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62-562: Burnelli was born on November 22, 1895, in Temple, Texas . With his friend, John Carisi, he designed his first airplane in 1915, at Maspeth, Queens , New York . The open biplane was first demonstrated at the old Hempstead Plains Aviation Field, later to become Roosevelt Field . A few years later, he designed a " night fighter " in the hopes that it would be used as a combat aircraft in World War I . His hopes were not realized, but he did sell

124-671: A "lifting body" design, rather than a true "flying wing" where all major aeronautical components are housed within the wing. Burnelli's first monoplane, the CB-16, appeared in 1928. This aircraft and subsequent Burnelli types produced into the 1940s had certain features in common: More than 60 percent of the weight and strength of the aircraft structure surrounded and protected the passenger cabin section for maximum resistance to telescoping. Burnelli maintained that his lifting design had unparalleled safety, economic and operational advantages over conventional transport designs. His design philosophy

186-529: A GC&SF construction camp called Temple Junction by the railway and known as "Tanglefoot" or "Mud Town" to residents. In January 1881, a post office was established, and the settlement was officially named Temple, after Bernard Moore Temple, the chief civil engineer of the GC&;SF. The town was incorporated in 1882. Also in 1882, the Missouri, Kansas and Texas Railway built through the town, and soon after,

248-528: A campus in Temple affiliated with Baylor Scott & White Medical Center – Temple . The main city newspaper is the Temple Daily Telegram . Radio stations licensed in Temple include FM stations KVLT-FM, KBDE-FM, KLTD-FM, and KRYH-LP; and AM stations News Radio 1400, and a number of other nearby radio stations can be heard in Temple. A number of broadcast television channels are available in

310-591: A lawsuit filed by the farmers, and the final segment of I-35 was allowed to proceed, eventually opening in 1975. The Paseo Bridge over the Missouri River in Kansas City, Missouri, was replaced by the dual-span cable-stayed Christopher S. Bond Bridge in December ;2010. The proposed Trans-Texas Corridor toll-road project included one proposal (TTC-35) to primarily parallel I-35 from

372-585: A portion of the city's economy. Temple is largely served by the Temple Independent School District . The district has one high school, three middle schools, nine elementary schools, and three supplemental learning programs (early childhood center, alternative learning center, and an innovative academy high school program). Students within the local school district attend highly regarded Temple High School . In addition to award-winning academic/honors programs in arts and sciences and

434-547: A regional office in the city. Interstate 35 Interstate 35 ( I-35 ) is a major Interstate Highway in the central United States . As with most primary Interstates that end in a five, it is a major cross-country, north–south route. It stretches from Laredo, Texas , near the Mexican border to Duluth, Minnesota , at Minnesota State Highway 61 (MN 61, London Road) and 26th Avenue East. The highway splits into I-35E and I-35W in two separate places,

496-481: A subject of question and uncertainty, and ensure that our safety and security will not be compromised in order to promote the business interests of our neighbors." Fellow Republican Congressman and presidential candidate Ron Paul brought the issue to mainstream prominence during the December 2007 CNN – YouTube GOP debate, where he rejected the concept and also called it the NAFTA Superhighway after

558-641: A traffic-signaled intersection with Bus. I-35-A in Laredo, Texas , just north of the Rio Grande and the international border between Mexico and the US. It has a 17-mile (27 km) concurrency with US 83 . Through Webb , La Salle , and Frio counties, it has a mostly north-northeastern course, turning more northeasterly around Moore . It then cuts across the corners of Medina and Atascosa counties before entering Bexar County and San Antonio . I-35

620-631: A variety of subjects, with strong programs in business administration, information technology, and nursing. Temple College was the first college located in Temple, and opened in 1926. Temple is home to one of the Texas A&;M College of Medicine campuses. It operates in conjunction with the Baylor Scott & White Medical Center – Temple and the Olin Teague Veterans' Hospital Center . The Baylor College of Medicine also has

