The treaty between Kingdom of Siam and Great Britain commonly known as the Burney Treaty was signed at Bangkok on 20 June 1826 by Henry Burney , an agent of British East India Company , for Britain, and King Rama III for Siam . It followed an earlier treaty of 24 February 1826, in which Siam became an ally of Britain against the Kingdom of Ava (Burma), with which Britain was at war . A Siamese army was raised and equipped, but took no serious part in the war due to ill-feeling and suspicion arising from the Siamese invasion of Kedah in 1821.
88-596: In 1822, John Crawfurd undertook a mission to the court of King Rama II to determine Siam's position on the Malay states . The treaty acknowledged Siamese claims over the five northern Malay states of Kedah, Kelantan , Perlis , Terengganu —the future Unfederated Malay States —and Patani . The treaty further guaranteed British possession of Penang and their rights to trade in Kelantan and Terengganu without Siamese interference. The five Malay states were not represented in
176-488: A British American Tobacco cigarette factory was built in the early 20th century. Port activity is dominated by bulk imports of coal, liquid asphalt and vegetable oils for the West Java hinterland. Until 2002, the port also catered for minor container trade and cruise shipping . In 2006 the port handled 3.27 million metric tons (MT) of trade, more than 90 percent as imports from other Indonesian ports. Nearly 93% of
264-399: A tropical monsoon climate (Am) with moderate to little rainfall from June to October and heavy to very heavy rainfall from November to May. The city of Cirebon is divided into five administrative districts ( kecamatan ), listed below with their areas and their populations at the 2010 census and the 2020 census, together with the official estimates as at mid 2023. The table also includes
352-485: A 2010 census population of 2,363,585; the 2020 census total was 2,603,924 and the official estimate as at mid 2023 was 2,702,421. Straddling the border between West and Central Java, Cirebon's history has been influenced by both Sundanese and Javanese culture as well as Arab and Chinese , and is the seat of a former Sultanate . Being on the border of Sundanese (i.e., Western Java) and Javanese (i.e., Central Java) cultural regions, many of Cirebon's residents speak
440-464: A cave system built by two Chinese architects around the 1880s, decorated by Chinese and Western porcelain. The village of Trusmi, about five kilometers outside of Cirebon, has been noted for batik production. Plangon is a habitat of monkeys. Mt Ceremai , the highest peak in West Java, is a large volcano situated about 40 km (25 mi) to the south of Cirebon. Parks and other tourist spots on
528-685: A combination of elements culture Islam, China , and Netherlands . Characteristics of the palace buildings are always facing north and there is a mosque nearby. Each palace has square as a gathering place, market and sculpture tiger in park or page forward as a symbol of King Siliwangi , the central character formation Sultanate of Cirebon . Another feature is the plate porcelain original China are so trimmer wall. Some dishes supposedly derived from Europe when Cirebon so port trade center island Java . Cirebon city park has some of them Waterpark Sunyaragi and Park of Ade Irma Suryani. Water Parks Sunyaragi has technology flow water advanced in his time,
616-700: A delegation to the Board of Control of the East India Company, with representations on behalf of the Straits dollar as an independent currency. Crawfurd lobbied in both Houses of Parliament, with George Keppel, 6th Earl of Albemarle acting to bring a petition to the Lords, and William Ewart Gladstone putting the case in the Commons. Among the arguments put was that the dollar was a decimal currency , while
704-514: A dialect that is a mix of Sundanese and Javanese , known as Jawareh . It is thought that the word "Cirebon" derives from the Javanese word, caruban , meaning "mixed": a reference to the city's mix of Sundanese, Javanese, Chinese, and Arabic cultural elements. Alternatively, it could be derived from the Sundanese words "ci" (water or river) and "rebon" ("shrimp"). (Indeed, the main product of
792-694: A few instances", by George Bennett on the topic of Papuan people , has been taken to be aimed at Crawfurd. His 1822 work "Malay of Champa" contains a vocabulary of the Cham language . In retirement after the Burmese mission, Crawfurd wrote books and papers on Eastern subjects. His envoy experiences from missions were written up in Journals in 1828 and 1829. This documentation was reprinted nearly 140 years later by Oxford University Press. According to Jane Rendall's concept of " Scottish orientalism ", Crawfurd
880-406: A flourishing trade in colonial cash crops attracted many Chinese entrepreneurs and that influence is still evident in the batik for which Cirebon is famous. Cirebon suffered a famine in 1844, apparently triggered by a combination of drought and the shift from subsistence agriculture to cash crops, particularly indigo and sugarcane , enforced by Dutch's Cultivation system . Cirebon has
