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64-492: Burlington is the most populous city in the U.S. state of Vermont and the seat of Chittenden County . It is located 45 miles (72 km) south of the Canada–United States border and 95 miles (153 km) south of Montreal . As of the 2020 U.S. census , the population was 44,743. It is the least populous city in the 50 U.S. states to be the most populous city in its state . A regional college town , Burlington

128-547: A "sketching tour" of New England , visiting many of the key houses of Puritan leaders and early masterpieces of the colonial period. Their work began to incorporate influences from these buildings, contributing to the Colonial Revival . The H.A.C. Taylor house in Newport, Rhode Island (1882–1886) was the first of their designs to use overt quotations from colonial buildings. A less successful but daring variation of

192-558: A Civil War fraternal group in Burlington. Nine days later, he became U.S. president when President McKinley died. In 1870, the waterfront was extended by construction of the Pine Street Barge Canal. This became polluted over the years and was a focus for cleanup in 2009 under the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency 's Superfund program. In fact, the entire Burlington waterfront was a derelict wasteland as late as

256-403: A Spanish style tower, restaurants, and a roof garden with views both uptown and downtown from 34th Street . White's masterpiece was a testament to his creative imagination, and his taste for the pleasures of city life. The architects paved the way for many subsequent colleagues by fraternizing with the rich in a number of other settings similar to The Garden, enhancing their social status during

320-578: A combined area of 80.2 sq mi (208 km ), or 0.8% of the state's total area. According to the 2020 census, 119,299 people, or 18.54% of the state's population, resided in Vermont's cities (excluding Essex Junction , which incorporated in 2022). Six of Vermont's 14 counties have at least one city within their borders. Five cities serve as the county seats for their respective counties and are indicated below with an asterisk ( * ). Towns in Vermont are municipalities that typically incorporate

384-611: A community boathouse to anchor public redevelopment at the waterfront. The land filled into the harbor was eventually redesigned for public use in a decision of the Vermont Supreme Court in 1989. By 1990 the Burlington Bike Path was complete, from Oakledge Park in the south, to the Winooski River in the north. In 2004, Governor Howard Dean obtained funding for construction of a bike bridge across

448-473: A competition to receive the commission. The building had major settling problems in 1973 where it had been built over a former railroad ravine, which had been improperly filled in, and the library's collection was moved elsewhere. The possible razing of the building was stopped by a citizens' committee, which successfully had it added to the National Register of Historic Places , and a grant allowed

512-471: A cultural and artistic force through their construction of Madison Square Garden . White secured the job from the Vanderbilt family , and the other partners brought former clients into the project as investors. The extraordinary building opened its doors in 1890. What had once been a dilapidated arena for horse shows was now a multi-purpose entertainment palace, with a larger arena, a theater, apartments in

576-523: A formal Georgian plan was White's house for Commodore William Edgar, also in Newport (1884–86). Rather than traditional red brick or the pink pressed masonry of the Bell house, White tried a tawny, almost brown color, leaving the building neither fish nor fowl. The partners added talented designers and associates as the 1890s loomed, with Thomas Hastings , John Carrère , Henry Bacon and Joseph M. Wells on

640-680: A four-block pedestrian mall in the heart of the city, is the site of festivals throughout the year. Events such as the "South End Art Hop" and public galleries such as Pine Street Art Works , provide a forum for the visual arts in the South End. A "Festival of Fools" had an estimated 25,000 attendees at the Marketplace in 2009. The "Vermont Brewers Festival" had 9,600 attendees in 2009, and the "Giant Pumpkin Regatta and Festival" had 5,000 attendees that same year; Saturday Night Live satirized

704-595: A partnership with William Bigelow in New York City in 1877. White was born in New York City, the son of Shakespearean scholar Richard Grant White and Alexina Black Mease (1830–1921). His father was a dandy and Anglophile with no money, but a great many connections in New York's art world, including painter John LaFarge , jeweler Louis Comfort Tiffany and landscape architect Frederick Law Olmsted . White had no formal architectural training; he began his career at

