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37-780: The site contains wet ash - maple and acid pedunculate oak - hazel - ash woodland, and its notification as an SSSI due to this, particular richness of the associated ground flora . Ash is the most widespread tree in the wood, but many mature oaks also occur. Present in the wood's ground flora are the nationally scarce spiked star-of-Bethlehem ( Ornithogalum pyrenaicum ), and other species include herb-paris ( Paris quadrifolia ), broad-leaved helleborine ( Epipactis helleborine ), woodruff ( Galium odoratum ), wood anemone ( Anemone nemorosa ), sanicle ( Sanicula europaea ) and moschatel ( Adoxa moschatellina ). 51°31′43″N 01°45′35″W  /  51.52861°N 1.75972°W  / 51.52861; -1.75972 This article about

74-657: A Site of Special Scientific Interest in England is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . This article about a location in Wiltshire is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Ash tree Fraxinus ( / ˈ f r æ k s ɪ n ə s / ), commonly called ash , is a genus of plants in the olive and lilac family, Oleaceae , and comprises 45–65 species of usually medium-to-large trees , most of which are deciduous trees, although some subtropical species are evergreen trees. The genus

111-472: A forestry pest in this same family, Anoplophora glabripennis , that is invasive in North America. As with many large families, different authorities have tended to recognize many different subfamilies, or sometimes split subfamilies off as separate families entirely (e.g., Disteniidae , Oxypeltidae , and Vesperidae ); there is thus some instability and controversy regarding the constituency of

148-564: A "poor cousin" to the other major open pore wood, oak, but it is useful in any furniture application. Ash veneers are extensively used in office furniture. Ash is not used much outdoors due to the heartwood having a low durability to ground contact, meaning it will typically perish within five years. The F. japonica species is favored as a material for making baseball bats by Japanese sporting-goods manufacturers. Its robust structure, good looks, and flexibility combine to make ash ideal for staircases. Ash stairs are extremely hard-wearing, which

185-499: A critical food source for North American frogs, as their fallen leaves are particularly suitable for tadpoles to feed upon in ponds (both temporary and permanent), large puddles, and other water bodies. Lack of tannins in the American ash makes their leaves a good food source for the frogs, but also reduces its resistance to the ash borer . Species with higher leaf tannin levels (including maples and non-native ash species) are taking

222-412: A majority of species are cryptically colored. The titan beetle ( Titanus giganteus ) from northeastern South America is often considered the largest insect (though not the heaviest, and not the longest including legs), with a maximum known body length of just over 16.7 cm (6.6 in). Larvae are 0.5–22 cm (0.20–8.66 in) long, elongate in shape and lightly sclerotised. The prothorax

259-444: A pronounced bright tone with a scooped midrange. It is lightweight, easy to work and sand, accepts glue, stain , paint and finish very well and is inexpensive. All this has made it a favourite of large factories mass-producing instruments. The Fender musical instrument company has been continuously and uninterruptedly using Ash to make electric guitars since 1956. Swamp ash is used a lot in guitar building because of its figure. It

296-809: A role in attracting other wood-borers to a host. Borgemeister, et al. 1998, recorded that cerambycid activity in girdled twigs released volatiles attractive to some bostrichids , especially Prostephanus truncatus . A few cerambycids, such as Arhopalus sp., are adapted to take advantage of trees recently killed or injured by forest fires by detecting and pursuing smoke volatiles. Adults of Lamiinae, most Lepturinae and some Cerambycinae also feed. Adults of Parandrinae, Prioninae and Spondylidinae do not feed. In those taxa with feeding adults, common foods are nectar, pollen, fruit and sap exudates. Some (mainly Lamiinae) feed on bark, plant stems, needles or developing cones. Roots are consumed by larvae and sometimes also adults of soil-dwelling Dorcadion . The genus Leiopus

333-436: A suitable host can likely be located as well. The arrival of cerambycid larvae is often detrimental to a population of scolytinids, as the cerambycid larvae will typically either outcompete them with their greater size and mobility, or act as direct predators of them (this latter practice is less common, but has been observed in several species, notably Monochamus carolinensis ). Cerambycids, in turn, have been found to play

370-415: Is a hardwood and is dense (within 20% of 670 kg/m for Fraxinus americana , and higher at 710 kg/m for Fraxinus excelsior ), tough and very strong but elastic , extensively used for making bows , tool handles, baseball bats , hurleys , and other uses demanding high strength and resilience . Ash is a tonewood commonly used in the manufacture of electric guitars . It exhibits

407-465: Is a choice of material for electric guitar bodies and, less commonly, for acoustic guitar bodies, known for its bright, cutting edge and sustaining quality. Some Fender Stratocasters and Telecasters are made of ash, (such as Bruce Springsteen 's Telecaster on the Born to Run album cover), as an alternative to alder. Ash is also used for making drum shells . Woodworkers generally consider ash