968-474: A historical tour of the royal glory of Islam , the story of the trustees, Complex Sunan Gunung Jati in Mount Sembung about 24 kilometres (15 mi) to the west of the city center, Great Mosque of Cirebon , At-Taqwa Mosque , temple ancient buildings and relics of Netherlands . Cirebon is a palace at the same time in the city, namely Keraton Kasepuhan and Kanoman . Everything has architecture
SECTION 10
#17327649449691056-769: A meeting for Leader at the Belgrave Hotel. A lifelong advocate of free trade policies, in A View of the Present State and Future Prospects of the Free Trade and Colonization of India (1829), Crawfurd made an extended case against the East India Company's approach, in particular in excluding British entrepreneurs, and in failing to develop Indian cotton. He had had experience in Java of the export possibilities for cotton textiles. He then gave evidence in March 1830 to
1144-457: A meeting of the Society some weeks later, by Dadabhai Naoroji . Recent analyses have sought to clarify Crawfurd's agenda in his writings on race and, at this time, when he had become prominent in a young and still fluid field and discipline. Ellingson demonstrates Crawfurd's role in promoting the idea of the noble savage in service of racial ideology. Trosper has taken Ellingson's analysis
1232-541: A metaphor. His racist views on black people were laughed at, during the British Association meeting at Birmingham in 1865. A paper by Crawfurd, On the Physical and Mental Characteristics of European and Asian Races of Man , given 13 February 1866, argued for the superiority of Europeans. It particularly laid emphasis on European military dominance as evidence. Its thesis was directly contradicted at
1320-713: A number of historic buildings and other key sites in Cirebon, some of them in an advanced state of decay. These include the buildings of the several kratons, the Sang Cipta Rasa Grand Mosque, and the Gua Sunyaragi Park. Wali Songo , especially Sunan Gunung Jati , is known to have influenced the city's history. Sunan Gunung Jati's grave is located several kilometers outside the city in the Gunung Jati district. There are two temples and
1408-500: A parliamentary committee, on the East India Company's monopoly of trade with China. Robert Montgomery Martin criticised Crawfurd, and the evidence of Robert Rickards , an ex-employee of the Company, for exaggerating the financial burden of the monopoly on tea. Crawfurd put out a pamphlet, Chinese Monopoly Examined . Ross Donnelly Mangles defended the East India Company in 1830, in an answer addressed to Rickards and Crawfurd. When
1496-638: A poor impression. Cheribon Cirebon ( Indonesian pronunciation: [t͡ʃirə'bɔn] , formerly rendered Cheribon or Chirebon in English) is a port city on the northern coast of the Indonesian island of Java . It is the only coastal city of West Java , located about 40 km west of the provincial border with Central Java , approximately 297 km (185 mi) east of Jakarta , at 6°43′S 108°34′E / 6.717°S 108.567°E / -6.717; 108.567 . It had
1584-447: A population of 296,389 at the 2010 census and 333,303 at the 2020 census; the official estimate as at mid 2023 was 341,980 (comprising 171,638 males and 170,342 females). The built-up area of Cirebon reaches out from the city and into the surrounding regency of the same name ; the official metropolitan area encompasses the whole of this regency as well as the city, and covers an area of 1,116.24 km (430.98 sq mi), with
1672-446: A possible source of Crawfurd's thinking; while also pointing out some differences. Ellingson also places Crawfurd in a British group among those of his period whose anthropological views not only turned on race , but who also drew conclusions of superiority from those views, others being Luke Burke , James Hunt , Robert Knox , and Kenneth R. H. Mackenzie . Crawfurd's attitudes were not, however, based on human skin colour ; and he
1760-871: A radical meeting at the London Tavern set up by Charles Buller on 21 November 1834; in which he showed much more originality than John Arthur Roebuck , but lost his thread. In Preston in the 1837 general election Crawfurd had the Liberal nomination in a three-cornered fight for two seats, as Peter Hesketh-Fleetwood was regarded as a waverer by the Conservatives who ran Robert Townley Parker against him; but he polled third. He also supported John Temple Leader 's candidacy at Westminster against Sir Francis Burdett , being deputy chairman on his election committee (with Thomas Prout , chairman Sir Ronald Craufurd Ferguson ). Crawfurd spoke with George Grote at
1848-531: A state of perpetual distrust and insecurity" due to territorial disputes between hostile Burmans and Siamese. 11 December, after entering the Straits of Malacca and arrival at Penang Island , he finds the settlements of Penang and Queda (modern Kedah Sultanate , founded in 1136, but then a tributary state of Siam) in a state of alarm. Sultan Ahmad Tajuddin Halim Shah II , the Rajah of Quedah had fled
SECTION 20