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768-584: A school of classically trained, technologically skilled designers who practiced well into the mid-20th century. According to Robert A. M. Stern , only Frank Lloyd Wright was more important to the identity and character of modern American architecture. The firm's New York City buildings include Manhattan's former Pennsylvania Station , the Brooklyn Museum , and the main campus of Columbia University . Elsewhere in New York state and New England ,

832-637: A single storm is 33.1 inches (84.1 cm), which fell January 2–3, 2010. For the Northeastern United States, a heat wave is defined as having three consecutive days of 90 °F (32 °C) or more. There were six such heat waves from 2000–2009. According to the 2020 United States census , there were 44,743 people living in Burlington. The racial makeup of the city was 85.6% White , 4.4% Black or African American , 0.4% American Indian , 4.6% Asian , and 4.8% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino origin made up 3.8% of

896-434: A state-appointed supervisor and not by a local government. Gores in Vermont are seen as an unincorporated area of a county that is not part of any town , has limited self-government, and may be unpopulated. Vermont has four current gores. In the U.S. state of Vermont , villages are named communities located within the boundaries of a town. Villages may be incorporated or unincorporated . An incorporated village

960-534: A strain on resources. About 500 soldiers died of disease, which was always a problem due to poor sanitation in army camps. Some soldiers were quartered in the main building at the University of Vermont , where a memorial plaque commemorates them. In a skirmish on August 2, 1813, British forces from Canada shelled Burlington. This is described as either a bold stroke by the British with an ineffectual response from

1024-541: A worldwide market and is based in neighboring South Burlington. Vermont Teddy Bear Company , whose founder started on a cart on a Burlington street, now ships custom teddy bears worldwide and is based in nearby Shelburne . Corporate headquarters located in Burlington include Burton Snowboards , Bruegger's , Lake Champlain Chocolates, Rhino Foods , and Seventh Generation Inc. In 2017, Burlington had $ 591.7 million in retail sales . The Church Street Marketplace ,

1088-633: Is Phish , which originated at UVM in 1983. Other acts with ties to the city include Matisyahu , Kat Wright , Strangefolk , The Essex Green , RAQ , James Kochalka , The Jazz Mandolin Project , Pork Tornado , Anaïs Mitchell , Greg Davis , Koushik , Grace Potter and the Nocturnals , Dispatch , Prydein , Eugene Hutz of Gogol Bordello , Noah Kahan , Morgan Page , KT Tunstall , Rubblebucket , The Vacant Lots , Drowningman , 99 Neighbors , Greg Freeman, and Twiddle . The "South End Art Hop"

1152-494: Is a defined area within a town that was either granted a village charter by a special act of the legislature, or organized under the general legislation. A village which has been incorporated is a clearly defined municipality and provides a variety of municipal services, such as potable water , sewage, police and fire services , garbage collection , street lighting and maintenance, management of cemeteries , and building code enforcement. Other municipal services not provided by

1216-446: Is a list of incorporated villages that have existed, ordered by date of incorporation. Extant villages are bolded. McKim, Mead %26 White The firm's founding partners, Charles Follen McKim (1847–1909), William Rutherford Mead (1846–1928), and Stanford White (1853–1906), were giants in the architecture of their time, and remain important as innovators and leaders in the development of modern architecture worldwide. They formed

1280-529: Is also a community center, a cultural resource for newly arrived immigrants to the Burlington area, and the city's only free public access computer center. Many of Burlington's historic buildings and sites have been recognized by their inclusion on the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP). In addition to 28 buildings, three shipwrecks and the Burlington Breakwater, the city encompasses 17 historic districts. Churches in Burlington include

1344-495: Is an annual event presented by the South End Arts and Business Association. Artists join businesses, artist studios, and galleries, which in turn open their doors to the public throughout the post-industrial section of Burlington, known as the "South End". The first Art Hop in 1993 had a little more than thirty artists and a dozen sites participating. In 2008, over 600 artists showcased their works in over 100 sites throughout

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1408-422: Is divided into 247 municipalities , including 237 towns and 10 cities . Vermont also has nine unincorporated areas, split between five unincorporated towns and four gores . As of 2024, Vermont has 30 incorporated villages, which are municipal governments operating within a town and providing additional services. Cities in Vermont are municipalities with the city form of government. Vermont has ten cities with

