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38-621: The territory around Burgau was originally part of the stem duchy of Swabia . The death of Conradin and the resulting extinction of the Hohenstaufen line in 1268 led to the collapse of the integrity of the duchy and its division into reichsfrei lands, after local nobles resisted the Habsburg Holy Roman Emperor Rudolph 's attempts to annex the duchy. The Lords of Burgau are first found in documentary mention in 1147, as Herren von Burguo . Burgau

76-511: A certain level of internal solidarity. Early among these were Saxony and Bavaria , which had been conquered by Charlemagne , and Alamannia , placed under Frankish administration in 746. In German historiography they are called the jüngere Stammesherzogtümer , or "more recent tribal duchies", although the term "stem duchies" is common in English. The duchies are often called "younger" (newer, more recent, etc.) in order to distinguish them from

114-510: A law stipulating that the kingdom would thereafter be united. Arnulf continued to rule it like a king even after his submission, but after his death in 937 it was quickly brought under royal control by Henry's son Otto the Great . The Ottonians worked to preserve the duchies as offices of the crown, but by the reign of Henry IV the dukes had made them functionally hereditary. The five stem duchies were: The complicated political history of

152-635: A stem duchy of the Holy Roman Empire but was demoted to landgraviate within Saxony in 908, and the modern state of Thuringia was established in 1920. Peace of Pressburg (1805) The Peace of Pressburg was signed in Pressburg (today Bratislava) on 26 December 1805 between French Emperor Napoleon Bonaparte and Holy Roman Emperor Francis II , as a consequence of the French victory over

190-551: A wealthy Augsburg burgher. Charles was the last holder of the margraviate, from 1609 to 1618; on his death, the land returned to the senior Austrian Habsburg line. When that archducal line expired, with the death of Sigismund Francis , the Viennese court took responsibility for the margraviate. A significant Jewish community existed in Burgau from early medieval times to the beginning of the 17th century and reached its pinnacle in

228-562: Is the start of a day-long street carnival, which attracts thousands of spectators annually. The town has a railway station, Burgau (Schwab) , on the Ulm–Augsburg line . Stem duchy A stem duchy ( German : Stammesherzogtum , from Stamm , meaning "tribe", in reference to the Franks , Saxons , Bavarians and Swabians ) was a constituent duchy of the Kingdom of Germany at

266-468: The Kinderbrotspeisung (literally: feeding children bread ); this custom was revived by Albert Vogele in the 1950s. Now on Rosenmontag , disguised as a town soldier, his son Drummer Albert leads the children out of their schools and through the streets with his drum. The children call out traditional carnival sayings in front of the shops, demanding the shopkeepers distribute presents. This

304-791: The German Peasants' War in 1525, Burgau supported the Leipheimer Haufen against Ulm, but was defeated by the Swabian League . The city suffered badly during both the Thirty Years' War and the War of the Spanish succession . Ferdinand II's successor, his nephew Emperor Rudolph II , entrusted the margraviate to Charles von Österreich , Ferdinand II's second son by his morganatic wife Philippine Welser , daughter of

342-624: The Jewish cemetery in Ichenhausen . After the war, some 1600 Heimatvertriebene were resettled in Burgau. Bavarian regional reforms in 1978 merged the previously independent municipalities of Oberknöringen, Unterknöringen, Großanhausen, Kleinanhausen and Limbach into Burgau. Since May 2022, the mayor has been Carlos Pinto ( CSU ). The city council has 20 members, currently distributed as below. Burgau also has two partnerships with other towns: Attractions in Burgau include: In 1997,

380-567: The Middle Latin gens , natio or populus of the medieval source material. Traditional German historiography counts six Altstämme or "ancient stems", viz. Bavarians , Swabians (Alemanni) , Franks , Saxons , Frisians and Thuringians . All of these were incorporated in the Carolingian Empire by the late 8th century. Only four of them are represented in the later stem duchies; the former Merovingian duchy of Thuringia

418-703: The Third Coalition , the treaty also mandated substantial territorial concessions by the Austrian Empire. The French gains of the previous treaties of Campo Formio and Lunéville were reiterated, while recent Austrian acquisitions in Italy and southern Germany were ceded to France and Bavaria, respectively. The scattered Austrian holdings in Swabia were passed to French allies – the King of Württemberg , and

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456-512: The 13th century. The list of "recent stems" or Neustämme , is much less definite and subject to considerable variation; groups that have been listed under this heading include the Märker , Lausitzer , Mecklenburger , Upper Saxons , Pomeranians , Silesians , and East Prussians , roughly reflecting German settlement activity during the 12th to 15th centuries. The use of Stämme , "tribes", rather than Völker "nations, peoples", emerged in

494-510: The 1500s. In 1617, after being accused of "excessive usury ," the Jewish community was officially expelled. In 1805, by the Peace of Pressburg , Napoléon forced a defeated Emperor Francis II to cede Further Austria to French allies on his abdication and the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire, with Burgau passing to the new kingdom of Bavaria . In September 1853, the Ulm–Augsburg railway