682-548: Is headquarters to two large, multinational companies, Wilsonart International and McLane Company , as well as parent McLane Group . In addition to some manufacturing, also a developing customer service/ call center industry exists. Temple is also home to the Temple Bottling Company, which produces Dr Pepper (with Imperial Cane sugar ). Temple is within 30 miles (48 km) of Fort Cavazos , formerly known as Fort Hood , and military personnel contribute

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744-561: Is located 16 miles (26 km) north of Burlington at exit 155. Historically, the intersection referred to as "BETO Junction" before I-35 was constructed was located on the old US 75 alignments two miles (3.2 km) south and two miles (3.2 km) east, near Waverly, Kansas . I-35 enters Missouri two miles (3.2 km) southwest of Kansas City's Central Business District as a six-lane highway. After merging with Southwest Trafficway and Broadway, it becomes eight lanes and continues north to downtown Kansas City, where it serves as

806-560: Is mainly parallel with US 69, traversing a vast and rural area of Iowa. I-35 is part of the Avenue of the Saints between Clear Lake and St. Paul, Minnesota. A four-lane link has been completed between Clear Lake and I-380 in Waterloo , Iowa . At Medford , Minnesota , the on- and offramps lead to roundabouts rather than standard cross intersections. This is the first site in

868-639: Is named the Pan Am Expressway in San Antonio. There, it has brief concurrencies with I-10 (with it US 87 ) and I-410 , and it serves as the northern terminus of I-37 . I-35 heads northeast out of the city toward the state capital, Austin . In Austin, I-35 is the Interregional Highway and has a concurrency with US 290 through Downtown Austin. Throughout Austin, elevated express lanes were constructed on either side of

930-468: Is not possible to go from westbound I-94 to northbound I-35W, from southbound I-35W to eastbound I-94, and vice versa, without resorting to surface streets. On I-35E in Minnesota between MN 5 and I-94 , in both directions, trucks weighing more than 9,000 pounds (4,100 kg) are banned from the freeway, and the speed limit drops to 45 mph (72 km/h). This section was not completed until

992-470: Is situated within a relatively short drive of most of the major cities of Texas: 124 mi north to Fort Worth , 130 mi north-northeast to Dallas , 65 mi southwest to Austin , 147 mi southwest to San Antonio , and 168 mi southeast to Houston . The city is located right on Interstate 35 , running alongside the Balcones Fault with very varied geography. Towards the east lies

1054-852: Is the traffic signal at Hidalgo Street in Laredo, Texas, just short of the Mexican border. Travelers going south can take one of two toll bridges across the Rio Grande and the border, either straight ahead into the Juárez–Lincoln International Bridge , or via Business Interstate 35-A (Bus. I-35-A) through downtown Laredo into the Gateway to the Americas International Bridge . To the north, I-35 terminates in Duluth, Minnesota, with connections to Canada from

1116-635: Is the R.L. Thornton Freeway south of I-30 , which picks up the name heading east. North of I-30, it is the Stemmons Freeway. After passing through Dallas and Fort Worth, I-35's two forks rejoin each other in Denton near the University of North Texas campus. The unified Interstate then continues north to Gainesville before crossing the Red River into Oklahoma. In Oklahoma, I-35 runs from

1178-582: Is the largest employer in town with over 11,000 employees. The Texas State Soil and Water Conservation Board has its headquarters in Temple. Temple is policed by the Temple Police Department and the Bell County Sheriff's Office. The Texas Department of Criminal Justice operates a regional office in the city. The Texas Highway Patrol maintains an office on I-35 in Temple. The United States Postal Service operates

1240-561: The 2020 United States census , there were 82,073 people, 28,276 households, and 18,036 families residing in the city. As of the 2010 census , 66,102 people, 23,359 households, and 15,878 families resided in the city. The population density was 834.2 inhabitants per square mile (322.1/km ). The 28,005 housing units averaged 359.8 per square mile (138.9/km ). The racial makeup of the city was 68.1% White, 23.7% Hispanic or Latino, 16.9% African American, 2.1% Asian, 0.6% Native American, 0.1% Pacific Islander, and 3.3% from two or more races. Of