1472-671: Is home to the University of Vermont (UVM) and Champlain College . Vermont's largest hospital, the UVM Medical Center , is within the city limits. The City of Burlington owns Vermont's largest airport, the Patrick Leahy Burlington International Airport , located in neighboring South Burlington . In 2015, Burlington became the first city in the U.S. to run entirely on renewable energy . Two theories have been put forward regarding

1536-545: Is well-distributed throughout the year, but the summer months are the wettest. The city's location east of Lake Champlain sometimes accounts for localized snow squalls , producing up to 13 inches (33 cm) in 12 hours on rare occasions. Annual snowfall averages 86 inches (218 cm), but this figure can fluctuate greatly from one year to another. Temperature extremes have ranged from −30 °F (−34 °C) on January 15, 1957, and February 12, 1979, to 101 °F (38 °C) on August 11, 1944. The most recorded snowfall from

1600-943: The Champlain Canal in 1823, the Erie Canal in 1825, and the Chambly Canal in 1843. Wharves allowed steamboats to connect freight and passengers with the Rutland & Burlington Railroad and the Vermont Central Railroad . Burlington became a bustling lumbering and manufacturing center – for some time the third largest lumber market in the world – and was incorporated as a city in 1865. Its Victorian-era prosperity left behind much fine architecture, including buildings by Ammi B. Young , H.H. Richardson , and McKim, Mead & White . On September 5, 1901, U.S. vice president Theodore Roosevelt spoke to

1664-582: The General Post Office Building across from Penn Station at the same time, part of which became the new Amtrak station in 2021. The original Penn Station was demolished in 1963–1964 and replaced with a newer Madison Square Garden , in spite of large opposition to the move. One of the firm's last major works in the city was the Manhattan Municipal Building (1906–1913) adjacent to City Hall, built following

1728-567: The New Hampshire grants , the land that was developed as Burlington was awarded by New Hampshire colonial governor Benning Wentworth on June 7, 1763, to Samuel Willis and 63 others. In the summer of 1775, settlers began clearing the land and built two or three log huts, but the outbreak of the American Revolutionary War delayed permanent settlement until after its conclusion. The town was organized in 1785. In 1808

1792-855: The Progressive Era . McKim, Mead and White designed not only the Century Association building (1891), but also many other clubs around Manhattan: the Colony Club , the Metropolitan Club , the Harmonie Club , and the University Club of New York . Though White's subsequent life was plagued by scandals, and McKim's by depression and the loss of his second wife, the firm continued to produce magnificent and varied work in New York and abroad. They worked for

1856-520: The crime of apartheid . The American Jewish Committee condemned the resolution as "deceptive and one-sided" and criticized it for its sole focus on Israel. A coalition of local rabbis and community groups condemned the resolution as well, citing the timing of the vote during the Jewish High Holy Days , between Rosh Hashanah and Yom Kippur , and fears that the resolution would fuel antisemitism . Former mayor Miro Weinberger called

1920-570: The 1880s. Charles McKim was the son of a prominent Quaker abolitionist who grew up in West Orange, New Jersey . He attended Harvard College and attended the École des Beaux-Arts in Paris, a leading training ground for Americans. William Rutherford Mead, a cousin of president Rutherford B. Hayes , went to Amherst College and trained with Russell Sturgis in Boston . McKim and Mean formed

1984-534: The Americans or as a weak sally by the British, which was rightly ignored by the Americans. The cannonade lasted about 10 minutes and caused no casualties. The American troops involved were commanded by Naval Lieutenant Thomas Macdonough , later a hero of the Battle of Lake Champlain . The town's position on Lake Champlain helped it develop into a port of entry and center for trade, particularly after completion of

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2048-538: The Arts and Vermont Council on the Arts. It ran for 35 years before shutting down in 2018. Drag troupe, the House of LeMay , hosts the annual "Winter is a Drag Ball" which raises funds for HIV/AIDS-related organizations. The Emily Post Institute , an etiquette organization, is headquartered here. The city has, over the years, supported several local bands and has launched a handful of national acts. The most famous of these

