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32-507: The term buisine (Old French; also, busine , buysine , buzine ) descends from Buccina , a Roman military horn. The horn was mainly used for military and ceremonial purposes. When Europeans went to the crusades, the instrument was seen as a proper military target (in the same way a flag or pendant was), something to capture and bring home. The term añafil descends from al-Nafir , the Persian-Arab Islamic trumpet which

64-486: A Roman general, who had been surrounded by the enemy, escaped during the night by means of the stratagem of leaving behind him a buccinator (trumpeter), who sounded the watches throughout the night. In the final section of his orchestral work Pini di Roma ( Pines of Rome ), Respighi calls for six instruments of different ranges notated as "Buccine" (Italian plural), although he expected them to be played on modern saxhorns or flugelhorns . He also calls for three in

96-470: A cup-shaped mouthpiece . The tube is bent round upon itself from the mouthpiece to the bell in the shape of a broad C and is strengthened by means of a bar across the curve, which the performer grasps while playing to steady the instrument; the bell curves over his head or shoulder. The buccina was used for the announcement of night watches, to summon soldiers by means of the special signal known as classicum , and to give orders. Frontinus relates that

128-952: A loud, buzzing sound which makes them so popular for events and ceremonies. The buisine, unlike coiled trumpets, sends vibration through the tube uninterrupted. This results in a louder sound as well as the sound appearing to come from a distance. The sound of buisine can be compared to that of a military bugle . The instrument plays in a lower register. The sound can be described as powerful, heroic, and substantial. The notes in this register come off as rounded and full. This register can go as low as C4. These notes come off as distinct, strong, and eerie. They are often used to help depict battle stories. The powerful, distinct notes in this register make this instrument useful for events and ceremonies. They are able to attract attention and employ feelings of royalty and power. Buccina A buccina ( Latin : buccina ) or bucina (Latin: būcina ; Ancient Greek : βυκάνη ), anglicized buccin or bucine,

160-442: A set of three configured to lower the instrument by two, one, and three half-steps respectively, which in combination lower the instrument pitch by up to a tritone . Some instruments (e.g. the tuba and euphonium) add a fourth valve that further lowers the pitch by a perfect fourth. German musician and inventor Joseph Riedlin is credited with the first use of rotary valves on brass instruments in 1832. The rotary valve works using

192-556: A short circular rotor (also known as a stock, or "plug") housed in a larger cylindrical valve casing, and rotating on a spindle. Elbow-shaped ports or "knuckles" in the rotor direct the airflow into an extra length of valve tubing when the rotor is rotated 90° and thus lowering the pitch. The ports can be cut or drilled from a rotor made from a solid piece of brass, or sometimes they can be short pieces of tubing brazed into an assembled or cast rotor. Many other innovations in traditional rotary valve design and manufacture have taken place since

224-531: A smaller diameter rotor. German maker Meinlschmidt have patented an "Open Flow" rotor with self-lubricating spiral channels in the rotor spindle and open, circular ports. Horns almost always have rotary valves, and they are found on most orchestral F and CC tubas and cimbassos . In most European orchestras, particularly in Germany, they are also used for trumpets, bass trumpets , and Wagner tubas . Trombone F attachment valves are usually rotary, although

256-627: A very long and slender body, usually one to two metres in length (some were reported to have been at least six feet in length) that tapered toward the end into a slightly flared bell. It is commonly seen in paintings being played by angels and often also bearing the banner of a nobleman. As the herald's trumpet was widely used in Fanfares . These instruments would serve as a sort of timekeeper to announce events and meetings. Their long, tubed shape would allow them to hang flags and banners, which made them popular for events and ceremonies. The term buisine

288-457: Is a brass instrument that was used in the ancient Roman army , similar to the cornu . An aeneator who blew a buccina was called a " buccinator " or " bucinator " (Latin: buccinātor, būcinātor ). It was originally designed as a tube made of either bronze or shells. However, as time went on more materials started to be used. It measured 3.4 to 3.7 meters (11 to 12 ft) in length, of narrow cylindrical bore, and played by means of