#17327649449691936-469: A step further, attributing to Crawfurd a conscious "spin" put on the idea of primitive culture, a rhetorically sophisticated use of a " straw man " fallacy, achieved by bringing in, irrelevantly but for the sake of incongruity, the figure of Jean-Jacques Rousseau . Crawfurd dedicated considerable effort to a critique of Darwin's theories of human evolution ; as a proponent of polygenism , who believed that human races did not share common ancestors, Crawfurd
2024-504: A traditional stronghold of monogenism (belief in a unified origin of humankind) where he had come in 1861 to hold office as President. Crawfurd believed in different races as separate creations by God in specific regional zones, with separate origins for languages, and possibly as different species. With Robert Gordon Latham of the ESL, he also opposed strongly the ideas of Max Müller on an original Aryan race . Crawfurd wrote in 1861 in
2112-777: Is a historian of the second generation. His History of the Indian Archipelago (1820), in three volumes, was his major work. Crawfurd was a critic of much of what the European nations had done in the area of Asia he covered. An Historical and Descriptive Account of China (1836) was a joint work in three volumes from the Edinburgh Cabinet Library , with Hugh Murray , Peter Gordon, Thomas Lynn , William Wallace , and Gilbert Thomas Burnett . Crawfurd and Colin Mackenzie collected manuscripts from
2200-525: Is a musical tradition reminiscent of Bandung's kecapi suling music with except that it features guitar, suling (bamboo flute) and voice. The name derived from gi tar (guitar), and su ling (flute). Cirebon is the home town of the PSGJ Cirebon football team, the club plays in the Liga Nusantara . Another team, Cirebon Football Club, team also plays in the Liga Nusantara is based in
2288-583: Is called "Macan Ali" (Ali's panther) with Arabic calligraphy arranged to resemble a panther or tiger . These indicate both Islamic influence and that of the Hindu Pajajaran Sundanese King Siliwangi's tiger banner. The royal lineage of Cirebon is still well respected and is held in high prestige among the people of Cirebon, although it does not hold real political power anymore. The royal carriage of Kasepuhan's Singa Barong and Kanoman's Paksi Naga Liman carriage resembles
2376-1043: Is famous for its high quality salted fish, such as jambal roti , juhi (salted cuttlefish), rebon , and ebi (dried small shrimp). These products are often sought by visitors, especially Indonesian domestic tourists and visitors from other cities, as oleh-oleh (food souvenirs). Cirebon is also known for its local cuisines and delicacies, such as empal gentong (offal curry ), mie koclok (chicken noodle soup with coconut milk), nasi lengko (rice with bean sprouts, fried tofu , and fried tempeh , topped with peanut sauce and soy sauce ), nasi jamblang (rice of various side dishes), tahu gejrot (fried tofu with ground garlic, chili, and shallot, topped with thin and sweet soy sauce), tahu petis (dry fried tofu served with petis dip sauce), tahu tek-tek (fried tofu topped with peanut sauce and mixed with vegetables), ayam panggang (barbecued chicken), and docang ( lontong with sour vegetable soup). As one tourist destination in West Java , Cirebon City offers many charms ranging from
2464-793: Is one of notable Cirebon traditional dance and quite famous within Indonesian dances . Cirebon culture is also influenced by Islamic Middle Eastern culture, such as the Burokan tradition where people exhibit the image of buraq — traditionally made from the bamboo frame and paper skin, or other materials — in processions around the village accompanied with music. The traditions of the bamboo statues borne in these processions are similar to Sundanese Sisingaan , Betawi Ondel-ondel , or Balinese Ogoh-ogoh processions, yet differ in their Islamic theme. Burokan are usually held during festive occasions such as circumcision or marriage, and are accompanied by popular Cirebon folk songs, such as tarling. Tarling
2552-537: Is related to Javanese and Banyumasan with dialects such as the Jawareh (half-Javanese half Sundanese), Plered , and Dermayon . There are also native Sundanese speakers in the city, who speak a local dialect known as Bahasa Sunda Cirebon (Cirebonese Sundanese language) which contains unique words not found in its Priangan counterpart. In the modern era, some of the local political elite in Cirebon and surrounding regencies have campaigned for Cirebon city, together with
2640-690: The Westminster Review , Crawfurd gave an opinion against systematic colonisation . He considered that abundant land and individual enterprise were the necessary elements. Robert Torrens , who floated the South Australian Land Company, replied to the Westminster Review line in Colonization of South Australia (1835). Part I of the book is a Letter to Crawfurd. In 1843 Crawfurd gave evidence to
2728-549: The Colonial Office on Port Essington , on the north coast of Australia , to the effect that its climate made it unsuitable for settlement. He returned to the topic in a debate in 1858 on settlements on the Victoria River , as had been suggested by Sir George Everest . He generally opposed Sir Roderick Murchison 's promotion of European colonisation of Australia, as far as it applied to the north coast. When
