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36-679: The Burqin Shankou Dam is constructed in the narrow gorge of the Burqin , a right tributary of the Irtysh , in the area where it leaves the Altai Mountains for the Irtysh plain. This is a concrete arch dam 94 m tall; the dam (measured along its curved top) is 311.5 m long and 10 m wide at the top, and 27 m wide at the bottom. The dam creates a reservoir with the volume of 0.221 cubic km;

72-544: A (sparse) chain of guard posts on both sides. In the summer of 1828, the Prussian explorer Alexander von Humboldt visited the Irtysh region on his journey through Russia and Central Asia; he came face-to-face with Chinese and Mongol border guards. The situation in the borderlands in the mid-19th century is described in a report by A. Abramof ( ru ; 1865). Even though the Zaysan region was recognized by both parties as part of

108-617: A few kilometres upstream from the mouth of the Tobol (where today's Tobolsk is situated). The Khanate of Sibir was conquered by the Russians in the 1580s. The Russians started building fortresses and towns next to the sites of former Tatar towns; one of the first Russian towns in Siberia (after Tyumen ) was Tobolsk , founded in 1587 at the fall of the Tobol into the Irtysh, downstream from

144-516: A report published by Kazakhstan fishery researchers in 2013, the total Irtysh water use in China is about 3 cubic kilometres (0.7 cu mi) per year; as a result, only about 2/3 of what would be the river's "natural" flow (6 km out of 9 km ) reach the Kazakh border. Major cities along the Irtysh, from source to mouth, include: Seven railway bridges span the Irtysh. They are located in

180-558: A small coffer dam a bit upstream of the point where the permanent dam is being built. The Northwest China Power Grid (NWPG) derives the bulk of its power from thermal power plants. The Burqin Shankou Dam will reduce that reliance on fossil-fuels. The dam is estimated to produce an equal amount of electricity that is currently generated by the thermal plants using fossil-fuels. This clean energy generation will reduce 325,442 tonnes of CO 2 emissions annually. The Burqin River discharges into

216-542: A water release structure, a water intake system, a powerhouse, two main transformers and four sets of 220 kV transmission lines. The plant is estimated to run 3,555 hours annually, producing 391 GWh of power, of which 390.2 GWh will be supplied to the Northwest China Power Grid (NWPG). As of Oct 2013, the Google Maps satellite view (probably a year or more old) shows the construction site, with

252-795: Is a river in Russia , China , and Kazakhstan . It is the chief tributary of the Ob and is also the longest tributary river in the world. The river's source lies in the Mongolian Altai in Dzungaria (the northern part of Xinjiang , China) close to the border with Mongolia . The Irtysh's main tributaries include the Tobol , Demyanka and the Ishim . The Ob-Irtysh system forms a major drainage basin in Asia , encompassing most of Western Siberia and

288-575: Is applied by some authors, especially in Russia and Kazakhstan, to the upper course of the river, from its source entering Lake Zaysan. The term White Irtysh , in opposition to the Black Irtysh, was occasionally used in the past to refer to the Irtysh below lake Zaysan; now this usage is largely obsolete. The largest tributaries of the Irtysh are, from source to mouth: In Kazakhstan and Russia, tankers , passenger ships, and cargo vessels navigate

324-502: Is available at the Khanty-Mansiysk Airport , located just outside Khanty-Mansiysk inner city. The airline Utair has its head office at the airport. Khanty-Mansiysk is a skiing and alpine skiing centre. Biathlon World Cup competitions are annually held in the city, and tourism infrastructure has been developed here quite well. The city was the venue of the 2003 and 2011 Biathlon World Championships , and in 2005

360-462: Is heavier in the summer than in the winter. The average wind speed is 2.4 meters per second (7.9 ft/s), and the average humidity is 77%. It was founded in 1930 as a work settlement of Ostyako-Vogulsk ( Остяко-Вогульск ). Khanty-Mansiysk is the administrative centre of the autonomous okrug and, within the framework of administrative divisions , it also serves as the administrative centre of Khanty-Mansiysky District , even though it

396-537: Is not a part of it. As an administrative division, it is incorporated separately as the town of okrug significance of Khanty-Mansiysk —an administrative unit with the status equal to that of the districts . As a municipal division , the town of okrug significance of Khanty-Mansiysk is incorporated as Khanty-Mansiysk Urban Okrug . Population: 107,473 ( 2021 Census ) ; 80,151 ( 2010 Census ) ; 53,953 ( 2002 Census ) ; 34,462 ( 1989 Soviet census ) . . Ethnic composition (2010): Air travel

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432-504: Is surpassed in population by Surgut , Nizhnevartovsk and Nefteyugansk . Khanty-Mansiysk is a hyphenated word combining the names of two Russian indigenous peoples local to the region, the Khanty and the Mansi , ending in "- sk " as is typical for the names of Russian towns, which means city. Before 1940, the settlement's name was Ostyako-Vogulsk, as these tribes were previously known as