2112-812: The College Street Congregational Church ( United Church of Christ ), The Burlington Church of Christ, and the non-denominational Church at the Well. The Conservative Ohavi Zedek synagogue is also located in the city, and there is an active Meeting of the Religious Society of Friends (Quakers). Synagogues in Burlington include the Chabad of Vermont, Ohavi Zedek, Ahavath Gerim, Ruach HaMaqom, and Ohavi Zedek Chavurah. The Howard Mortuary Chapel in Lakeview Cemetery

2176-963: The North Avenue Alliance Church, First Baptist Church, First Congregational Church, the Episcopal Cathedral Church of St. Paul , the First United Methodist Church, Christ Church ( Presbyterian ), the Roman Catholic Cathedral of St. Joseph —the episcopal see for the Diocese of Burlington , the First Unitarian Universalist Society, Dormition of the Mother of God Orthodox Church ( Greek Orthodox Archdiocese of America ),

2240-670: The South End of Burlington. The event takes place on the Friday and Saturday following Labor Day in September. The city has an art department, Burlington City Arts, which serves many roles including cultural planning, education, showing contemporary art and hosting cultural events at The BCA Center . Burlington City Arts also runs a program in collaboration with UVM Medical Center, Art from the Heart, where patients have access to art supplies and devoted volunteer time. The Fletcher Free Library

2304-608: The United States, the firm designed buildings in Illinois , Kentucky , Michigan , Ohio , Pennsylvania , Rhode Island , Tennessee , Washington and Wisconsin . Outside of the United States, the firm developed buildings in Canada, Cuba, and Italy. The scope and breadth of their achievement is notable, considering that many of the technologies and strategies they employed were nascent or non-existent when they began working in

2368-555: The Winooski River, allowing the bike path to be extended four miles out into the lake on the old railroad causeway to the Champlain Islands, now known as the Island Line Trail. In 1978, the ice cream enterprise Ben & Jerry's was founded in Burlington in a renovated gas station. It became a national brand, with retail outlets in numerous cities. The local bicycle advocacy that emerged from this effort led to

2432-516: The age of 18 as the principal assistant to Henry Hobson Richardson , the most important American architect of the day and creator of a style recognized today as "Richardsonian Romanesque". He remained with Richardson for six years, playing a major role in the design of the William Watts Sherman House in Newport, Rhode Island , an important Shingle Style work. White joined the partnership in 1879, and quickly became known as

2496-494: The artistic leader of the firm. McKim's connections helped secure early commissions, while Mead served as the managing partner. Their work applied the principles of Beaux-Arts architecture , with its classical design traditions and training in drawing and proportion, and the related City Beautiful movement after 1893. The designers quickly found wealthy and influential clients amidst the bustle and economic vigor of metropolitan New York. The firm initially distinguished itself with

2560-714: The city council to "express its solidarity with the Palestinian people, condemn anti-boycott legislation, and endorse the Palestinian-led Boycott, Divestment and Sanctions movement, which calls for nonviolent pressure on Israel." The authors' stated reasons for introducing the resolution were Israeli settlements in the West Bank, an ongoing "military siege and an economic blockade" of Gaza , and US military aid to Israel. They also cited reports by Human Rights Watch and B'Tselem that find Israel guilty of

2624-488: The city, and the state overall, are the University of Vermont Medical Center and the University of Vermont , employing over 8,200 and 4,125 people, respectively. Other companies in Burlington include Blodgett Ovens, one of the oldest and largest commercial oven companies in the country, which manufactures restaurant equipment. General Electric develops software for the healthcare industry in South Burlington at

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2688-665: The deaths of both White (1906) and McKim (1909) and the financial collapse of the original partnership. The firm retained its name long after the deaths of founding partners White (1906), McKim (1909), and Mead (1928). The major partners became William M. Kendall and Lawrence Grant White, Stanford's son. Among the firm's final works under the name McKim, Mead & White was the National Museum of American History in Washington, D.C. Designed primarily by partner James Kellum Smith , it opened in 1964. Smith died in 1961, and

2752-597: The event. One of the largest year-round farmers' markets in the state of Vermont is located in the city. Dragon boat races to benefit charity have been held in Lake Champlain in August since 2006. In 2009, there were approximately 2,000 participants on 86 teams. An annual First Night community celebration of the arts on New Year's Eve was founded in 1983 with funding from the National Endowment on