1302-638: The Baylor Scott & White Medical Center – Temple . Temple's position as the largest city in Bell County was earned largely on account of its medical facilities and its importance as a major railroad junction. In 1886, the GC&SF was purchased by the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway , popularly known as the Santa Fe Railroad or simply the Santa Fe. The Santa Fe's Temple depot was

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1364-638: The Blackland Prairie region (a rich farming area), and towards the west, the terrain rises with low, rolling, limestone-layered hills at the northeastern tip of the Texas Hill Country . According to the United States Census Bureau , the city has a total area of 74.9 square miles (194 km ), of which 70.1 square miles (182 km ) are land and 4.8 square miles (12 km ) are covered by water. As of

1426-669: The CBY-3 Loadmaster , was manufactured by Canada Car and Foundry in Montreal. The sole prototype was extensively tested but failed to gain a production contract. Moving to Southampton, New York , Burnelli remained tireless in his determination to promote his airfoil-shaped fuselage transport planes. In 1955, he adapted his final design, the Burnelli CBY-3 Loadmaster , to carry an expedition of 20 passengers and 41 sled dogs, along with their equipment, to

1488-638: The Dallas–Fort Worth metroplex in Texas and at the Minnesota twin cities of Minneapolis–Saint Paul . At 1,568 miles (2,523 km), I-35 is the ninth-longest Interstate Highway following I-94 , and it is the third-longest north–south Interstate Highway, following I-75 and I-95 . Even though the route is generally considered to be a border-to-border highway , this highway does not directly connect to either international border. I-35's southern terminus

1550-591: The International Baccalaureate (IB) curriculum, the high-school has a thriving athletic program. In addition, small portions of the city are served by Belton ISD , Troy ISD , and Academy ISD . Several private schools serve Temple, including Christ Church School, Saint Mary's Catholic School (PreK–8), Providence Preparatory School (PreK-12), the associated Holy Trinity Catholic High School , and Central Texas Christian School (K–12). Temple College offers two-year associate degrees in

1612-533: The Killeen–Temple–Fort Hood metropolitan area , (Fort Hood was redesignated " Fort Cavazos " in 2023) which as of the 2020 Census had a population of 475,367. Located off Interstate 35 , Temple is 65 miles north of Austin , 34 miles south of Waco and 27 miles east of Killeen. Temple was founded as a railroad town by the Gulf, Colorado and Santa Fe Railroad (GC&SF). The settlement began in 1880 as

1674-733: The Temple Railway Station . Temple has general aviation services via Draughon-Miller Central Texas Regional Airport . While commercial airline service is not currently available in the city, Temple is served by these nearby airports: In 2009, the Texas Department of Transportation (TxDOT) proposed the Texas T-Bone High Speed Rail Corridor that would create a high-speed rail line from Dallas - Fort Worth to San Antonio and another line from Houston that would connect with

1736-506: The University of Texas at Austin and Baylor University are located adjacent to I-35. I-35 then heads to Hillsboro , where it splits into I-35W and I-35E and runs through the Dallas – Fort Worth area. The official milemarkers, along with the route of US 77, follow I-35E through Dallas—I-35W, which is 85 miles (137 km) in length, carries its own mileage from Hillsboro to Denton , as though it were an I-35 loop. In Dallas, I-35E

1798-584: The "Can of Worms". This junction features a pair of left exits from I-35, a stoplight, and lane drops over the I-35 bridge. The national northern terminus of I-35 is at an intersection in eastern Duluth. Drivers' options include merging with London Road/ MN 61 northbound, proceeding through the stop lights onto 26th Avenue East, or turning left onto London Road southbound. Some portions of I-35 in Oklahoma City were already built in 1953, before

1860-495: The "flying wing" mystique. In the 1920s, he produced two biplane transports with large, airfoil-shaped fuselages that contributed a considerable portion of the airplane's lift. His goal was to develop a more efficient airplane that could carry a large payload. Although Burnelli referred to his lifting body transports as "flying wings", his production aircraft invariably retained some kind of a tail, frequently supported by upswept booms that extended rearward. More accurately, Burnelli had

