A bus driver , bus operator , or bus captain is a person who drives buses for a living.
74-523: Bus drivers must have a special license above and beyond a regular driver's licence . Bus drivers typically drive their vehicles between bus stations or stops. Bus drivers often drop off and pick up passengers on a predetermined route schedule. In British English a different term, coach driver, is used for drivers on privately booked long-distance routes, tours and school trips. There are various types of bus drivers, including transit drivers, school bus drivers and tour bus drivers. Bus drivers may work for
148-740: A Driver's licence (issued in an Australian state or territory) for the class of vehicle they drive. Additionally, they are required to possess a driver authorisation to drive a bus (also issued by the state or territory). This has different names in different states, for example, Driver Authorisation in Queensland, Driver Accreditation in Victoria, General Driver Authorisation in New South Wales, Public Passenger Vehicle Ancillary Certificate in Tasmania and so on. This authorisation entails
222-658: A de facto or government-issued identification document for the holder. The American Association of Motor Vehicle Administrators provides a standard for the design of driving permits and identification cards issued by AAMVA member jurisdictions, which include all 50 US states, the District of Columbia, and Canadian territories and provinces. The newest card design standard released is the 2020 AAMVA DL/ID Card Design Standard (CDS). The AAMVA standard generally follows part 1 and part 2 of ISO/IEC 18013-1 (ISO compliant driving license). The ISO standard in turn specifies requirements for
296-537: A bank account and perform any other activities that require official identification. Identification cards serve as government-issued photo ID but do not enable a person to operate a motor vehicle, a fact typically noted on the ID via the phrase 'Not a driver's licence' or similar wording. This type of photo ID is referred to as a Photo Card in some jurisdictions (for example, the Ontario Photo Card). In Canada and
370-626: A card that is aligned with the UN Conventions on Road Traffic, namely the Geneva Convention on Road Traffic and the Vienna Convention on Road Traffic . Most government issuers of driving permits also provide a government-issued identification card with similar attributes to those residents within their jurisdictions who do not have or maintain a valid driving permit, making it easier for them to do things such as open
444-690: A certain period. The minimum driving age in India is 16 to drive any kind of gearless motorcycle like scooters and mopeds, and 18 for cars, three wheelers (with automatic or manual transmissions) and motorcycles with gear like motorcycles or scooters with manual transmissions. Unlike certain countries which issue driving licenses based on the engine capacity of vehicles, transmission is the only criteria for issuing licenses in India. Every state and union territory have Regional Transport Offices (RTO/RTA) which issue their own driving licenses to people living in their jurisdictions. Drivers are legally obliged to carry
518-516: A city, public ( state and national/ federal ) governments, school boards, and private enterprises, such as charter companies which run tour buses. Coach captains in Australia are frequently freelance sub-contractors who work for various bus and coach companies. When there is no conductor present, the driver is the sole operator of the service and handles ticketing and interaction with customers, in addition to driving. An intercity bus driver
592-536: A class 3 or class 4 license to drive. Some companies have different rules. Most bus captains in Singapore work for the major public operators in the country such as SBS Transit and SMRT . Tower Transit Singapore and Go-Ahead Singapore are foreign bus companies operating in Singapore. An average bus captain makes about $ 2000 to $ 3000 a month. Although some companies have been offering more recently. Most bus captains tend to work long hours and raises concerns for
666-421: A driving permit is 18 for private cars, light goods vehicle, motorcycles and motortricycles. For commercial vehicles the age is 21. Drivers are legally obliged to carry a valid driving licence whilst driving and this must be produced if required to do so by a police officer. People older than 70 have to undergo strict medical tests in order to obtain a permit that has limited validity and requires renewal after
740-482: A driving permit is not valid for identification in every European country. In the United Kingdom, most drivers are not required to carry their "Driving Licence". A driver may be required by a constable or vehicle examiner to produce this, but may provide it at a specified police station within seven days; the police issue a form for this purpose. In Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway, Spain and Sweden,
814-493: A factor that is oftentimes unavoidable on a bus, means the odds of influenza for bus drivers is elevated. Various strategies have been implemented (especially during the COVID-19 pandemic) to decrease the spread of airborne illnesses to bus drivers given their susceptibility. These include improving ventilation on buses and making personal protective equipment (PPE) readily available on the job. Mental health and well-being play
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#1732782948420888-468: A huge role in drivers' abilities to properly operate buses, therefore putting themselves and passengers at risk when under emotional stress. According to a systematic review in Mental Health and Prevention published in 2024, many drivers report a lack of recognition in money, esteem, or status for their work efforts. This can directly increase the likelihood of stress and could partly be attributed to