320-574: Is first found in the c1100 Chanson de Roland , and it was probably a general term for horns and trumpets rather than referring to a specific instrument. Early trumpets were slightly curved, but the term was applied c1300 to straight trumpets imported from the Middle East during the Crusades . The modern German word for trombone, Posaune , is a corruption of buisine by way of busaun . There were multiple different instruments that were used in

352-487: The French horn in 1814. Until that point, there had been no successful valve design, and horn players had to stop off the bell of the instrument, greatly compromising tone quality to achieve a partial chromatic scale . In a Stölzel valve, the air enters through the bottom of the valve casing, up through the hollow bottom end of the piston, and through a port to the valve loop. The air is then led through an oblique port in

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384-688: The Middle Ages that can be described as medieval trumpets. Historians believe that the advancement of trumpets came from a variety of people. The use of animal horns were used as instruments in Oriental and Roman cultures. Advanced craftsman used these concepts to design the first metal instruments. The anafil was introduced to the Iberian Peninsula at the time of the Muslim conquest which created Al-Andalus ,. and maintained for centuries

416-491: The Vienna valve or pumpenvalve , is a type of valve that preceded the modern single piston Périnet valve. It was first produced in a trumpet in 1821 by Christian Friedrich Sattler of Leipzig . In this valve type, the simultaneous movement of two pistons bends the air flow in two right angles to introduce an additional valve loop. These turns cause constrictions in the bore , that make the instrument harder to play. At first,

448-610: The buisine and clarion were mostly used in England and France. From the late Middle Ages, the anafil begins to lose its character as a war instrument to become a messenger and instrument of protocol. As an instrument of heraldry it took on courtly character in European courts. Progressively, the long tube of the anafil began to curve, and in the Renaissance it continues to curve in the shape of an "S" and twist into loops. By

480-455: The desire to maintain "openness" through the valve section by eliminating 90° bends in the valve and tubing has led to many radical valve designs since the 1970s, such as the Thayer axial flow valve and Hagmann valve . Axial flow valves are an alternative for the traditional rotary valve found on trombones with valve attachments. Patented by Orla Ed Thayer in 1978, it uses a conical rotor with

512-435: The early 1400s it had shifted into a double coiled S-shape, in one form being called the clarion . It evolved until it merged with the baroque trumpet , and was gradually assimilated by the new trumpets and bagpipes. In the 19th century this metal wind instrument incorporates keys and pistons that give it the appearance and functionality of today's metal instruments. At present it is a unique and characteristic instrument of

544-413: The inventor. They work by diverting air obliquely through ports in the stock of the valve, so that a loop of tubing is included in the air stream, thus lowering the pitch. The stock of the valve is cylindrical and moves up and down through a larger cylindrical casing. A small Périnet valve integrated into a trombone mouthpiece, perpendicular to the shank in order to change the throat diameter to facilitate

576-536: The late 20th century to improve their resistance and other playing characteristics. Willson Rotax and CAIDEX valves and Greenhoe valves use vents between the ports to allow air to escape through the rotor as the rotor switches positions. This eliminates the "pop" heard or felt with a traditional rotary valve. Other designs use a larger diameter rotor to accommodate port tubing with a circular or constant-area cross-section, which helps with perceived "stuffiness" of valves; earlier designs used narrow elliptical tubes to fit into

608-523: The music that François Joseph Gossec composed for the translation of the remains of Voltaire to the Pantheon on 11 July 1791. Brass instrument valve Brass instrument valves are valves used to change the length of tubing of a brass instrument allowing the player to reach the notes of various harmonic series . Each valve pressed diverts the air stream through additional tubing, individually or in conjunction with other valves. This lengthens

640-698: The name Moorish nafil , since the Andalusian Arabs used it to execute the sharp parts of the fanfares and military touches. Later, it was introduced to Europe by the Saracen armies and the Christian armies of the Crusades. The buisine is referenced as the forerunner of all brass instruments. The brass instrument known as the busine first appeared in Southern Italy in the 11th century. It