1922-400: The 23,359 households, 32.1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 49.6% were married couples living together, 14.0% had a female householder with no husband present, and 32.0% were not families. About 28.4% of all households were made up of individuals, and 10.7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.44 and the average family size

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1984-636: The FY2008 Transportation Appropriations Act, prohibiting the use of federal funds for Department of Transportation participation in the activities of the Security and Prosperity Partnership of North America (SPP). Hunter stated that: "Unfortunately, very little is known about the NAFTA Super Highway. This amendment will provide Congress the opportunity to exercise oversight of the highway, which remains

2046-432: The GC&SF made Temple a division point. In its early years, Temple was a town of shacks and tents with a large number of saloons and tough characters found in the early West. Locally, it was nicknamed "Tanglefoot" because some residents found that the combination of muddy streets and liquor made walking through the town challenging. Very shortly after the town was incorporated in 1882, two private schools were founded in

2108-494: The Interstate running through Carter Co. and Murray Co. were opened to traffic. The final segment of I-35 (as originally planned) to open was in north-central Iowa , between Mason City and US 20 near Iowa Falls . This segment was delayed due to some controversy. Originally, I-35 was to follow the alignment of US 69 from Des Moines to the Minnesota border, but Mason City's business community lobbied for

2170-522: The Interstate system was created. Through Norman , Oklahoma , the Interstate opened in June ;1959. In Moore , it opened in two parts: the northern half, connecting Moore to Oklahoma City, opened in January ;1960. The southern half, linking it to Norman, was opened to traffic in June 1967. I-35 through Oklahoma largely parallels US 77 . This is in large part due to efforts of

2232-538: The Interstate's terminus via MN 61 to Grand Portage , or north to the border at International Falls, Minnesota , via U.S. Route 53 (US 53) in Duluth. In addition to the Dallas–Fort Worth and Minneapolis–Saint Paul areas, the major cities that I-35 also connects to include (from south to north) San Antonio, Texas ; Austin, Texas ; Oklahoma City, Oklahoma ; Wichita, Kansas ; Kansas City, Missouri ; and Des Moines, Iowa . I-35 northbound begins at

2294-461: The Iowa state line. In the southern sections of the state, I-35 is parallel to US 69 for much of its course. In Des Moines , I-35 has a 12-mile (19 km) overlap with I-80 . The concurrency takes place northwest of the downtown district of the city. At exit 127 of I-80, the overlap turns east and terminates at exit 137 via an interchange with I-235 . North of Des Moines, I-35

2356-510: The Killeen – Temple – Fort Hood metropolitan area, with a population of 420,375, would be within about 45 minutes of Dallas, Fort Worth, Houston, and San Antonio. Temple is known as a regional medical center , with four major hospitals: Baylor Scott & White Medical Center , Baylor Scott & White McLane Children's Medical Center, Olin E. Teague Veterans' Medical Center, and McLane Children's Specialty Clinic. Baylor Scott & White Health

2418-619: The Mexican border up to the Oklahoma border. There are major disagreements as to what impact this parallel route would have on I-35 in terms of traffic, maintenance, and commerce. The Trans-Texas Corridor was first proposed by Texas Governor Rick Perry in 2002. It consisted of a 1,200-foot (370 m) wide highway that also carried utilities such as electricity, petroleum, and water as well as railway track and fiberoptic cables. In July 2007, US Representative Duncan Hunter successfully offered an amendment to House Resolution 3074,

2480-623: The North Pole, but the enterprise was canceled. Until his death in 1964 at the age of 68, Vincent Burnelli championed his "flying wing" designs. The Loadmaster continued to fly regularly as a commercial airliner both in northern Canada and South America. Acquired with design rights by Airlifts, Inc. of Miami, Florida, it went to Venezuela and returned to Burnelli Avionics for refitting with Wright R-2600 engines. The CBY-3 finally ended its flying days at Baltimore's airport in Maryland. In 1964,