962-466: A licensed driver accompanying them. Driving a vehicle on public roads without a licensed driver or a trainer is a offence which attracts fines. After the training, people apply for a permanent driving license test at their nearest RTOs. This can be done anytime before the expiry of the LL. A person is given a total of three attempts in these six months, and if one fails the third attempt, they have to go through
1036-592: A national scale, establishing a system of tests and driver's education requirements that was adopted in other countries. Other countries in Europe also introduced driving tests during the twentieth century, the last of them being Belgium where, until as recently as 1977, it was possible to purchase and hold a permit without having to undergo a driving test. As traffic-related fatalities soared in North America, public outcry provoked legislators to begin studying
1110-534: A number of countries should have grey covers with white pages and that "The entire last page shall be drawn up in French". In 1968, the Vienna Convention on Road Traffic , ratified in 1977 and further updated in 2011, further modernised these agreements. Its main regulations about drivers permits are in Annex 6 (Domestic Driving Permit) and Annex 7 (International Driving Permit). The currently active version of those
1184-645: A passport for land and sea (but not air) border crossings between the US and Canada. The EDL program was also previously offered in Ontario and Quebec, but is no longer offered there. In the Dominican Republic, the driving permit number is the same as the citizen's ID number. In Venezuela, the driving permit number is the same as the citizen's ID number. In the United States, New Zealand, Australia,
1258-401: A permit is issued after the recipient has passed a driving test, while in others a person acquires their permit or a learner's permit before beginning to drive. Different categories of permit often exist for different types of motor vehicles, particularly large trucks and passenger vehicles. The difficulty of the driving test varies considerably between jurisdictions, as do factors such as age and
1332-471: A person had to do was drive six metres forward and then reverse six metres. The test was updated to make it more difficult; now the applicant has to get 8 out of 10 answers correct in a computer test, then pass a forward and reverse S-track test in addition to an assessment of parking skills. Driver's licensing in Ghana is conducted by the nation's Driver and Vehicle Licensing Authority . The legal driving age
1406-513: A recruitment crisis in some British cities. As of 2016, there are approximately 687,200 U.S. employed bus drivers. One of the most common jobs in the United States for a bus driver is to work for a public school or a public school district , transporting students aboard a school bus to and from the school building and school events. As of 2004, 71% of bus drivers in the U.S. were employed by schools. In other countries, school transport
1480-484: A regular review of driving history, criminal history, and medical assessment for fitness to drive. In 2012, Australia had a fleet of 90,599 buses and collectively travelled about 2.0 billion km. The average age of the national fleet is 11.0 years. In 2011, there were 40,900 bus and coach drivers employed in the industry. They work an average of 41.7 hours/week and the average age is 54 years. The main employing industries are Transport, Postal and Warehousing 87.4%, and
1554-434: A route, then driving the route under supervision of an experienced driver, or driving the route unsupervised without any passengers. After passing the training, most new hires will only work as backups until a permanent position can be offered. Intercity bus drivers are provided with a lot of independence, though they are expected to follow a particular route and schedule as determined by their employer. On shorter routes, it
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#17327829484201628-483: A service bus driver may drive for 5.5 hours without a break in the UK. People with certain medical conditions are excluded from becoming bus drivers. Some of these conditions include migraines (if they affect vision), alcoholism and epilepsy . Because of the additional workload many buses are fitted with closed-circuit television in an attempt to protect drivers from an increasing number of attacks which has resulted in
1702-596: A similar format to a driving permit. Most identity cards and driving permits are credit card size —the "ID-1" size and shape defined in ISO/IEC 7810. A Hong Kong Driving Licence carries the same number as the holder's ID card , but has no photograph. As such, it is not a legal document for proof of age for purchase of alcohol. Upon control, both must be presented. Plans to make the newly phased in Smart ID contain driver licensing information have been shelved. Similarly,
1776-473: A trip in the other direction on a different vehicle, or the driver will drive the maximum amount of time permitted by law in a single direction, stay overnight, and complete a return trip on the following day. When the latter occurs, the employer will often pay lodging and dining expenses for the driver. An issue with intercity bus drivers, especially those on longer routes, is taking short breaks for eating and restroom use. Stopping to meet these human needs
1850-421: A valid driving license in India while operating a vehicle, and it must be produced if required to do so by a police officer. People applying for a driving license for the first time, or adding a class of vehicle in their existing license have to apply for a learner's license (LL) first, which is valid for six months. This legally certifies LL holders as valid drivers as long as they drive only for training and have
1924-412: Is 18. The legal driving age is 18 years old. The permit must include: The legal driving age of Moroccan citizens is 21. In Nigeria, the minimum age to qualify for a drivers licence is 18. The applicant would first attend training at an accredited driving school. Then, the driving school will present the applicant to a Vehicle Inspection Officer (VIO) for a driving test. Upon passing the driving test