468-930: Is the Burqin Shankou Dam which will allow to use more of the Burqin's water within China. The first stage of the so-called Project for Bringing Western Water to the East (西水东引一期工程) calls for the construction of a canal from the Burqin Shankou Reservoir to the Project 635 Reservoir on the Irtysh which is located over 100 km upstream from Burqin Town, and which is the source of water for the Irtysh–Karamay–Ürümqi Canal . Irtysh The Irtysh / ɜːr ˈ t ɪ ʃ , ˈ ɪər t ɪ ʃ /

504-603: The Irtysh at location (Burqin Town, the county seat of Burqin County ) that's downstream of most of water user's on Chinese territory; thus, from China's point of view, its water uselessly flows west, into the neighboring Kazakhstan . Although some water is already taken from the lower course of the Burqin for irrigation use within Burqin County itself (e.g., at 47°51′58″N 87°10′41″E  /  47.86611°N 87.17806°E  / 47.86611; 87.17806 ), it

540-417: The Ob , in the oil-rich region of Western Siberia . Though it is an independent city , Khanty-Mansiysk also functions as the administrative centre of Khanty-Mansiysky District , and the administrative center of Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug–Yugra . With 101,466 estimated inhabitants, Khanty-Mansiysk is among Russia's few regional capitals that are not the largest cities in their surrounding area, as it

576-790: The Project 635 Dam . There are also the Burqin Chonghu'er Dam and the Burqin Shankou Dam on the Irtysh's right tributary, the Burqin River and the Jilebulake Dam and Haba River Shankou Dam on another right tributary, the Haba River . The Northern river reversal proposals, widely discussed by the USSR planners and scientists in the 1960s and 1970s, would send some of the Irtysh's (and possibly Ob's) water to

612-583: The Qing empire , it had been annually used, by fishing expeditions sent by the Siberian Cossack Host . The summer expeditions started in 1803, and in 1822–25 their range was expanded through the entire Lake Zaysan and to the mouth of the Black Irtysh. Through the mid-19th century, the Qing presence on the upper Irtysh was mostly limited to the annual visit of the Qing amban from Chuguchak to one of

648-626: The dam at Ust-Kamenogorsk . Plans exist for the construction of several more dams. Three dams have been constructed on the Chinese section of the Irtysh as well: the Keketuohai (可可托海) Dam ( 47°10′51″N 89°42′35″E  /  47.18083°N 89.70972°E  / 47.18083; 89.70972 ), the Kalasuke (喀腊塑克) Dam ( 47°08′14″N 88°53′15″E  /  47.13722°N 88.88750°E  / 47.13722; 88.88750 ), and

684-491: The (theoretical) possibility of a Chinese fleet sailing from Lake Zaysan down the Irtysh and into Western Siberia. A Russian expedition visited Lake Zaysan in 1764, and concluded that such a riverine invasion would not be likely. Nonetheless, a chain of Russian pickets was established on the Bukhtarma River , north of Lake Zaysan. Thus the border between the two empires in the Irtysh basin became roughly delineated, with

720-797: The Altai Mountains. From its origins as the Kara-Irtysh (Black Irtysh) in the Mongolian Altay mountains in Xinjiang , China , the Irtysh flows northwest through Lake Zaysan in Kazakhstan , meeting the Ishim and Tobol rivers before merging with the Ob near Khanty-Mansiysk in western Siberia, Russia after 4,248 kilometres (2,640 mi). The name Black Irtysh ( Kara-Irtysh in Kazakh, or Cherny Irtysh in Russian)

756-667: The Cossacks' fishing stations ( Batavski Piket ). The border between the Russian and the Qing empires in the Irtysh basin was established along the line fairly similar to China's modern border with Russia and Kazakhstan by the Convention of Peking of 1860. The actual border line pursuant to the convention was drawn by the Protocol of Chuguchak (1864), leaving Lake Zaysan on the Russian side. The Qing empire's military presence in

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792-537: The Irtysh basin crumbled during the 1862–77 Dungan Revolt . After the fall of the rebellion and the reconquest of Xinjiang by Zuo Zongtang , the border between the Russian and the Qing empires in the Irtysh basin was further slightly readjusted, in Russia's favor, by the Treaty of Saint Petersburg (1881) . The Irtysh River serves as a backdrop in the epilogue of Fyodor Dostoyevsky 's 1866 novel Crime and Punishment . In Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn's The GULAG Archipelago ,

828-568: The Irtysh water to the endorheic Lake Ulungur , whose level had been falling precipitously due to the increasing irrigation use of the lake's main affluent, the Ulungur River . In the last years of the 20th century and the early 2000s, a much more major project, the Irtysh–Karamay–Urümqi Canal was completed. Increased water use in China has caused significant concerns among Kazakh and Russian environmentalists. According to

864-556: The Ostyaks and the Voguls, respectively. Khanty-Mansiysk experiences a subarctic climate ( Köppen climate classification Dfc ). The climate is extreme, with temperatures as low as −49 °C (−56 °F) and as high as +34.5 °C (94.1 °F). On average, however, the region is very cold, with an average temperature of −1.1 °C (30.0 °F). Precipitation tends to be fairly low; 553 millimeters (21.8 in) per year, which