2816-745: The firm designed college, library, school and other buildings such as the Boston Public Library , Walker Art Building at Bowdoin College , the Garden City campus of Adelphi University , and the Rhode Island State House . In Washington, D.C. , the firm renovated the West and East Wings of the White House , and designed Roosevelt Hall on Fort Lesley J. McNair and the National Museum of American History . Across

2880-479: The formation of the non-profit Local Motion. They now run a bike ferry during the summer to get bicycles across a 200 yard gap in the railroad causeway, so they can get all the way out to the Lake Champlain islands. In 2021, following the 2021 Israel–Palestine crisis , the city council scheduled a vote on a "Resolution In Solidarity with the Palestinian People" for September 13. The resolution called on

2944-458: The former headquarters of IDX Systems , which it purchased in 2006. General Dynamics Armament and Technical Products division employ 450 workers locally. A solely owned subsidiary, the division is based here. Dealer.com, a leading automotive internet marketing company, employs over 700 people. Ben & Jerry's began in 1978 when Ben Cohen and Jerry Greenfield opened their first ice cream scoop shop in an old gas station in Burlington and now has

3008-896: The innovative Shingle Style Newport Casino (1879-1880) and summer houses, including Victor Newcomb's house in Elberon, New Jersey (1880–1881), the Isaac Bell House in Newport, Rhode Island (1883), and Joseph Choate 's house "Naumkeag" in Lenox, Massachusetts (1885–88). Their status rose when McKim was asked to design the Boston Public Library in 1887, ensuring a new group of institutional clients following its successful completion in 1895. The firm had begun to use classical sources from Modern French, Renaissance and even Roman buildings as sources of inspiration for daring new work. In 1877, White and McKim led their partners on

3072-530: The mid-1980s, with rail yards, industrial uses and 90 oil storage tanks crowding the 60 acres of shoreline filled into the harbor during the lumbering era. In 1980 two 18 story luxury condominium towers were proposed for the waterfront, just north of College Street. Opposition to that proposal led to the formation of the Citizens Waterfront Group to advocate for a bike path along the shore instead. In 1987 former Mayor Bernie Sanders proposed

3136-819: The mouth of the Winooski River along the lake shore, and rises from the water's edge to a height of 300 feet (91 m). A large ravine in what is now downtown was filled in with refuse and raw sewage in the 19th century to make way for further development. Burlington is characterized by its neighborhoods, which are generally recognized as follows: Burlington has a hot-summer humid continental climate ( Köppen Dfa ), with cold winters and humid summers. The monthly daily average temperatures range from 21 °F (−6.1 °C) in January to 72 °F (22.2 °C) in July. The annual precipitation of 43 inches (1,092 mm)

3200-404: The origin of Burlington's name. The first is that it was named after Richard Boyle, 3rd Earl of Burlington , and the second is that the name honors the politically prominent and wealthy Burling family of New York. While no Burling family members are listed as grantees of the town, the family held large tracts of land in nearby towns, some of which were granted on the same day as Burlington. One of

3264-481: The payroll in their expanding office. With a larger staff, each partner had a studio of designers at his disposal, similar to the organization of a modern design firm, and this increased their capacity for doing even larger projects, including the design of entire entire college campuses for Columbia University and New York University , and a massive entertainment complex at Madison Square Garden , all located in New York City. McKim, Mead and White gained prominence as

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3328-478: The population was below the poverty threshold . The median value of owner-occupied housing units was $ 338,100. Burlington's economy centers on education, health services, trade, transportation, and utilities, and some manufacturing. In February 2023, the city had an unemployment rate of 2.1%. Mean annual wages were $ 63,180 in 2022; the state was $ 59,190. As of 2019, Moody's set the city's bond credit rating at Aa3, "high" quality. The largest employers in

3392-480: The population. There were 17,174 households and the average number of persons per household was 2.16. According to the American Community Survey for 2017–2021, the median income for a household in the city was $ 59,331. Among workers with full-time, year-round work, males had a median income of $ 50,552 versus $ 38,418 for females. The per capita income for the city was $ 34,054. About 23.8% of