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444-432: Is expressed as a continuum between male and female individuals, dominated by unisexual trees. With age, ash may change their sexual function from predominantly male and hermaphrodite towards femaleness ; if grown as an ornamental and both sexes are present, ashes can cause a considerable litter problem with their seeds. Rowans or mountain ashes have leaves and buds superficially similar to those of true ashes, but belong to

481-504: Is known to feed on fungi. Lastly, the genus Elytroleptus is unusual in having carnivorous adults, which prey on lycid beetles. In addition to feeding on other plant tissue, some species feed on pollen or nectar and may act as pollinators. Assessing the efficacy of beetle pollinators is difficult. Even if pollination of one species by beetles is shown, that same beetle may also act as a flower predator toward other species. In some cases, beetles may act as both pollinators and predators on

518-638: Is often enlarged and the sides of the body have lateral swellings (ampullae). The head is usually retracted into the prothorax and bears well-sclerotised mouthparts. Larval legs range from moderately developed to absent. The spiracles are always annular. All known longhorn beetle larvae feed on plant tissue such as stems, trunks, or roots of both herbaceous and woody plants, often in injured or weak trees. A few species are serious pests . The larvae , called roundheaded borers , bore into wood , where they can cause extensive damage to either living trees or untreated lumber (or, occasionally, to wood in buildings ;

555-540: Is particularly important for treads. Due to its elasticity, ash can also be steamed and bent to produce curved stair parts such as volutes (curled sections of handrail) and intricately shaped balusters. However, a reduction in the supply of healthy trees, especially in Europe, is making ash an increasingly expensive option. Ash was commonly used for the structural members of the bodies of cars made by carriage builders. Early cars had frames which were intended to flex as part of

592-455: Is unknown. The fact that two species of longhorn species from distinct subfamilies ( Lepturinae and Cerambycinae ) found on different continents both with significant roles as pollinators could suggest that some capacity for pollination may be common among longhorn beetles. In North America some native cerambycids are the hosts of Ontsira mellipes (a parasitoid wasp in the family Braconidae ). O. mellipes may be useful in controlling

629-701: Is widely planted as a street tree in the United States. The inner bark of the blue ash ( F. quadrangulata ) has been used as a source for blue dye . In Sicily, Italy, sugars are obtained by evaporating the sap of the manna ash , extracted by making small cuts in the bark. The manna ash, native to southern Europe and southwest Asia, produces a blue-green sap, which has medicinal value as a mild laxative, demulcent, and weak expectorant. The young seedpods of Ash trees, also known as "keys", are edible for human consumption. In Britain, they are traditionally pickled with vinegar, sugar and spices. In Greek mythology ,

666-401: Is widespread throughout much of Europe, Asia, and North America. The leaves are opposite (rarely in whorls of three), and mostly pinnately compound , though simple in a few species. The seeds, popularly known as "keys" or "helicopter seeds", are a type of fruit known as a samara . Some Fraxinus species are dioecious , having male and female flowers on separate plants but sex in ash

703-599: The Aptian stage of the Early Cretaceous, approximately 122 million years ago. The former genus was assigned to the subfamily Prioninae in its original description, while the latter could not be placed in any extant subfamily. Qitianniu from the mid-Cretaceous Burmese amber of Myanmar, dating to approximately 100 million years ago, also could not be placed in any extant subfamily. The subfamilies of Cerambycidae are: Most species (90.5%) are concentrated in

740-561: The Meliae are nymphs associated with the ash, perhaps specifically of the manna ash ( Fraxinus ornus ), as dryads were nymphs associated with the oak . They appear in Hesiod 's Theogony, which states that they were born when drops of Ouranos's blood fell on the earth (Gaia). In Norse mythology , a vast, evergreen ash tree Yggdrasil ("the steed ( gallows ) of Odin "), watered by three magical springs, serves as axis mundi , sustaining

777-479: The old-house borer , Hylotrupes bajulus , is a particular problem indoors). Many longhorns locate and recognize potential hosts by detecting chemical attractants , including monoterpenes (compounds released en masse by woody plants when stressed), ethanol (another compound emitted by damaged plant material), and even bark beetle pheromones . Many scolytine weevils share the cerambycid's niche of weakened or recently deceased trees; thus, by locating scolytinids,

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814-574: The Cerambycidae. There are few truly defining features for the group as a whole, at least as adults, as there are occasional species or species groups which may lack any given feature; the family and its closest relatives, therefore, constitute a taxonomically difficult group, and relationships of the various lineages are still poorly understood. The oldest unambiguous fossils of the family are Cretoprionus and Sinopraecipuus from Yixian Formation of Inner Mongolia and Liaoning, China, dating to

851-465: The New Zealand genus Zorion are known to feed on pollen and have a specialized structure similar to that of pollen baskets found in bees . Species in this genus are thought to be important pollinator species for native plants such as harakeke . Some orchid species have been found to be largely reliant on longhorn beetles for pollination. The species Alosterna tabacicolor was found to be

