him as follows: "It is an absolute indictment of successive Irish Governments that at the foundation of the Irish State there were 250,000 fluent Irish speakers living in Irish-speaking or semi Irish-speaking areas, but
2856-638: The Midwest, Des Moines, Iowa, United States Burgo (food) , a folded rice pancake, specialty of Palembang, Indonesia Publications [ edit ] Book of the de Burgos or Book of the Burkes, late 16th-century Gaelic illuminated manuscript held by the Library of Trinity College, Dublin See also [ edit ] Burgos (disambiguation) de Burgh Burke (disambiguation) Topics referred to by
2940-518: The Norman invasion of Ireland , held the earldoms of Kent , Ulster , Clanricarde , and Mayo at various times, and provided queens consort of Scotland and Thomond and Kings of England via a matrilineal line. The founder of the de Burgh family in Ireland was William de Burgh , the elder brother of Hubert de Burgh, Earl of Kent , who was Regent of England (and believed to be the ancestor of
3024-620: The Republic of Ireland ), new appointees to the Civil Service of the Republic of Ireland , including postal workers , tax collectors , agricultural inspectors, Garda Síochána (police), etc., were required to have some proficiency in Irish. By law, a Garda who was addressed in Irish had to respond in Irish as well. In 1974, in part through the actions of protest organisations like the Language Freedom Movement ,
3108-454: The age of heraldry in the thirteenth century. It was blazoned as Or, a cross gules (a red cross on a gold shield). According to attributed legend, the arms originated during the Crusades while an ancestor of the de Burghs was fighting for King Richard the Lionheart . Given that this ancestor did not yet have a crest of his own, he carried a plain gold shield and it is said that, following
3192-550: The ancestors of the current British Royal Family. Though the original (Ulster) line became extinct in 1363 and the Clanricarde line in 1916, the Mayo line is represented by the current Earl of Mayo . The surname de Burgh derives from the English village of Burgh-next-Aylsham , Norfolk or Burgh , Suffolk and the name is of Old English origin, meaning 'fortified town' or 'fortress'. The earliest documented generation of
3276-746: The beginning of the following academic year. For a number of years there has been vigorous debate in political, academic and other circles about the failure of most students in English-medium schools to achieve competence in Irish, even after fourteen years of teaching as one of the three main subjects. The concomitant decline in the number of traditional native speakers has also been a cause of great concern. In 2007, filmmaker Manchán Magan found few Irish speakers in Dublin , and faced incredulity when trying to get by speaking only Irish in Dublin. He
3360-427: The crown against Richard, Earl Marshal, who fell in battle against him. Richard Mór's eldest son, Sir Richard de Burgh (d. 1248) succeeded him, briefly, as Lord of Connacht. Richard Mór's second son, Walter de Burgh (c.1210–71), continued warfare against the native chieftains and added greatly to his vast domains by obtaining, from Prince Edward , a grant of "the county of Ulster" (c. 1255) in consequence of which he
3444-522: The early thirteenth century but his great-grandson Roger Bigod, 5th Earl of Norfolk (d.1306) ceased using these arms after 1269. Glover's Roll ( British Library Add MS 29796), a sixteenth-century copy of a roll of arms of the 1250s, includes a depiction of the Or, a cross Gules of the Earl of Norfolk . The de Burgh claim to these arms may have been linked to the fact that Richard Óg de Burgh, 2nd Earl of Ulster
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3528-899: The eighteenth century. The family's two main branches were: The Gaelic title Mac William Uachtar (meaning "son of the upper William (de Burgh)") came to denote the head of the Burke family of Upper or south Connacht but the chief of this family was more popularly known by another Gaelic title, Clanricarde (meaning "(head of) Richard's family" ). In 1543, the Mac William Uachtar (Upper Mac William) chief, Ulick na gCeann Burke (alias, MacWilliam) surrendered his lands in Connacht to Henry VIII , receiving these properties back to hold them, by English custom, as Earl of Clanricarde and Lord Dunkellin (1543). Ulick's descendant, Richard Burke, 4th Earl of Clanricarde distinguished himself on
3612-474: The end of the famine, and under 17,000 by 1911. Irish is recognised by the Constitution of Ireland as the national and first official language of Republic of Ireland (English being the other official language). Despite this, almost all government business and legislative debate is conducted in English. In 1938, the founder of Conradh na Gaeilge (Gaelic League), Douglas Hyde , was inaugurated as