2542-592: The Red River at the Texas border to the Kansas state line near Braman . It passes through or adjacent to many of the state's major cities. From south to north, these cities include Ardmore , Pauls Valley , Purcell , Norman , Moore , Oklahoma City , and Edmond . In Downtown Oklahoma City , I-35 has a major junction with I-40 and spurs into I-235 through the north central inner city as heavy traffic follows through

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2604-658: The city into the northern area of the state. Between the Oklahoma state line and Emporia , I-35 is part of the Kansas Turnpike . This section of Interstate serves Wichita and passes through the Flint Hills area. At Emporia, I-35 branches off on its own alignment. This free section of I-35 provides access to Ottawa before entering the Kansas City Metropolitan Area , where it serves Johnson County and Kansas City, Kansas . Of note on

2666-478: The city, with an additional bus connection to Killeen . Temple was founded as a railroad junction and serves as a major freight railroad hub to this day. Both the Union Pacific Railroad and BNSF Railway have mainlines serving the city, and a BNSF rail yard and locomotive maintenance facility are located here. Amtrak serves the city with its Texas Eagle passenger train, which stops at

2728-465: The city: KCEN-TV (NBC), KWTX-TV (CBS/Telemundo), KXXV-TV (ABC), KWKT-TV (Fox), KNCT-TV (The CW), plus several alternate broadcast channels including MeTV, Cozi, iON, MyNetworkTV, grit and local weather. For cable and satellite television service, Temple is served by Charter Spectrum (formerly Time Warner Cable), DirecTV , Dish Network , and Grande Communications . The Hill Country Transit District (The HOP) operates three bus routes within

2790-549: The city: the Temple Academy was organized and a public school was established in 1884. In 1893, the annual Temple Stag Party began, growing out of a private Thanksgiving celebration attended by some of the town's leading men. It was held until 1923. The city became home to numerous medical clinics and the Santa Fe Hospital and Scott and White Memorial Hospital; the two hospitals merged in 1983 and now form

2852-456: The first line. While the location for the connection of the two lines had not been officially established, the mayor at the time, Bill Jones III, made an effort to ensure that connection happened in Temple. Temple would be a stop along the line, regardless of where that connection between the two lines would be. The next year in 2010, TxDOT received a federal grant to conduct a study for a line connecting Oklahoma City with San Antonio, and Temple

2914-484: The late 1980s (although the route was cleared and graded earlier) due to opposition from the historic Crocus Hill neighborhood, which sits only a few hundred feet from the alignment. The four-lane alignment, "parkway" design was a compromise. The truck bypass for this section is signed on I-494 and I-694 to the east of Saint Paul. I-35 has an interchange with I-535 / US 53 in Duluth, Minnesota , known locally as

2976-430: The local economy began with the regional Santa Fe Railroad hospital. Temple now thrives in a complex economy, with both goods distribution and its reputation as a regional medical center leading the way. Baylor Scott & White Health is the largest employer in the area with about 12,000 employees, most located at Baylor Scott & White Medical Center – Temple . Temple is home to many regional distribution centers and

3038-503: The original freeway . Prior to this expansion, this section included an at-grade railroad crossing , which is extremely unusual for a freeway. From Austin, I-35 goes through Round Rock , Temple , Pflugerville , and Waco . In Belton , south of Temple, it serves as the current eastern terminus for I-14 . In Waco, I-35 is known as the Jack Kultgen Freeway, and begins its concurrency with US 77 . The campuses of both

3100-668: The plane to the New York City Police Department , when plans were made to create an aerial police operation. In 1919, Burnelli refined his ideas about aircraft design, after he had built what is believed to have been the world's first large commercial airliner, the Lawson L-4 , in Milwaukee, Wisconsin , for the Lawson Airlines. Burnelli was one of the first American designers to capitalize on

3162-602: The quintessential Burnelli "flying wing" air transport was retired to the New England Air Museum in Windsor Locks, Connecticut , where it remains. Temple, Texas Temple is a city in Bell County, Texas , United States. As of 2020, the city has a population of 82,073 according to the U.S. census . Temple lies in the region referred to as Central Texas and is a principal city in