532-550: The East-Frankish, "German", stem-duchies. . . Certainly, their names had already appeared during the Migrations . Yet, their political institutional, and biological structures had more often than not thoroughly changed. I have, moreover, refuted the basic difference between the so-called älteres Stammesfürstentum [older tribal principalities] and jüngeres Stammesfürstentum [newer tribal principalities], since I consider

570-548: The Elector of Baden – while Bavaria received Tyrol and Vorarlberg . Austrian claims on those German states were renounced without exception. Venetia , Istria , and Dalmatia were incorporated into the Kingdom of Italy , of which Napoleon had become king earlier that year. The Principality of Lucca and Piombino was recognized as independent from the Holy Empire. Augsburg, previously an independent Free Imperial City ,

608-467: The German population of these stems or tribes as a historical reality is mostly recognized in contemporary historiography, while the caveat is frequently made that each of them should be treated as an individual case with a different history of ethnogenesis, although some historians have revived the terminology of "peoples" ( Völker ) rather than "tribes" ( Stämme ). The division remains in current use in

646-463: The Holy Roman Empire during Middle Ages led to the division or disestablishment of most early medieval duchies. Frederick Barbarossa in 1180 abolished the system of stem duchies in favour of more numerous territorial duchies. The duchy of Bavaria is the only stem duchy that made the transition to territorial duchy, eventually emerging as the Free State of Bavaria within modern Germany. Some of

684-723: The Russians and Austrians at the Battle of Austerlitz (2 December). A truce was agreed on 4 December, and negotiations for the treaty began. The treaty was signed by Johann I Joseph, Prince of Liechtenstein , and the Hungarian Count Ignác Gyulay for the Austrian Empire and Charles Maurice de Talleyrand for France . Beyond the clauses establishing "peace and amity" and the Austrian withdrawal from

722-661: The Wittelsbachs' acquisitive desires, particularly after they won the land west of the Lech ; see Swabian League . Throughout the 14th century, the Habsburgs were compelled to mortgage the margraviate or its parts; the last such mortgage being to the Bishopric of Augsburg , ending in 1559. Further Austria fell to Emperor Ferdinand I in 1522, passing to his second son Ferdinand II, Archduke of Austria , on his death. In

760-506: The alternative translation "tribal", use of the term "stem duchies" has become conventional. The derivation of the German people from a number of German tribes ( Deutsche Stämme; Volksstämme ) developed in 18th to 19th century German historiography and ethnography. This concept of German "stems" relates to the early and high medieval period and is to be distinguished from the more generic Germanic tribes of late antiquity . A distinction

798-668: The castle produced latent tensions with the Bavarian Wittelsbachs , who coveted the margraviate to round off their territories. Their attempted purchase of the territory in 1418 was resisted by the Imperial Cities of Augsburg and Ulm , with the support of other Swabian cities. Burgau came to rely on the support of the Imperial Cities, along with the Bishopric of Augsburg and the Fugger lands to stem

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836-494: The city celebrated the 850-year anniversary of its first documentary mention in a complex Historischen Fest . In a slightly reduced form, further festivities were celebrated in 2001 and 2005 for the 700th anniversary of joining Further Austria and the 200th anniversary of joining Bavaria , respectively. The next Historic Festival is scheduled for July 2009. Since the Thirty Years' War, there had been an annual custom of

874-660: The duchies before and after Charlemagne to have been basically the same Frankish institution. . . After the division of the Kingdom in the Treaty of Verdun (843), Treaty of Meerssen (870), and Treaty of Ribemont (880), the Eastern Frankish Kingdom or East Francia was formed out of Bavaria, Alemannia, and Saxony together with eastern parts of the Frankish territory. The kingdom was divided in 864–865 among

912-581: The early 19th century in the context of the project of German unification . Karl Friedrich Eichhorn in 1808 still used Deutsche Völker "German nations". Friedrich Christoph Dahlmann in 1815 asked for unity of the German nation ( Volk ) in its tribes ( in seinen Stämmen ). This terminology became standard and is reflected in the preamble of the Weimar constitution of 1919, reading Das deutsche Volk, einig in seinen Stämmen [...] "The German nation (people), united in its tribes (stems) ...". The composition of

950-584: The end of the Holy Roman Empire . Within months of the signing of the treaty and after a new entity, the Confederation of the Rhine , had been created by Napoleon, Francis II renounced his title as Holy Roman Emperor . An indemnity of 40 million francs to France was also provided for in the treaty. Some remaining territorial issues, including the effective establishment of the new border along

988-571: The former classification of German dialects into Franconian , Alemannic , Thuringian , Bavarian and Low Saxon (including Friso-Saxon , with Frisian languages being regarded as a separate language). In the Free State of Bavaria , the division into "Bavarian stems" ( bayerische Stämme ) remains current for the populations of Altbayern (Bavaria proper), Franconia and Swabia . Within East Francia were large duchies, sometimes called kingdoms ( regna ) after their former status, which had