Burney Treaty - Misplaced Pages Continue
2816-539: The Ethnological Society in 1861. He died at his home in Elvaston Place , South Kensington , London on 11 May 1868 at the age of 85. Crawfurd wrote prolifically. His views have been seen as inconsistent: a recent author wrote that "[...] Crawfurd seemed to embody a complex mixture of elements of coexisting but ultimately contradictory value systems". A comment about "hasty general opinions from
2904-646: The John Adam . As the ship made way from Bangkok to Hué, Mrs. Crawfurd went ashore on an island in the Gulf of Siam, where she made a considerable impression upon the natives. The writer Oswald John Frederick Crawfurd , born in 1834, was their son. The couple knew John Sterling , and the Carlyles. Thomas Carlyle met Henry Crabb Robinson at dinner at the Crawfurds (25 November 1837, at 27 Wilton Crescent ), making
2992-623: The Prah-klang ( Prayurawongse ), the reply was, "that if the Siamese were at peace with the friends and neighbours of the British nation, they would certainly be permitted to purchase fire-arms and ammunition at our ports, but not otherwise." On 19 May, a Chief of Lao ( Chao Anu , a king in what is now Laos and soon-to-be rebel ) met with Crawfurd, a first diplomatic contact for the UK. This visit
3080-488: The Rajah of Ligor (modern Nakhon Si Thammarat ) to claim right of asylum at Prince of Wales's Island (modern Penang.) British claim to the island was based upon payment of a quit-rent accordant with European feudal law, which Crawfurd feared the Siamese would challenge. Crawfurd's journal entry for 1 April 1822, notes that the Siamese, for their part, were especially interested in the acquisition of arms. Pointedly questioned in this regard in an urgent private meeting with
3168-593: The Suma Oriental around the year 1513 mentioned Cirebon was one of the trade centers on the island of Java . After Cirebon was taken over by the Dutch East Indies government in 1859, it was designated as a transit port for import-export goods and as a communications route to the political control center for the region in the interior of Java. Until 2001, the economic contribution to the City of Cirebon
3256-511: The TNI-AU . The city lies on Jalur Pantura ( Pant ai U ta ra Jawa), a major road on the northern coast of Java that stretches from Anyer , passes through Jakarta , and ends at Surabaya . The Port of Cirebon was established by the Dutch in 1865, principally as an export point for spices, sugar cane, and raw materials from West Java. Warehouses and open storage areas were developed by 1890, and
3344-734: The Transactions of the ESL a paper On the Conditions Which Favour, Retard, and Obstruct the Early Civilization of Man , in which he argued for deficiencies in the science and technology of Asia. In On the Numerals as Evidence of the Progress of Civilization (1863) he argued that the social condition of a people correlates with the numeral words of their language. Crawfurd used domestication frequently as
3432-431: The chimera of three animals; eagle, elephant, and dragon. These symbolize Indian Hinduism, Arabic Islam, and Chinese influences. The images of Macan Ali, Singa Barong, and Paksi Naga Liman are also often featured as patterns in Cirebon batik. As a coastal city, Cirebon's main industry is fishery. Its products include terasi (shrimp paste), petis , krupuk udang ( shrimp crackers ) and various salted fish . Cirebon
3520-503: The rupee used by traders, and legal tender in East India Company territories since it was coined in 1835, was not. In 1856 a Bill to change the status quo on coins minted and issued from India was defeated. In 1868 Crawfurd with James Guthrie and William Paterson formed the Straits Settlements Association , to protect the colony's interests. Crawfurd was its first President. He was elected President of
3608-573: The Bima stadium Cirebon. Other popular sports in Cirebon include Futsal . The remnants of Cirebon sultanate; Kasepuhan , Kanoman , Kaprabonan, and Kacirebonan kratons are now run as cultural institutions to preserve Cirebon culture. Each still holds their traditional ceremonies and have become the patrons of Cirebon arts. Some of the royal symbols of the Cirebon Sultanate describe their legacy and influences. The banner of Cirebon Sultanate
Burney Treaty - Misplaced Pages Continue
3696-621: The British; who sided with his opponents: his son, the Crown Prince , and Pangeran Natsukusuma . The Sultan's palace, the Kraton Ngayogyakarta Hadiningrat , was besieged and taken by British-led forces in June 1812. As Resident, Crawfurd also pursued the study of the Javanese language, and cultivated personal relationships with Javanese aristocrats and literati. He was impressed by Javanese music . Crawfurd
3784-545: The Cirebon Sultanate marked the first Islamic rule in western Java, transforming Muara Jati into a busy port. Cirebon was an independent sultanate under the leadership of Sunan Gunungjati in the early 16th century. After the Sunda Kingdom collapsed, the Sultanates of Banten and Mataram fought over control of Cirebon, which declared its allegiance to Sultan Agung of Mataram, whose grandson Amangkurat II ceded