3696-592: The family moved to Ireland. Irish language Irish ( Standard Irish : Gaeilge ), also known as Irish Gaelic or simply Gaelic ( / ˈ ɡ eɪ l ɪ k / GAY -lik ), is a Celtic language of the Indo-European language family . It is a member of the Goidelic language group of the Insular Celtic sub branch of the family and is indigenous to the island of Ireland . It
3780-703: The family was represented in the later twelfth and early thirteenth centuries by four brothers: The grant of the Earldom of Kent to Hubert de Burgh was limited to himself and any male heirs born to his final wife, Princess Margaret of Scotland , but their only child was a daughter who was herself childless. Though the earldom of Kent became extinct on Hubert's death, his sons from a previous marriage, John and Hubert, inherited his lands and their descendants passed into relative obscurity until 1487, when Thomas Burgh (c.1431–1496) of Gainsborough, Lincolnshire (thought to be descended from Hubert, Earl of Kent's younger son Hubert)
3864-473: The family which still has representatives in the baronetage and landed gentry of Ireland. Clarence Ellis noted that there were three known versions of Hubert de Burgh's arms: (1) Lozengy Gules and Vair; (2) Masculy Vair and Gules (as given in the Grimaldy Roll of c. 1350 ); and (3) Gules seven Mascles 3:3 and 1 Vair. The original de Burgh coat of arms was adopted during the beginnings of
3948-560: The first President of Ireland . The record of his delivering his inaugural Declaration of Office in Roscommon Irish is one of only a few recordings of that dialect. In the 2016 census, 10.5% of respondents stated that they spoke Irish, either daily or weekly, while over 70,000 people (4.2%) speak it as a habitual daily means of communication. From the foundation of the Irish Free State in 1922 (see History of
4032-401: The first quarter a lion rampant sable ). Another Burke family added a fleur-de-llys to the cross ( Or, on a cross gules a fleur-de-llys of the first ), and the arms of the Burkes or Bourkes, Viscounts Mayo , was Party per fess Or and Ermine, a cross gules the first quarter charged with a lion rampant sable and the second with a dexter hand couped at the wrist and erect gules . The crest is
4116-665: The language family, is derived from the Old Irish term. Endonyms of the language in the various modern Irish dialects include: Gaeilge [ˈɡeːlʲɟə] in Galway, Gaeilg / Gaeilic / Gaeilig [ˈɡeːlʲəc] in Mayo and Ulster , Gaelainn / Gaoluinn [ˈɡeːl̪ˠən̠ʲ] in West/Cork, Kerry Munster , as well as Gaedhealaing in mid and East Kerry/Cork and Waterford Munster to reflect local pronunciation. Gaeilge also has
4200-410: The language was in use by all classes, Irish being an urban as well as a rural language. This linguistic dynamism was reflected in the efforts of certain public intellectuals to counter the decline of the language. At the end of the 19th century, they launched the Gaelic revival in an attempt to encourage the learning and use of Irish, although few adult learners mastered the language. The vehicle of
4284-476: The language. For most of recorded Irish history , Irish was the dominant language of the Irish people , who took it with them to other regions , such as Scotland and the Isle of Man , where Middle Irish gave rise to Scottish Gaelic and Manx . It was also, for a period, spoken widely across Canada , with an estimated 200,000–250,000 daily Canadian speakers of Irish in 1890. On the island of Newfoundland ,
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#17327654111314368-455: The last Clare Earl of Hertford (d. 1314). William Donn married Maud of Lancaster (daughter of Henry, 3rd Earl of Lancaster ) and was appointed Lieutenant of Ireland (1331), but was murdered in his 21st year, leaving his only daughter, Elizabeth de Burgh , as the sole heiress not only of the de Burgh possessions but of the vast Clare estates. Elizabeth was married in childhood to Lionel, 1st Duke of Clarence (third son of Edward III ) who
4452-463: The latter was restored (1702), and his great-grandson, Henry de Burgh, 12th Earl , was created Marquess of Clanricarde (second creation, 1789). Henry left no son, but his brother, John de Burgh, 13th Earl was created Earl of Clanricarde (second creation, 1800) and the Marquessate was later revived (1825), for John's son, Ulick de Burgh, 14th and 2nd Earl . His heir, Hubert de Burgh-Canning
4536-582: The mid-18th century, English was becoming a language of the Catholic middle class, the Catholic Church and public intellectuals, especially in the east of the country. Increasingly, as the value of English became apparent, parents sanctioned the prohibition of Irish in schools. Increasing interest in emigrating to the United States and Canada was also a driver, as fluency in English allowed