1998-413: Is a bus driver whose duties involve driving a bus between cities . It is one of four common positions available to those capable of driving buses (the others being school , transit , or tour bus driving). Intercity bus drivers may be employed for public or private companies. It varies by country which is more common. But many countries have regulations on the training and certification requirements and
2072-426: Is a form of the sharing economy . Lodging is done in a hotel , motel , hostel , or inn , a private home (commercial, i.e. a bed and breakfast , a guest house , a vacation rental , or non-commercially, as in certain homestays or the home of friends), in a tent, caravan/ campervan (often on a campsite ). Lodgings may be self-catering, whereby no food is provided, but cooking facilities are available. Lodging
2146-613: Is a health risk for bus drivers. Bus drivers spending long hours in vehicles may experience various forms of work-related heat stress, especially in warmer months and regions. Heat-related illnesses that can impact bus drivers include dizziness, heat exhaustion, heat stroke, sweaty palms, heat cramps, fainting, heat rash, and fogging in glasses. If left unaddressed, these factors can be a risk to bus drivers and passengers. Occupational heat stress risk can be impacted by environmental conditions, such as air temperature, humidity, sunlight, and air speed. The presence of heat or conditioning sources in
2220-451: Is a legal authorization, or the official document confirming such an authorization, for a specific individual to operate one or more types of motorized vehicles—such as motorcycles , cars , trucks , or buses —on a public road. Such licenses are often plastic and the size of a credit card . In most international agreements, the wording "driving permit" is used, for instance in the Vienna Convention on Road Traffic . In American English ,
2294-587: Is a necessity. But making these stops delays the trip, which many passengers want to be as quick and efficient as possible. Often, the driver will pass these breaks onto the passengers and allow them to enjoy the benefits of the break as well. Intercity bus driving is generally safe but carries its risks for drivers. Accidents occur, which can be harmful to the driver, passengers, and those in other vehicles involved alike. Dealing with unruly passengers can be another challenge, something which operators are not generally equipped to handle. Such passengers can be harmful to
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2368-537: Is an arm of the government under the Ministry of Transport & Infrastructural Development. Drivers can be licensed for class 4 vehicles at the age of sixteen and eighteen for class 2 vehicles. Public transport vehicles are in class 1 and the minimum age is twenty five. A theory based learners licence which has 25 questions is the first step. The questions for this test include diagrams, road rules and road signs and has to be answered in under eight minutes. After passing
2442-432: Is hindered by fatigue or lack of sleep. In the United States, over 60,000 accidents involving buses occur each year and the number is only growing. When on shift, drivers must remain alert of their surroundings and there is increasing concern around driver alertness and fatigue. Fatigue can be due to deregulation of circadian rhythm , workload, as well as loss of sleep. For drivers who work at night and experience sleep during
2516-436: Is in force in each contracting party no later than "29 March 2011" (Article 43). Article 41 of the convention describes key requirements: In 2018, ISO/IEC standard 18013 was published which established guidelines for the design format and data content of an ISO-compliant driving licence (IDL). The design approach is to establish a secure domestic driving permit (DDP) and accompanying booklet for international use, instead of
2590-479: Is in tandem with the health of their passengers, themselves, and others on the road. Diesel exhaust exposure to bus drivers are possibilities due to the nature of the occupation. Diesel particulate matter (DPM) has been classified by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) as a possible carcinogen to humans and poses serious health risks due to its small particle size. The small size of
2664-553: Is often provided by the same companies that run other bus services in the area, so school bus driver is not a separate position. In the United States, finding a position as a bus driver usually requires that the individual possess a commercial driver's license (CDL) and specialized training for the vehicle, as well as a Passenger endorsement. Various other educational and vocational training are usually required, but this varies from place to place. Driver%27s licence A driver's license , driving licence , or driving permit
2738-416: Is possible for a driver to make a round trip and return home on the same day, and sometimes to complete a round trip multiple times in a single day. On longer routes that exceed or come close to the maximum number of hours an operator can legally drive, drivers will be changed over the course of the route. Either the driver will drive half the work day in one direction, and switch places before driving part of
2812-562: The United Kingdom came into force on 1 January 1904 after the Motor Car Act 1903 received royal assent . Every car owner had to register their vehicle with their local government authority and be able to prove registration of their vehicle on request. The minimum qualifying age was set at 17. The "driving licence" gave its holder 'freedom of the road' with a maximum 20 mph (32 km/h) speed limit. Compulsory testing
2886-811: The DPM particles range from <1 mm in diameter making it easy to inhale which is an issue when it gets trapped and accumulates within the bronchial and alveolar area of the lung. Workers who come regularly come in contact with diesel exhaust can face health issues like irritation of the respiratory track, lung cancer, respiratory diseases, along with headaches and nausea. Exposure levels also vary from ventilation, bus type, and route as more urban areas likely experience greater traffic and more diesel exhaust. Occupations that use heavy equipment in industries like transportation often deal heavily with diesel exhaust, exasperating potential for health issues with exposure, and occupational hazards for bus drivers. Occupational heat stress