3872-458: The Cirebon batik Megamendung pattern that resembles Chinese cloud imagery. The Trusmi area is the production center of Cirebon batik. Cirebon Glass Painting is another aspect of Cirebon arts and crafts. The imagery in glass painting is usually derived from wayang theme to Islamic calligraphy . The Tari Topeng Cirebon , or Cirebon mask dance, is a dance style peculiar to the city. Topeng Cirebon mask dance, inspired by Javanese Panji cycles
3960-728: The Cirebon dialect of Javanese language, which came from the words " Negara Gede ", meaning "Great Kingdom." As a port city, Cirebon attracts visitors and settlers from elsewhere in Indonesia and from other nations as well. Cirebon culture was described as Java Pasisiran (coastal) culture, similar to the cultures of Banten, Pekalongan, and Semarang, with notable mixtures of Sundanese, Chinese, Arabic-Islamic, and European influences. Batik textiles from Cirebon, especially Cirebon batik with vivid colors with motifs and patterns, that demonstrate Chinese and local influences, are well known. Chinese influences can be seen in Cirebon's culture, most notably
4048-574: The Commercial Resources and Monetary and Mercantile System of British India (1837) now attributed to him. Like Robert Montgomery Martin , he saw India primarily as a source of raw materials, and advocated investment based on that direction. A harsh critic of the existing Calcutta agencies, he noted the absence of bill broking in India and suggested that an exchange bank should be set up. His view that an economy dominated by agriculture
4136-509: The Company's charter came up for renewal in 1833, the China trade monopoly was broken. Crawfurd's part as parliamentary agent for interests in Calcutta had been paid (at £1500 per year); his publicity work had included facts for an Edinburgh Review article written by another author. In reviewing Edward Gibbon Wakefield 's New British Province of South Australia , and subsequent writing in
4224-584: The ESL went back to James Cowles Prichard . In the view of Thomas Trautmann , in Crawfurd's attack on the Aryan theory there is a final rejection of the "languages and nations" approach, which was Prichard's, and a consequent freeing of (polygenist) racial theory. Crawfurd married Horatia Ann, daughter of James Perry . From 1821 to 1822, Mrs. Crawfurd had accompanied the Mission to Siam and Cochin China aboard
4312-575: The East India Company for the war, where it had seen action and travelled 400 miles up the Irrawaddy. There were five local boats, and soldiers making up a party of over 50. Crawfurd at the court found Bagyidaw temporising despite a weak position with the British forces in Arakan and Tenasserim . The king conceded only a trade agreement, in return for a delay in indemnity payments; and sent his own mission to Calcutta . The expedition fortuitously
4400-551: The East India Company monopoly, and European colonisation. These moves occurred in 1828–9; in 1830 Crawfurd approached William Huskisson directly. His lobbying continued with the free trade issues mentioned above. Inquiry into the System of Taxation in India, Letters on the Interior of India, an attack on the newspaper stamp-tax and the duty on paper entitled Taxes on Knowledge (1836) is a related work. In 1855 Crawfurd went with
4488-572: The Mission. 21 November 1821, the mission embarked on the John Adam for the complicated and difficult navigation of the Hoogly river, taking seven days to sail the 140 miles (225 km.) from Calcutta to open water. Crawfurd writes that, with the assistance of a steam-boat, ships might be towed down in two days without difficulty; then adds in a footnote: "The first steam-vessel used in India,
SECTION 50
#17327649449694576-602: The Stamp Act 1827 was passed, meaning that all public documents in India would have to pay a stamp tax (including newspapers as well as legal documents), Crawfurd was hired as London agent for a group of British merchants in Calcutta opposing the legislation. Crawfurd involved Joseph Hume , and he obtained newspaper coverage for his cause, including in The Examiner where the precedents from America were cited. He also wrote pamphlets himself, in which he advocated an end to
4664-495: The age of 20. Crawfurd joined the East India Company , as a Company surgeon, and was posted to India's Northwestern Provinces (now Uttar Pradesh ), working in the area around Delhi and Agra from 1803 to 1808. He saw service in the campaigns of Baron Lake . Crawfurd was sent in 1808 to Penang , where he applied himself to the study of the Malay language and culture. In Penang, he met Stamford Raffles for
4752-489: The borough), with Sir Daniel Sandford third. In March 1834 it was Sandford who was elected at Paisley. Alexander's East India and Colonial Magazine struck a note of regret after his defeat at Stirling Burghs. On 31 January 1834 Crawfurd supported Thomas Perronet Thompson in a meeting agitating against the Corn Laws . Thomas Carlyle alluded, in notes on one of Jane Welsh Carlyle 's letters, to Crawfurd speaking at