4620-672: The murder of William Donn de Burgh, 3rd Earl of Ulster (d.1333), his male kinsmen (who had a better right to the succession than his daughter, according to native Irish ideas), adopting Irish names and customs, became virtually native chieftains and succeeded in holding the bulk of the de Burgh territories. After the fourteenth century, some branches of this Anglo-Irish family gaelicised their surname in Irish as de Búrca which gradually became Búrc then later Burke or Bourke , and these surnames and their variants have been associated with Connacht for more than seven centuries. Some branches returned to their original surname of 'de Burgh' in
4704-804: The name of the language is Gaeilge , from the South Connacht form, spelled Gaedhilge prior the spelling reform of 1948, which was originally the genitive of Gaedhealg , the form used in Classical Gaelic . The modern spelling results from the deletion of the silent ⟨dh⟩ in Gaedhilge . Older spellings include Gaoidhealg [ˈɡeːʝəlˠəɡ] in Classical Gaelic and Goídelc [ˈɡoiðʲelɡ] in Old Irish . Goidelic , used to refer to
4788-409: The new immigrants to get jobs in areas other than farming. An estimated one quarter to one third of US immigrants during the Great Famine were Irish speakers. Irish was not marginal to Ireland's modernisation in the 19th century, as is often assumed. In the first half of the century there were still around three million people for whom Irish was the primary language, and their numbers alone made them
4872-522: The number now is between 20,000 and 30,000." In the 1920s, when the Irish Free State was founded, Irish was still a vernacular in some western coastal areas. In the 1930s, areas where more than 25% of the population spoke Irish were classified as Gaeltacht . Today, the strongest Gaeltacht areas, numerically and socially, are those of South Connemara , the west of the Dingle Peninsula , and northwest Donegal, where many residents still use Irish as their primary language. These areas are often referred to as
4956-448: The other official language, if not already passed in both official languages. In November 2016, RTÉ reported that over 2.3 million people worldwide were learning Irish through the Duolingo app. Irish president Michael D. Higgins officially honoured several volunteer translators for developing the Irish edition, and said the push for Irish language rights remains an "unfinished project". There are rural areas of Ireland where Irish
5040-415: The political party holding power in the Stormont Parliament , the Ulster Unionist Party (UUP), was hostile to the language. The context of this hostility was the use of the language by nationalists. In broadcasting, there was an exclusion on the reporting of minority cultural issues, and Irish was excluded from radio and television for almost the first fifty years of the previous devolved government. After
5124-436: The relationship between the three Goidelic languages (Irish, Scottish Gaelic and Manx). Gaelic is a collective term for the Goidelic languages, and when the context is clear it may be used without qualification to refer to each language individually. When the context is specific but unclear, the term may be qualified, as Irish Gaelic, Scottish Gaelic or Manx Gaelic. Historically the name "Erse" ( / ɜːr s / URS )
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#17327654111315208-432: The requirement for entrance to the public service was changed to proficiency in just one official language. Nevertheless, Irish remains a required subject of study in all schools in the Republic of Ireland that receive public money (see Education in the Republic of Ireland ). Teachers in primary schools must also pass a compulsory examination called Scrúdú Cáilíochta sa Ghaeilge . As of 2005, Garda Síochána recruits need
5292-452: The revival was the Gaelic League ( Conradh na Gaeilge ), and particular emphasis was placed on the folk tradition, which in Irish is particularly rich. Efforts were also made to develop journalism and a modern literature. Although it has been noted that the Catholic Church played a role in the decline of the Irish language before the Gaelic Revival, the Protestant Church of Ireland also made only minor efforts to encourage use of Irish in
5376-506: The same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Burgo . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Burgo&oldid=1254636080 " Categories : Disambiguation pages Disambiguation pages with surname-holder lists Hidden categories: Articles containing Latin-language text Short description