3456-415: The resolution "inappropriate and counterproductive." In a 6–5 vote, the council decided to withdraw the resolution. In 2023, three Palestinian-American students were shot and injured in an incident during Thanksgiving break. The city of Burlington is situated on the eastern shore of Lake Champlain , north of Shelburne Bay. It was built on a strip of land extending about 6 miles (9.7 km) south from

3520-486: The society chronicled by Edith Wharton and Henry James . Newly-wealthy Americans were seeking the right spouses for their sons and daughters, among them idle aristocrats from European families with dwindling financial resources. When called for, the firm could also deliver a house-full of continental antiques and works of art, many acquired by Stanford White from dealers abroad. The Clarence McKay house in Roslyn, New York,

3584-436: The stabilization and repair of the building. A new modern addition was completed in 1981. The largest public library in Vermont, and listed on the National Register of Historic Places , the Fletcher Free Library had a budget of over $ 1 million in 2002. It circulated more books, had more visitors, and had more computers, than any other library in Vermont. In addition to its primary services as Burlington's public library, it

3648-497: The titans of industry, transportation and banking, designing not only classical buildings (the New York Herald Building , Morgan Library , Villard Houses , and Rhode Island State Capitol ), but also planning factory towns ( Echota , near Niagara Falls, New York ; Roanoke Rapids, North Carolina ; and Naugatuck, Connecticut ), and working on university campuses (the University of Virginia , Harvard , Adelphi University and Columbia). The magnificent Low Library (1897) at Columbia

3712-436: The town meeting format into their government In some cases, a town and city have the same name, such as Barre City which is almost entirely surrounded by the separate municipality of Barre Town . (2020) incorporated Unincorporated towns in Vermont are towns that had their charters revoked by the Vermont legislature or never formally organized due to lack of residents. Towns in name only, their affairs are managed by

3776-405: The village are provided by the parent town. Incorporated villages in Vermont are administratively similar to villages in New York . Vermont is the only state in New England that has incorporated villages. As of 2024, there are 30 incorporated villages with active governments in Vermont. Historically, there were more but most have since disincorporated, while others were chartered as cities. Below

3840-465: The world's first lake-going steamboat was built in Burlington. The War of 1812 was unpopular in Vermont and the rest of New England , which had numerous trading ties with Canada. Neither Vermont nor other New England states provided militia units or financial support. Vermont voters supported the Federalist Party , which opposed the war. At one point during the war, the U.S. had 5,000 troops stationed in Burlington, outnumbering residents and putting

3904-410: Was built in 1882 as a gift to the City of Burlington from Hannah Louisa Howard, a local philanthropist. A native of the city, she was the daughter of John Howard, a successful Burlington hotelier. The chapel was designed in the High Victorian Gothic style by Alfred Benjamin Fisher, on cemetery grounds designed by E. C. Ryer in 1871. List of municipalities in Vermont The U.S. state of Vermont

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3968-426: Was established in 1873, endowed by Mary Martha Fletcher , the daughter of a local businessman, but outgrew its initial building on Church Street by 1901. A new building was constructed in 1901–04 with funds provided by industrialist and philanthropist Andrew Carnegie , making it the first of the four Carnegie libraries in Vermont. It was designed in the Beaux-Arts style by Walter R. B. Willcox of Burlington, who won

4032-485: Was probably the most opulent of these flights of fancy. Though many are gone, some now serve new uses, such as "Florham", in Madison, New Jersey (1897–1900), now the home of Fairleigh Dickinson University . New York's City's enormous Penn Station (1906–1910) was the firm's crowning achievement, reflecting not only its commitment to new technological advances, but also to architectural history stretching back to Greek and Roman times. McKim, Mead & White also designed

4096-424: Was similar to Thomas Jefferson's at the University of Virginia, where White added an academic building on the other side of the Lawn. Some of their later, classical country houses also enhanced their reputation with wealthy oligarchs and critics alike. The Frederick Vanderbilt mansion (1895–1898) at Hyde Park, New York and White's " Rosecliff " for Tessie Oelrichs (1898–1902) in Newport were elegant venues for

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