672-494: The older Thayer design on their now discontinued "T" designation trombones. Several other designs of rotary valve have arisen from attempts to create air paths through the valve that avoid the tight kinks in the tubing caused by the traditional rotor ports. In the most widely adopted of these, the Hagmann valve, the rotor has three ports: one straight through, and two when the valve is engaged, which bend only 45° and arise through

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704-527: The opening movement of his Feste romane ( Roman Festivals ), but again notes that they may be replaced by trumpets. The instrument is the ancestor of both the trumpet and the trombone ; the German word for "trombone", Posaune , is linguistically derived from Buccina . The buccina was revived during the French Revolution , along with the "tuba curva" . Both instruments were first used in

736-413: The piston to a short tube connecting the valves where it is then directed through the second valve and out the bottom. This type of valve, however, had inherent problems. It forced the air to double back on itself and the 90 degree turns disrupted the bore, causing significant undesired back-pressure. These problems were improved upon later by the double-piston valve. The double-piston valve , also called

768-542: The processions of the Semana Santa de Cabra (Córdoba), where it is called abejorro (bumblebee). Its modern equivalent is the nafīr , which in the Maghrib is sounded from the minarets in the month of Ramadan. Unlike modern day trumpets, the buisine does not have piston or rotary valves to change pitches chromatically. This limited players to only set notes given within a specific harmonic series. The buisine makes

800-486: The smooth legato and natural horn –like timbre. The Vienna system was in common use in Germany on many brass instruments including trumpets up to 1850, and as Système Belge on valve trombones in Belgium into the early 20th Century. The modern piston valve found in the majority of valved brass instruments today was invented by François Périnet in 1838 and patented in 1839. They are sometimes called Périnet valves after

832-479: The spindle axis parallel to the tubing, and deflecting the direction of the airflow by only 28° or less. Several subsequent patents attempted to address its reliability and leakage problems using spring tensioners and lighter rotor materials, and a 2011 patent greatly improved the action, stability and reliability of the valve by mounting bearings at both ends of the rotor spindle. Vincent Bach use this design for their "Infinity Valve" on their "AF" trombones, replacing

864-520: The top of the valve casing, instead of through the rotor plane. The S.E. Shires "Tru-Bore" valve is similar but uses a completely straight path in the default position, as well as simpler manufacturing and improved reliability. Earlier three-port valve designs, such as the Miller valve and the Selmer "K" valve, use a taller cylinder to deflect the air though two S-shaped knuckles, rather than emerging through

896-428: The two pistons were operated by a lever connected with braces, but the later Vienna model of these valves was operated by long rods connecting the pistons to spring-loaded keys on the other side of the instrument. While they have fallen out of favor compared to modern valves in almost all places, they are often called "Vienna valves" because they are still used almost exclusively in Vienna , Austria, where players prefer

928-440: The upper register, was patented by Charles E. Stacy in 1924. Adolph Sax invented instruments with six independent piston valves (three for each hand), but only the most dexterous musicians were able to play them. The long lengths of extra tubing used by each of the six valves also made the instruments heavy and cumbersome to play. Modern valve brass instruments not using either rotary or Vienna valves use this type of valve in

960-530: The vibrating air column thus lowering the fundamental tone and associated harmonic series produced by the instrument. Valves in brass instruments require regular maintenance and lubrication to ensure fast and reliable movement. The first musical instruments with piston valves were developed just after the start of the 19th century. The first of these types was the Stölzel valve, bearing the name of its inventor Heinrich Stölzel , who first applied these valves to

992-560: Was introduced in two forms; one with a conical, curved tube called the Cornu , and one with a straight, cylindrical shape. A smaller version of the buisine , known as the clarion , was also popular during these times. The clarion plays in the same register as its counterparts, but plays in a higher pitch due to its smaller structure. The Roman cornu was popular in Europe and the Orient, while

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1024-608: Was used by Moorish armies in Spain, before the Crusades. By the Reconquista (722–1492) when residents of the future Spain retook the Iberian Peninsula, añafil was part of the nation's language. The image that is among Europe's earliest representation of the instrument came from this tradition, in the 13th century Spanish work, the Cantigas de Santa Maria . The buisine — añafil is precursor of today's fanfare trumpet , it had

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