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17-610: The Cartularies of Valpuesta from the monastery Santa María de Valpuesta, in Burgos, are considered to be the oldest known documents containing words written in the Spanish language . Since 1964, archaeologists have been working at numerous areas of the Archaeological Site of Atapuerca , where they have found ancient hominid and human remains, the former dating to more than one million years ago, with artefacts from

34-752: A claim to being the earliest in Spanish, notably, the Glosas Emilianenses (marginalia of circa 1000 CE from La Rioja). In November of 2010, the Spanish Royal Academy endorsed the cartularies—written in "a Latin language assaulted by a living language" ("una lengua latina asaltada por una lengua viva")—as the record of the earliest words written in Castilian, predating those of the Glosas Emilianenses. Selections from

51-533: A comarca may correspond to a natural area, like a valley, river basin and mountainous area, or even to historical regions overlapping different provinces and ancient kingdoms (e.g. Ilercavonia ). In such comarcas or natural regions municipalities have resorted to organizing themselves in mancomunidad (commonwealth), like the Taula del Sénia , the only legal formula that has allowed those comarcas to manage their public municipal resources meaningfully. There

68-591: A monastery in the locality of Valpuesta in what is now the province of Burgos , Castile and León , Spain. The cartularies are called the Gótico and the Galicano from the type of script used in each. They are housed in the National Archives of Spain . The Cartularies of Valpuesta are a series of 12th-century Visigothic documents which, in turn, are copies of earlier documents, some of which date back to

85-682: Is also a comarca, the Cerdanya that is divided between two states, the southwestern half being counted as a comarca of Spain, while the northeastern half is part of France . There are also other groupings of municipalities in Spain including provinces , mancomunidades , metropolitan areas and the major islands of the Canary Islands and the Balearic Islands . Legally defined comarcas have their boundaries and functions defined by

102-666: The Mediterranean Sea . In Valpuesta the oldest texts in the Spanish language has been found, dating from the tenth century. Transportation is developed through a wide net of highways and roads. Besides, the province is served by the Burgos Airport , and was to have received High-speed rail AVE around 2016. In the Atapuerca area, archaeologists have found evidence of occupation by hominids and humans for more than one million years. Discoveries have included

119-487: The Palaeolithic and Bronze Ages of man. The site has been designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site . The province has an area of 14,300 km (5,500 sq mi) and a population of approximately 375,000 of whom nearly half live in the capital. The other locations higher than 20,000 inhabitants apart from Burgos are Miranda de Ebro and Aranda de Duero , both very industrialized. The Sierra de la Demanda ,

136-779: The Spanish Royal Academy and other institutions, even though the documents are meant to be written in Latin. They are written in a very late form of Latin mixed with other elements of a Hispanic Romance dialect that corresponds in some traits with modern Spanish. The preamble of the Statute of Autonomy of Castile and León mentions the cartularies, along with the Nodicia de Kesos , as documents that contain "the earliest traces of Spanish" ( las huellas más primitivas del castellano ). However, there have been other documents with

153-499: The 9th century. These cartularies contain an abundance of words of a developing Romance dialect and a copious list of place names in the Valley of Gaubea and the surrounding area. Probably no other codex of that period offers so many tokens of an incipient Romance language with similarities with modern Spanish. The scribes did not write in pure, erudite Latin, but rather in a more evolved, Romance-like Latin, to be better understood by

170-534: The common people. The transcription took place during the formative period of the Kingdom of Castile , and it might reflect the early evolution of the Castilian dialect, although a written standard had yet to be established. Although the authenticity of some of the texts is disputed, the cartularies are regarded as significant in the history of the Spanish language, and their status as manuscripts containing "the earliest words written in Spanish" has been promoted by

187-752: The earliest hominid skull in Europe. The Celtiberian region that became Burgos was inhabited by the Morgobos , Turmodigi , Berones and perhaps also the Pellendones , the last inhabitants of the northern part of the Celtiberian region. According to the Greek historian Ptolemy , the principal cities included: Brabum , Sisara , Deobrigula (nowadays Tardajos ), Ambisna Segiasamon ( Sasamón ) and Verovesca ( Briviesca ). Under Roman colonization, it

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204-484: The eleventh century, Burgos became the capital of the Kingdom of Castile . The historical population is given in the following chart: The province of Burgos is divided in 10 comarcas . The province of Burgos is divided into 371 municipalities, being the Spanish province with the highest number, although many of them have fewer than 100 inhabitants. Cartularies of Valpuesta The cartularies of Valpuesta are two medieval Spanish cartularies which belonged to

221-692: The northwesternmost end of the Sistema Ibérico , is located in Burgos Province. The most important rivers in the province are the Ebro and the Duero . The river Duero is in the south of the province and leads to the Atlantic Ocean at Porto, Portugal . Planted near it is a notable vineyard , Ribera de Duero . The north and south-east of the province are mountainous. The Ebro flows to

238-511: The oldest documents were published in 1900 in the French journal Revue Hispanique . The cartularies are available in a recent scholarly edition. Comarcas of Spain In Spain , a comarca ( Spanish: [koˈmaɾka] ) is either a traditional territorial division without any formal basis, or a group of municipalities, legally defined by an autonomous community for

255-904: The purpose of providing common local government services. In English, a comarca is equivalent to a district , county , area or zone . The large majority of legally defined comarcas are in Catalonia (42) and Aragon (33) , and are regulated by law and are governed by a comarcal council with specified powers. There are seven comarcas formally registered in Basque Country and one, El Bierzo , in Castile and León. In Andalusia , Galicia , Valencia and Asturias , comarcas are defined by regional law but lack any defined function. In other regions, comarcas are traditional or historical or in some cases, contemporary creations designed for tourism promotions. In some other cases (e.g. La Carballeda )

272-612: The relevant regional government ( autonomous community ) and so do not necessarily have boundaries consistent with provinces which are defined by the State. The remit of comarcas is very similar to that of the provinces and has been criticised for duplication. However in Catalonia, the comarca (and not the province) has been the traditional territorial organisation. Reference: An official classification establishes three comarcas: or sometimes four: However, historic approaches (before

289-697: Was part of Hispania Citerior ("Hither Spain") and then Hispania Tarraconensis . In the fifth century, the Visigoths drove back the Suevi . In the eighth century, the Arabs occupied all of Castiles . Alfonso III the Great , king of León reconquered the area around the middle of the ninth century, and built many castles for the defence of Christendom. Gradually the area was reconquered. The region came to be known as Castile (Latin castella ), i.e. "land of castles". In

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