900-519: The chapter "The White Kitten" details Georgi Tenno's escape from a camp along this river. Khanty-Mansiysk Khanty-Mansiysk (Russian: Ха́нты-Манси́йск , romanized : Khánty-Mansíysk , lit. Khanty-Mansi Town ; Khanty : Ёмвоҷ , Jomvoćś ; Mansi : Абга , Abga ) is a city in west-central Russia . Technically, it is situated on the eastern bank of the Irtysh River , 15 kilometers (9.3 mi) from its confluence with

936-615: The cities of Omsk in 1716, Semipalatinsk in 1718, Ust-Kamenogorsk in 1720, and Petropavlovsk in 1752. The Chinese Qing Empire conquered Dzungaria in the 1750s. This prompted an increase in the Russian authorities' attention to their borderland; in 1756, the Orenburg Governor Ivan Neplyuyev even proposed the annexation of the Lake Zaysan region, but this project was forestalled by Chinese successes. Concerns were raised in Russia (1759) about

972-493: The dam's hydroelectric plant will eventually generate 220 Megawatt of power. The construction work started in July 2009. In September 2014 the last of the concrete was poured on the dam and it began to impound its reservoir. The reservoir was filled by 30 April 2015 and the first generator was commissioned on 5 November 2015. This dam creates a reservoir with a flooded area of 3.9 km and power density of 28.2W/m2. The dam also has

1008-745: The first Mixed Biathlon Relay Championships took place here, and again in 2010 . The 2011 IPC Biathlon and Cross-Country Skiing World Championships where skiers with a physical disability compete, took place in Khanty-Mansiysk in March–April 2011 as well. Khanty-Mansiysk was home to the 2015 Winter Deaflympics and the HC Yugra of the Supreme Hockey League . The city includes the Ugra Chess Academy, which has been

1044-462: The following cities: As the Kuytun–Beitun Railway in China's Xinjiang is being extended toward Altay City , a railway bridge over the Irtysh at Beitun will need to be constructed as well. Numerous highway bridges over the Irtysh exist in China, Kazakhstan, and Russia. The last bridge downstream on the Irtysh, a highway bridge opened in 2004, can be found at Khanty-Mansiysk, right before

1080-696: The former Qashliq. Farther east, Tara was founded in 1594, roughly at the border of the taiga belt (to the north) and the steppe to the south. In the 17th century the Dzungar Khanate , formed by the Mongol Oirat people, became Russia's southern neighbor, and controlled the upper Irtysh. As a result of Russia's confrontation with the Dzungars in the Peter the Great 's era, the Russians founded

1116-584: The river during the ice-free season, between April and October. Omsk , home to the headquarters of the state-owned Irtysh River Shipping Company, functions as the largest river port in Western Siberia. On the Kazakhstan section of the river there are presently three major hydroelectric plants, namely at Bukhtarma , Ust-Kamenogorsk and Shulbinsk . The world's deepest lock , with a drop of 42 metres (138 ft), allows river traffic to by-pass

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1152-727: The river's confluence with Ob. A number of Mongol and Turkic peoples occupied the river banks for many centuries. In 657, Tang dynasty general Su Dingfang defeated Ashina Helu , qaghan of the Western Turkic Khaganate , at the Battle of Irtysh River , ending the Tang campaign against the Western Turks . Helu's defeat ended the Khaganate, strengthened Tang control of Xinjiang , and led to Tang suzerainty over

1188-638: The venue of the 2010 Chess Olympiad and the Women's World Chess Championship 2012 . In 2010, the Olympic Hotel was built just to house the players in the Olympiad. It also hosted the 2005 Chess World Cup , the 2007 Chess World Cup , the 2009 Chess World Cup and the 2011 Chess World Cup . It hosted the World Rapid and Blitz Championship in 2013 and the 2014 Candidates Tournament . In May 2015,

1224-474: The water-deficient regions of central Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan . Some versions of this project would have seen the direction of flow of the Irtysh reversed in its section between the mouth of the Tobol (at Tobolsk ) and the confluence of the Irtysh with the Ob at Khanty-Mansiysk, thus creating an "Anti-Irtysh". While these gigantic interbasin transfer schemes were not implemented, a smaller Irtysh–Karaganda Canal

1260-687: The western Turks. In the north-east of Irtysh, there is the Yenisei Kingdom , ruled by the Melig family from the Ögedei dynasty of the Yuan dynasty , which ruled until 1361. It was destroyed by the Oirats . In the 15th and 16th centuries the lower and middle courses of the Irtysh lay within the Tatar Khanate of Sibir ; its capital, Qashliq (also known as Sibir ) was located on the Irtysh

1296-457: Was built between 1962 and 1974 to supply water to the dry Kazakh steppes and to one of the country's main industrial center, Karaganda . In 2002, pipelines were constructed to supply water from the canal to the Ishim and Kazakhstan's capital, Astana . In China, a short canal was constructed in 1987 (water intake at 47°26′31″N 87°34′11″E  /  47.44194°N 87.56972°E  / 47.44194; 87.56972 ) to divert some of

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