4840-604: The capture of Yogyakarta, and some of these are now in the British Library . Crawfurd claimed Cham for the Austronesian languages . His suggestion met no favour at the time, but scholars from around 1950 onwards came to agree. Crawfurd held strong views on what he saw as the backwardness of the economy of India of his time. He attributed it to the weakness of Indian financial institutions, compared to Europe. His opinions were in an anonymous pamphlet A Sketch of
4928-527: The city is fish including shrimp .) The sultanate court lies near the modern-day city of Cirebon on West Java's northern coast. Throughout the 16th and 17th centuries, the sultanate thrived and became an important center in the region for trade, commerce, and Islamic study and dissemination in Java. In 1677, the sultanate split into four royal houses, leaving four kratons (palaces) in Cirebon; Keraton Kasepuhan , Kraton Kanoman , Keraton Kacirebonan , and Keraton Keprabonan. Each has its own lineage and all are
5016-414: The city to the Dutch in 1677. In 1705, a treaty saw the Cirebon area west of Cisanggarung River become a Dutch protectorate jointly administered by three sultans whose courts rivalled those of Central Java. The Dutch authorities later established the Cirebon Residency ( Residentie Tjirebon ) which was composed of present-day Cirebon, Indramayu, and Kuningan. During the time of the Dutch " Culture System "
5104-442: The city. Although surrounded by Sundanese-speaking areas in West Java, linguists have stated that Cirebon (and the historically related region of Serang city in Banten Province ) are inside its own Cirebonese language area. In addition, this is supported by a large portion of the Cirebon people referring to themselves as "Wong Cirebon" ("Cirebonese people"), and to their language as "Basa Cirebon" ("Cirebonese"). Cirebonese language
5192-438: The descendants and stewards of the original Cirebon Sultanate. According to the manuscript Purwaka Caruban Nagari , Cirebon started as a small fishing village in the 15th century named Muara Jati which attracted foreign traders. The port master at that time was Ki Gedeng Alang-Alang, appointed by the king of Galuh kingdom , located inland in Kawali, Ciamis . He later moved the port to Lemahwungkuk, 5 kilometres (3.1 mi) to
5280-471: The first time. In 1811, Crawfurd accompanied Raffles on Lord Minto 's Java Invasion , which overcame the Dutch. Raffles was appointed Lieutenant-Governor of Java by Minto during the 45-day operation, and Crawfurd was appointed the post of Resident Governor at the Court of Yogyakarta in November 1811. There he took a firm line against Sultan Hamengkubuwana II . The Sultan was encouraged by Pakubuwono IV of Surakarta to assume he had support in resisting
5368-416: The friendship of Roderick Murchison , Foreign Secretary of the Geological Society . There were also collected 18,000 botanical specimens, many of which went to the Calcutta Botanic Garden . In the United Kingdom, Crawfurd spent around 40 years in varied activities. He wrote as an orientalist, geographer and ethnologist. He tried parliamentary politics, without success; he agitated for free trade ; and he
SECTION 60
#17327649449695456-518: The lack of support from the Majalengka area does not preclude Cirebon city and the other three regencies from continuing to promote the idea. The potential size and population of this possible Province would be as follows: Cirebon City's economy is influenced by its strategic geographical location and by the characteristics of natural resources. Thus, the structure of its economy is dominated by manufacturing, trade, hotels and restaurants, transport and communications, and service sectors. Tomé Pires in
5544-428: The locations of the district administrative centres and the number of administrative villages in each district (all classed as urban kelurahan ). The five districts are sub-divided into twenty-two urban villages ( kelurahan ) which are listed below with their populations at the 2010 census and the 2020 census. The city's population was 298,224 at the Indonesia census of 2010. The official estimate as at mid 2023
5632-467: The name of Orange Hospital become Gunung Jati Hospital. In 2009 in the city of Cirebon has been available about 6 general hospitals , four maternity hospitals, 21 health centers, 15 health centers Maid, 20 Mobile Health Center, and 81 Pharmacies and Drug Stores 31. With the number of medical personnel such as specialist doctors about 94 people, and 116 general practitioners, 37 dentists, 847 nurses, and 278 midwives. Cirebon has sister relationships with
5720-415: The population has been underserved by service water from PDAM Cirebon, the majority of customers in the city's water supply to households (90.37% or as many as 59,006) of the total number of existing connections (65,287). Since the Dutch East Indies government, Cirebon City has had a hospital named Orange, which unveiled its use on August 31, 1921, and commenced operations from September 1, 1921. Currently