1026-551: The kingdom. The dukes gathered and elected Conrad I to be their king. According to Tellenbach's thesis, the dukes created the duchies during Conrad's reign. No duke attempted to set up an independent kingdom. Even after the death of Conrad in 918, when the election of Henry the Fowler was disputed, his rival, Arnulf, Duke of Bavaria , did not establish a separate kingdom but claimed the whole, before being forced by Henry to submit to royal authority. Henry may even have promulgated

1064-400: The mid-19th century, and from the beginning was closely related to the question of national unification . The term's applicability, and the nature of the stem duchies in medieval Germany, consequently have a long history of controversy. The overly literal or etymologizing English translation "stem duchy" was coined in the early 20th century. While later authors tend to clarify the term by using

1102-633: The older duchies which were vassal-states of the Merovingian monarchs. Historian Herwig Wolfram denied any real distinction between older and younger stem duchies, or between the stem duchies of Germany and similar territorial principalities in other parts of the Carolingian empire: I am attempting to refute the whole hallowed doctrine of the difference between the beginnings of the West-Frankish, "French", principautés territoriales , and

1140-472: The other stem duchies emerged as divisions of the Holy Roman Empire; thus, the Electorate of Saxony , while not directly continuing the duchy of Saxony , gives rise to the modern state of Saxony . The duchies of Franconia and Swabia , on the other hand, disintegrated and correspond only vaguely to the contemporary regions of Swabia and Franconia . The Merovingian duchy of Thuringia did not become

1178-521: The pre-Carolingian tribal duchies) were Bavaria , Franconia , Lotharingia (Lorraine) , Saxony and Swabia (Alemannia) . The Salian emperors (reigned 1027–1125) retained the stem duchies as the major divisions of Germany, but the stem duchies became increasingly obsolete during the early high-medieval period under the Hohenstaufen , and Frederick Barbarossa finally abolished them in 1180 in favour of more numerous territorial duchies. The term Stammesherzogtum as used in German historiography dates to

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1216-453: The sons of Louis the German , largely along the lines of the tribes. Royal power quickly disintegrated after 899 under the rule of Louis the Child , which allowed local magnates to revive the duchies as autonomous entities and rule their tribes under the supreme authority of the King. After the death of the last Carolingian, Louis the Child , in 911, the stem duchies acknowledged the unity of

1254-614: The time of the extinction of the Carolingian dynasty (death of Louis the Child in 911) and through the transitional period leading to the formation of the Ottonian Empire . The Carolingians had dissolved the original tribal duchies of the Empire in the 8th century. As the Carolingian Empire declined, the old tribal areas assumed new identities. The five stem duchies (sometimes also called "younger stem duchies" in contrast to

1292-444: Was absorbed into Saxony in 908 while the former Frisian Kingdom had been conquered into Francia already in 734 . The customary or tribal laws of these groups were recorded in the early medieval period ( Lex Baiuvariorum , Lex Alamannorum , Lex Salica and Lex Ripuaria , Lex Saxonum , Lex Frisionum and Lex Thuringorum ). Franconian, Saxon and Swabian law remained in force and competed with imperial law well into

1330-894: Was built as part of the Bavarian Maximilian's Railway ( Bayerische Maximiliansbahn ) through Burgau, with the station officially opening on 1 May 1854. Bavarian administrative reforms in 1862 established a court, a notary, and a tax office; the following year, a large fire resulted in the creation of a volunteer fire service. Towards the end of World War II , two subcamps of Dachau concentration camp — one for men, and one for women — were established in Burgau. More than 1000 prisoners, including 500 Jewish women and girls from Poland and Hungary, were transported from Dachau, Bergen-Belsen , and Ravensbrück . They were forced to work in miserable conditions in an aircraft hangar in Scheppach Forest ; 18 died and were buried in

1368-595: Was ceded to Bavaria. As a minor compensation, the Austrian Empire annexed the Electorate of Salzburg , which had been under Habsburg rule since 1803. The elector, the Austrian Emperor's brother, was compensated with the Duchy of Würzburg , created from territories of the former prince-bishopric . Francis II also recognized the kingly titles assumed by the Electors of Bavaria and Württemberg, which foreshadowed

1406-739: Was raised to a margraviate in 1212. With the death of Margrave Henry III in 1301, the margravial line fell extinct and the Empire claimed the fief. Albert I of Germany transferred the feudal rights to his two sons, thereby permanently adding the territory to the Habsburg dominions, with Henry III's widow purchasing the allodial rights . Four different titles were awarded: that of allodial rights, Imperial feudal rights ( German : Reichslehen  [ de ] ), manorial rights ( German : Grundherrschaft  [ de ] ) and guardianship ( German : Vogtei  [ de ] , usually translated as bailiwick ). The location of

1444-449: Was sometimes made between the "ancient stems" ( Altstämme ), which were in existence in the 10th century, and "recent stems" ( Neustämme ), which emerged in the high medieval period as a result of eastward expansion . The delineation of the two concepts is necessarily vague, and as a result the concept has a history of political and academic dispute. The terms Stamm , Nation or Volk variously used in modern German historiography reflect

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