5460-536: The vacancy to which they are appointed. This requirement is laid down by the University College Galway Act, 1929 (Section 3). In 2016, the university faced controversy when it announced the planned appointment of a president who did not speak Irish. Misneach staged protests against this decision. The following year the university announced that Ciarán Ó hÓgartaigh , a fluent Irish speaker, would be its 13th president. He assumed office in January 2018; in June 2024, he announced he would be stepping down as president at
5544-594: The work of such writers as Geoffrey Keating , is said to date from the 17th century, and was the medium of popular literature from that time on. From the 18th century on, the language lost ground in the east of the country. The reasons behind this shift were complex but came down to a number of factors: The change was characterised by diglossia (two languages being used by the same community in different social and economic situations) and transitional bilingualism (monoglot Irish-speaking grandparents with bilingual children and monoglot English-speaking grandchildren). By
5628-456: Was Lord Deputy of Ireland (1597), and his younger brother, Sir John Burgh (d. 1594), was a distinguished soldier and sailor. Robert, 6th Baron Burgh died as a young child in 1602, and the barony fell into abeyance among his four sisters. The Anglo-Norman adventurer , William de Burgh ( c. 1160 –1205/6), arrived in Ireland in 1185 with Prince John . He received a grant of lands from King Henry II . At John's accession (1199) he
5712-411: Was 1,873,997, representing 40% of respondents, but of these, 472,887 said they never spoke it and a further 551,993 said they only spoke it within the education system. Linguistic analyses of Irish speakers are therefore based primarily on the number of daily users in Ireland outside the education system, which in 2022 was 20,261 in the Gaeltacht and 51,707 outside it, totalling 71,968. In response to
5796-431: Was also sometimes used in Scots and then in English to refer to Irish; as well as Scottish Gaelic. Written Irish is first attested in Ogham inscriptions from the 4th century AD, a stage of the language known as Primitive Irish . These writings have been found throughout Ireland and the west coast of Great Britain. Primitive Irish underwent a change into Old Irish through the 5th century. Old Irish, dating from
5880-400: Was created Baron Ardenerie in 1580. Tibbot (Theobald) MacWalter Kittagh Bourke , 21st (Lord of) Mac William Íochtar , fled to Spain where he was created Marquess of Mayo (1602) in the Spanish peerage . In 1603, the 19th Lord of Mac William Íochtar , Tiobóid na Long (Theobald) Bourke (d. 1629), resigned his territories in Mayo , and received them back to hold them by English tenure and
5964-563: Was descended from the fourth son of Sir Thomas Bourke (d. 1397), whose second son, Edmund, was the ancestor of the Viscounts Mayo of the first creation). The first Earl's great-grandson, Richard Bourke, 6th Earl of Mayo , was appointed Viceroy of India in 1869 and was murdered in the Andaman Islands in 1872. His younger brother was the politician Robert Bourke, 1st Baron Connemara who became Governor of Madras . The baronies of Bourke of Castleconnell (1580) and Bourke of Brittas (1618), both forfeited in 1691, were bestowed on branches of
6048-668: Was enacted 1 July 2019 and is an 18-page document that adheres to the guidelines of the Official Languages Act 2003 . The purpose of the Scheme is to provide services through the mediums of Irish and/or English. According to the Department of the Taoiseach, it is meant to "develop a sustainable economy and a successful society, to pursue Ireland's interests abroad, to implement the Government's Programme and to build
6132-453: Was installed in Thomond and became Governor of Limerick . Between 1199 and 1201 he was supporting, in turn, Cathal Carrach and Cathal Crovderg for the native throne, but William was expelled from Connacht after a battle with Crovderg over payment for him and his army. He did later return and defeat Crovderg, however, who though remaining as king, swore loyalty to de Burgh. William married
6216-404: Was later created Viscount Mayo (1627). Miles, 2nd Viscount (d. 1649) and Theobald, 3rd Viscount (d. 1652) suffered at Cromwell's hands, but Theobald, 4th Viscount was restored to his estates (some 50,000 acres) in 1666. The peerage became extinct or dormant on the death of John, 8th Viscount (1767). In 1781, John Bourke , was created Viscount Mayo (1781) and later Earl of Mayo (1785). He