5808-475: The regencies of Cirebon , Indramayu , Kuningan and Majalengka to be established as a new province - in the same way as Banten Province was formed by splitting it away from West Java . To be a new province it is required that it should be proposed by at least five regencies. Leaders from four of these administrations have given their consent, but Majalengka Regency has turned down the idea and indicated that it would prefer to stay part of West Java. However,
5896-524: The slopes of Mt Ceremai are popular places for groups from Cirebon to visit during weekends to escape from the hotter climate on the coast. The village of Linggajati, near the town of Cilimus, (where the Linggadjati Agreement was signed) is one such place. Public transportation brings tourists and visitors here. Cirebon residents are now using Kertajati International Airport , serving the Greater Cirebon metropolitan and surrounding area. Cakrabhuwana Airport in Penggung, Harjamukti subdistrict also serves
5984-405: The south. As the new settlement leader, Ki Gedeng Alang-Alang was bestowed with the title "Kuwu Cerbon" (Cerbon village leader). A 15th-century prince from Pajajaran , Prince Walangsungsang, converted to Islam and was appointed as the Adipati (Duke) of Cirebon with the title Cakrabumi . He established the new kingdom of Cirebon and declared independence from Sunda and Galuh. The establishment of
6072-586: The taxation of Dissenters for a state church , with nationalisation of Church of England properties. He joined the Parliamentary Candidate Society, founded by Thomas Erskine Perry (his brother-in-law), to promote "fit and proper" Members of Parliament. He also joined the Radical Club , a breakaway from the National Political Union founded in 1833 by William Wallis . Crawfurd unsuccessfully contested, as an advanced radical, Glasgow in 1832, Paisley in 1834, Stirling Burghs in 1835, and Preston in 1837. At Glasgow he polled fourth (there were two MPs for
6160-428: The time, and which has also been scrutinised in the 21st century, as detailed below. Crawfurd held polygenist views, based on multiple origins of human groups; and these earned him, according to Sir John Bowring , the nickname "the inventor of forty Adams". In The Descent of Man by Charles Darwin , Crawfurd is cited as believing in 60 races. He expressed these views to the Ethnological Society of London (ESL),
6248-676: The treaty negotiation. In 1909 the parties of the agreement signed a new treaty that superseded that of 1826 and transferred four of the five Malay states from Siamese to British control, Patani remaining under Siamese rule. As the Burney Treaty did not adequately address commerce, it was a subject of the Bowring Treaty , signed by King Mongkut (Rama IV) on 18 April 1855, that liberalized trade rules and regulations. Chakri dynasty Kings Viceroys Deputy Viceroy Crown Prince Hereditary Prince Royalty Siamese Foreigners Key events John Crawfurd John Crawfurd FRS (13 August 1783 – 11 May 1868)
6336-485: The water flows between the terraces where the princess king preening, page grass green where the knight practice, plus tower and room privileged that door was made of curtain water. The main boulevard is Jalan Siliwangi. It runs from the train station to the canal via the Pasar Pagi ("Morning Market"). Then the street becomes Jalan Karanggetas along which are most of Cirebon's banks, restaurants, and hotels. There are
6424-408: Was 341,980. As with other coastal cities in Indonesia, a large population of ethnic Chinese has flocked into the city as a result of long-term Chinese immigration since the 17th century. Other communities include Malays, Koreans, Arabs, Indians, Japanese. Significant suburbs lie within densely populated Cirebon Regency , and the official metropolitan area encompasses this entire regency as well as
6512-591: Was a Scottish physician, colonial administrator, diplomat, and author who served as the second and last Resident of Singapore . He was born on Islay , in Argyll , Scotland , the son of Samuel Crawfurd, a physician, and Margaret Campbell; and was educated at the school in Bowmore . He followed his father's footsteps in the study of medicine and completed his medical course at the University of Edinburgh in 1803, at
6600-604: Was a publicist for and against colonisation schemes, in line with his views. He also represented the interests of British traders based in Singapore and Calcutta. Crawfurd made several unsuccessful attempts to enter the British Parliament in the 1830s. His campaign literature featured universal suffrage and the secret ballot , free trade and opposition to monopolies , public education and reduction of military spending, and opposition to regressive taxation and
6688-487: Was an early and prominent critic of Darwin's ideas. Right at the end of his life, in 1868, Crawfurd was using a " missing link " argument against Sir John Lubbock , in what Ellingson describes as a misrepresentation of a Darwinist viewpoint based on the idea that a precursor of humans must still be extant. Ellingson points to a 1781 work of William Falconer , On the Influence of Climate , with an attack on Rousseau, as