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3224-455: The route to be moved closer to their city. On September 1, 1965, the alignment was changed to instead parallel US 65 through northern Iowa, which brought the highway much closer to Mason City. This created a long diagonal section through Wright and Franklin counties. Local farmers objected to their farms being bisected into triangular pieces, and resulting litigation delayed I-35 for several years. A November 1972 ruling rejected

3286-576: The route, at several points between Cassoday and Emporia in the Flint Hills, dirt driveways that provide direct access without a ramp, for cattle trucks, may be found in either direction along the highway. BETO Junction is a highway intersection in Coffey County, Kansas , that is the intersection of US 75 and I-35. It derives its name from the four major cities nearest the intersection: Burlington , Emporia , Topeka , and Ottawa . It

3348-465: The second floor of the Santa Fe Railroad depot at 315 West Avenue B, commemorates the significance of railroads for the city and includes a large collection of Harvey House memorabilia. Temple is located northeast of the center of Bell County. It is the second-largest city in Bell County. It is bordered to the southwest, on the opposite side of the Leon River , by Belton, the county seat. Temple

3410-480: The site of the largest Harvey House restaurant in Texas, and the Harvey House organization also operated a dairy and vegetable farm near the city. Harvey Houses provided meals for Santa Fe passengers during stopovers and were also popular with local customers. The chain was famous for its high-quality food and its iconic uniformed all-female "Harvey Girl" waitstaff. The Temple Railroad and Heritage Museum, on

3472-521: The state linked to a major highway to use roundabouts. I-35 splits again into I-35W and I-35E in the Minneapolis – Saint Paul area. The mile- and exit-numbering sequence continues along I-35E. At one sharp turn in I-35W near the junction with I-94, drivers are advised to slow to 35 mph (56 km/h) (although many drivers are able to maintain the speed limit of 55 mph (89 km/h)). It

3534-411: The towns of Wynnewood , Paoli , and Wayne , which fought to keep I-35 as close as possible to US 77. This was successful due to a threat from Governor Henry Bellmon to build a toll road rather than I-35, and legislation preventing state funds for the Interstate from being spent if it were more than one mile (1.6 km) from the U.S. Route. I-35 was completed in Oklahoma in 1971, when parts of

3596-543: The west and north legs of the downtown freeway loop . Along the north edge of the loop, I-35 joins with I-70 immediately west of Broadway and carries six lanes of traffic with a speed limit of 45 mph (72 km/h). Upon leaving the loop, I-29 begins, concurrent with I-35. The two Interstates cross the Missouri River together on the Bond Bridge . After crossing the river, I-29 and I-35 split. I-35 heads north to Cameron, Missouri , and then continues northward to

3658-503: Was $ 42,795. Males had a median income of $ 30,858 versus $ 22,113 for females. The per capita income for the city was $ 25,740. About 10.8% of families and 12.5% of the population were below the poverty line , including 20.0% of those under age 18 and 9.8% of those age 65 or over. Temple's homeless population is approximately 1.9%. Assistance to the homeless is provided by Feed My Sheep and the Salvation Army. Over 100 years ago,

3720-406: Was 3.29. In the city, the population was distributed as 24.1% under the age of 18, 9.2% from 18 to 24, 28.6% from 25 to 44, 20.0% from 45 to 64, and 15.8% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 35 years. For every 100 females, there were 91.7 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 87.2 males. The median income for a household in the city was $ 47,240 and for a family

3782-424: Was in the pathway of that line. In 2013, a consultant for the Texas High Speed Rail Corporation stated that the only two connections being considered for the two lines were a connection in Temple and a connection in San Antonio; they expected to make that decision by the end of 2014. The organization also indicated that they plan to have the high-speed rail in operation by 2025. If that connection occurred in Temple,

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3844-501: Was supported by many prominent civil and military aviation experts well into the late 1940s, but he failed to gain the political and economic backing that would have ensured public acceptance of his unconventional designs. Through various partnerships, he worked for and created a diverse number of companies that would produce his designs, most of which saw the light as experimental or prototype aircraft. The elusive production contracts that he so wanted, continued to elude him. His last design,

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