6300-474: Was passed 14 July 2003 with the main purpose of improving the number and quality of public services delivered in Irish by the government and other public bodies. Compliance with the Act is monitored by the An Coimisinéir Teanga (Irish Language Commissioner) which was established in 2004 and any complaints or concerns pertaining to the Act are brought to them. There are 35 sections included in
6384-515: Was recognized in her right as Earl of Ulster. It is from them that the Yorkist Plantagenets later derived their claim to the throne of England. Their descendant, Edward, 4th Duke of York, ascended the throne in 1461 as King Edward IV of England , since then the Earldom of Ulster has been only held by members of the British royal family. Elizabeth de Burgh , daughter of Richard Óg de Burgh, 2nd Earl of Ulster , married Robert
6468-693: Was spoken throughout Ireland, Isle of Man and parts of Scotland . It is the language of a large corpus of literature, including the Ulster Cycle . From the 12th century, Middle Irish began to evolve into modern Irish in Ireland, into Scottish Gaelic in Scotland, and into the Manx language in the Isle of Man . Early Modern Irish , dating from the 13th century, was the basis of the literary language of both Ireland and Gaelic-speaking Scotland. Modern Irish, sometimes called Late Modern Irish, as attested in
6552-773: Was styled later Earl of Ulster . Walter, 1st Earl of Ulster was succeeded by his son, Richard Óg de Burgh, 2nd Earl of Ulster . In 1286, he ravaged and subdued Connacht, and deposed the chief native king, ( Brian O'Neill ), substituting his own nominee. He also attacked the native king of Connacht , in favour of the branch of O'Conors that his family supported. He led his forces from Ireland to support Edward I in his Scottish campaigns, and on Edward Bruce 's invasion of Ulster (1315), Richard marched against him, despite having given his daughter, Elizabeth , in marriage (c. 1304) to King Robert I of Scotland , Edward's older brother. Occasionally summoned to English parliaments, Richard spent most of his forty years of activity in Ireland, where he
6636-477: Was summoned to Parliament as Baron Burgh (or Borough) of Gainsborough, though he never took his seat and the creation of this barony is therefore disputed. Thomas Burgh's son, Sir Edward Burgh (c.1463–1528) , did not sit in Parliament. However, his son, Thomas Burgh (c.1488–1550), was summoned to Parliament in 1529 and this was deemed as the creation of the barony. In this barony, Thomas, 3rd Baron Burgh
6720-618: Was the 2nd and last Marquess. The Earldom of Clanricarde (second creation) passed by special remainder to the 6th Marquess of Sligo . This family, which changed its name from Burke to de Burgh (1752) and added that of Canning (1862), owned a vast estate in County Galway . The Gaelic title Mac William Íochtar (meaning "son of the lower William (de Burgh)") came to denote the head of the Bourke family of lower or north Connacht. Seaán mac Oliver Bourke , 17th (Lord of) Mac William Íochtar
6804-598: Was the greatest noble of his day, usually fighting the natives or his Anglo-Norman rivals to expand his family's land. The patent roll of 1290 shows that in addition to his lands in Ulster , Connacht and Munster , he held the Isle of Man , but later surrendered it to the king. Richard, the 2nd Earl's grandson and successor was William Donn de Burgh, the Brown Earl (1312–33), son of John de Burgh (d. 1313) and Elizabeth, Lady of Clare (d. 1360), sister and co-heir of
6888-551: Was the majority of the population's first language until the 19th century, when English gradually became dominant, particularly in the last decades of the century, in what is sometimes characterised as a result of linguistic imperialism . Today, Irish is still commonly spoken as a first language in Ireland's Gaeltacht regions, in which 2% of Ireland's population lived in 2022. The total number of people (aged 3 and over) in Ireland who declared they could speak Irish in April 2022
6972-477: Was the son of Aveline FitzJohn (d.1274), daughter of Sir John FitzGeoffrey (d.1258) and his wife Isabel Bigod (c. 1212–1250), daughter of Hugh Bigod, 3rd Earl of Norfolk (c. 1182–1225). Variations on this original shield were adopted by different branches of the family. For instance, the arms of the Burke/de Burgh family of Clanricarde added a black lion to the upper-left quadrant ( Or, a cross gules in
7056-442: Was unable to accomplish some everyday tasks, as portrayed in his documentary No Béarla . There is, however, a growing body of Irish speakers in urban areas, particularly in Dublin. Many have been educated in schools in which Irish is the language of instruction. Such schools are known as Gaelscoileanna at primary level. These Irish-medium schools report some better outcomes for students than English-medium schools. In 2009,
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