6776-400: Was an opponent of slavery, having written an article "Sugar without Slavery" with Thomas Perronet Thompson in 1833 in the Westminster Review . In dismissing Crawfurd's notes and suggestions on his work as "quite unimportant", Charles Darwin identified Crawfurd's racial views as "Pallasian", i.e. the analogue for humankind of the theories of Peter Simon Pallas . The predominant approach in
6864-534: Was appointed British Resident of Singapore in March 1823. He was under orders to reduce the expenditure on the existing factory there, but instead responded to local commercial representations, and spent money on reclamation work on the river. He also concluded the final agreement between the East India Company, and Sultan Hussein Shah of Johor with the Temenggong , on the status of Singapore on 2 August 1824. It
6952-515: Was built about three years after this passage was written...." The John Adam proceeded on what would be the first official visit to Siam since the resurgence of Siam following the 1767 Fall of Ayutthaya . Crawfurd soon found the court of King Rama II still embroiled in the aftermath of the Burmese–Siamese War of 1809–1812. On 8 December 1821, near Papra Strait (modern Pak Prah Strait north of Thalang District ) Crawfurd finds fishermen "in
7040-472: Was characterized by processing industry (41.32%), followed by trade, hotels and restaurants (29.8%), transport and communications sector (13.56%), and services sector (6.06%). Other sectors (9.26%) included mining, agriculture, construction, electricity, and gas. Aside from fishery, its harbor, Tanjung Emas, on the Java Sea has been a major hub for timber from Borneo . Cirebon itself is known as Grage in
7128-504: Was delayed on the return journey for repairs. Crawfurd collected significant fossils, north of Magwe on the left bank of the river, in seven chests. Back in London, William Clift identified a new species of mastodon (more accurately Stegolophodon ) from them; Hugh Falconer also worked on the collection. The finds, of fossil bones and wood, were discussed further in a paper by William Buckland , giving details; and they brought Crawfurd
7216-452: Was despite the isolation into which the mission had fallen. A Vietnamese embassy had arrived not long before, and tensions were high. Since Crawford's brief opposed the interests of court figures including the Raja of Ligor and Nangklao , there was little prospect of success. By October relations were at a low ebb. Crawfurd moved on to Saigon , but Minh Mạng refused to see him. Crawfurd
7304-724: Was especially interested in learning more about Siamese policy with regard to the northern Malay states , and Cochinchina's policy with regard to French efforts to establish a presence in Asia . Crawfurd travelled with notes from Horace Hayman Wilson on Buddhism , as it was understood at the time. Captain Dangerfield of the Indian army , a skilful astronomer, surveyor and geologist, served as assistant; Lieutenant Rutherford commanded thirty Sepoys ; noted naturalist George Finlayson served as medical officer . Mrs. Crawfurd accompanied
7392-517: Was inevitably an absolute government was cited by Samuel Taylor Coleridge , in his On the Constitution of the Church and State . While Crawfurd produced work that was ethnological in nature over a period of half a century, the term " ethnology " had not even been coined when he began to write. Attention has been drawn to his latest work, from the 1860s, which was copious, much criticised at
7480-555: Was returned to the Dutch in 1816, and Crawfurd went back to England that year, shortly becoming a Fellow of the Royal Society , and turning to writing. Within a few years he was recalled to South-East Asia, as a diplomat; his missions were of limited obvious success. In 1821, the then Governor-General of India , Lord Hastings , sent Crawfurd to the courts of Siam (now Thailand ) and Cochinchina (now Vietnam ). Lord Hastings
7568-593: Was sent on another envoy mission to Burma in 1826, by Hastings's successor Lord Amherst , in the aftermath of the First Anglo-Burmese War . It was to be his last political service for the Company. The party included Adoniram Judson as interpreter and Nathaniel Wallich as botanist. Crawfurd's journey to Ava up the River Irrawaddy was by paddle steamer , the Diana : it had been hired by
7656-563: Was sent on diplomatic missions to Bali and the Celebes (now Sulawesi ). His knowledge of the local culture supported Raffles's government in Java. Raffles, however, wanted to introduce land reform in the Cheribon residency. Crawfurd, with his experience of India and the zamindari , was a supporter of the "village system" of revenue collection. He opposed Raffles's attempts to introduce individual ( ryotwari ) settlement into Java. Java
7744-843: Was the culmination of negotiations started by Raffles in 1819, and the agreement is now sometimes called the Crawfurd Treaty. He also had input into the Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1824 dealing with spheres of influence in the East Indies. Crawfurd was on familiar terms with Munshi Abdullah . He edited and contributed to the Singapore Chronicle of Francis James Bernard, the first local newspaper that initially appeared dated 1 January 1824. Crawford Street [ sic ] and Crawford Bridge [ sic ] in Singapore are named after him. Crawfurd
#968031