888-523: The United States. The public is being cautioned to avoid transporting unfinished wood products, such as firewood, to slow the spread of this insect pest. Damage occurs when emerald ash borer larvae feed on the inner bark, phloem , inside branches and tree trunks. Feeding on the phloem prevents nutrients and water transportation. If the ash is attacked, the branches can die and eventually the whole tree can as well. Ways to detect emerald ash borer infestation include seeing bark peeling off, vertical cracks in

925-400: The bark, seeing galleries within the tree that contain powdery substance, and D-shaped exit holes on the branches or trunk. Not all of these may be present, but any of these warning signs could be an indication of possible infestation. The European ash, Fraxinus excelsior , has been affected by the fungus Hymenoscyphus fraxineus , causing ash dieback in a large number of trees since

962-402: The beetle's body. A few species have short antennae (e.g., Neandra brunnea ), making them difficult to distinguish from related families such as Chrysomelidae . "Cerambycidae" comes from a Greek mythological figure: after an argument with nymphs, the shepherd Cerambus is transformed into a large beetle with horns. Longhorn beetles are found on all continents except Antarctica. Other than

999-437: The genus Tropidosteptes , lace bugs , aphids , larvae of gall flies , and caterpillars. Birds are also interested in black, green, and white ash trees. The black ash alone supports wood ducks , wild turkey , cardinals , pine grosbeaks , cedar waxwings , and yellow-bellied sapsuckers , with habitat and food (such as the sap being of interest to the sapsucker) among others. Many mammalian species from meadow voles eating

1036-454: The late 1980s to early 1990s. It has killed tens of millions of trees in 22 states in the United States and adjacent Ontario and Quebec in Canada. It threatens some seven billion ash trees in North America. Research is being conducted to determine whether three native Asian wasps that are natural predators of EAB could be used as a biological control for the management of EAB populations in

1073-649: The main pollinator of a rare orchid species ( Dactylorhiza fuchsii ) in Poland. Another rare orchid Disa forficaria , found in the Cape Floristic Region in South Africa, relies on the species Chorothyse hessei for pollination. D. forficaria uses sexual deception targeting male C. hessei , possibly indicating a long history of co-evolution with longhorn beetle pollinators. The proportion of longhorn beetle species that act as pollinators

1110-612: The mid-1990s, particularly in eastern and northern Europe. The disease has infected about 90% of Denmark's ash trees. At the end of October 2012 in the UK, the Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (Defra) reported that ash dieback had been discovered in mature woodland in Suffolk ; previous occurrences had been on young trees imported from Europe. In 2016, the ash tree was reported as in danger of extinction in Europe. Ash

1147-589: The nine worlds of the cosmos in its roots and branches. Askr , the first man in Norse myth, literally means 'ash'. In Italian folklore , an ash stake could be used to kill a vampire . Long-horn beetle Eight; see text The longhorn beetles ( Cerambycidae ), also known as long-horned or longicorns (whose larvae are often referred to as roundheaded borers ), are a large family of beetles , with over 35,000 species described. Most species are characterized by antennae as long as or longer than

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1184-421: The place of native ash, thanks to their greater resistance to the ash borer. They produce much less suitable food for the tadpoles, resulting in poor survival rates and small frog sizes. Ash species native to North America also provide important habitat and food for various other creatures native to North America. This includes the larvae of multiple long-horn beetles , as well as other insects including those in

1221-421: The same flowers. Flowers specializing in pollination by beetles typically display a particular set of traits , but pollination by longhorn beetles is not limited to these cantharophilous flowers. A review of angiosperm pollination by beetles shows that Cerambycidae, along with Curculionidae and Scarabaeidae, contains many taxa that are pollinators for not only specialist but also generalist systems. Beetles in

1258-413: The seeds to white-tailed deer eating the foliage to silver-haired bats nesting will also make use of ash trees. Ash is used as a food plant by the larvae of some Lepidoptera species ( butterflies and moths ). The emerald ash borer ( Agrilus planipennis ), also called EAB, is a wood-boring beetle accidentally introduced to North America from eastern Asia via solid wood packing material in

1295-556: The suspension system to simplify construction. The Morgan Motor Company of Great Britain still manufactures sports cars with frames made from ash. It was also widely used by early aviation pioneers for aircraft construction. It lights and burns easily, so is used for starting fires and barbecues , and is usable for maintaining a fire, though it produces only a moderate heat. The two most economically important species for wood production are white ash, in eastern North America, and European ash in Europe. The green ash ( F. pennsylvanica )

1332-415: The typical long antennal length, the most consistently distinctive feature of adults of this family is that the antennal sockets are located on low tubercles on the face; other beetles with long antennae lack these tubercles, and cerambycids with short antennae still possess them. They otherwise vary greatly in size, shape, sculpture, and coloration. A number of species mimic ants , bees , and wasps , though

1369-684: The unrelated genus Sorbus in the rose family . The tree's common English name, "ash", traces back to the Old English æsc , which relates to the Proto-Indo-European for the tree, while the generic name originated in Latin from a Proto-Indo-European word for birch. Both words are also used to mean " spear " in their respective languages, as the wood is good for shafts. Species are arranged into sections supported by phylogenetic analysis: North American native ash tree species are

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