2960-688: The Federal Road Safety Corps (FRSC) Officer at the DLC for biometric data capture. He is given a temporary drivers licence which is valid for 60 days. He picks up the original drivers licence at the BIR Office after 60 days. The minimum driving age in South Africa is 17, when drivers may drive with an adult who holds a valid driving licence, after passing a learner's theory test. At 18, a driving licence can be obtained after passing
3034-464: The French and German statutes as models. On 1 August 1910, North America's first licensing law for motor vehicles went into effect in the U.S. state of New York, though it initially applied only to professional chauffeurs . In July 1913, the state of New Jersey became the first to require all drivers to pass a mandatory examination before being licensed. In 1909, the Convention with Respect to
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3108-747: The International Circulation of Motor Vehicles recognized the need for qualifications, examination, and authorization for international driving. The notion of an " International Driving Permit " was first mooted in an international convention held in Paris in 1926. In 1949, the United Nations hosted the Geneva Convention on Road Traffic that standardised rules on roads, occupants, rules, signs, driver's permits and such. It specified that national "driving permits" should be pink and that an "International Driving Permit" for driving in
3182-575: The Passenger Carrying Vehicle (PCV) practical driving and theory test. PCV drivers also have to possess a Certificate of Professional Competence card which requires extra training to be taken. Service bus drivers in the UK are not subject to the working hours restrictions devised by the European Union if their journeys do not exceed 30 miles radius, but are governed by less stringent UK Drivers' Hours Regulations. For example,
3256-694: The Saudi Arabian government require all drivers to carry an ID card in addition to a driving permit and present them whenever requested. In Saudi Arabia using a permit instead is only permitted if the request is made for on-site inspection/identification purposes, especially at checkpoints. Expatriates may be requested to present their visas as well. In India, Japan, South Korea, and Singapore, driving permit cards are widely used as identification. Many European countries require drivers to produce their permit on demand when driving. Some European countries require adults to carry proof of identity at all times, but
3330-408: The UK, Ireland and sometimes Canada, people who drive commercially are required to have permits. The cost of taking the tests and examinations usually means that an employer will subsidize their drivers. Egyptian citizens are entitled to a driver's licence once they have reached the age of 18. To obtain their licences, applicants must pass a driving test as well as several computer test. To pass, all
3404-456: The United States, the abbreviation DLN is commonly used for a driver's license number. Five states in the northern United States (Michigan, Minnesota, New York, Vermont and Washington) and two provinces in Canada (British Columbia and Manitoba) also offer an " enhanced driver's license " (EDL), which is a driving permit that has an embedded RFID chip and is accepted at the federal level in lieu of
3478-454: The WP.1 of UNECE as a replacement for the current IDP standards as described in the 1949 and 1968 Conventions. The specifications of the layout of the booklet is defined in Annex G of ISO/IEC 18013-1:2018. There are two options; a booklet with some personalisation or a booklet with no personalisation. The booklet shall be marginally larger than an ID-1 size card, with an insert pocket for storage of
3552-517: The ability to sit for the entirety of a shift of up to 8 hours. Working conditions like these can be physical hazards and calls for proper ergonomic conditions. Bus drivers are at increased risk for musculoskeletal disorders and this is often due to poor ergonomics and improper posture. The risks of lower back pain can be exacerbated by sedentary aspects of the profession. This places strong emphasis on workplaces to encourage bus drivers to maintain physical activities outside of work hours in order to prevent
3626-636: The applicant would obtain a certificate of proficiency from the VIO. The applicant then completes a drivers license application form at the Drivers Licence Centre (DLC) or downloads the form online. Afterwards he pays a licence fee online or at the Bank and presents his application form to the Board of Internal Revenue (BIR) Officer and VIO at the DLC for endorsement. After all these procedures he goes to
3700-423: The application of a new license all over again. Lodging Lodging refers to the use of a short-term dwelling , usually by renting the living space or sometimes through some other arrangement. People who travel and stay away from home for more than a day need lodging for sleep, rest, food, safety, shelter from cold temperatures or rain, storage of luggage and access to common household functions. Lodging
3774-530: The bus efficiently, handling the passengers' luggage , enforcing guidelines expected from passengers (such as prohibiting yelling), and dealing with certain types of emergencies. Good communication skills in the native language of the country and other languages spoken by a large part of the population are also key. Drivers must be able to engage in basic communication with passengers and to give them directions and other information they may need. Some countries require intercity bus drivers to fill out logs detailing
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#17327829484203848-510: The bus, increasing their risk of contracting an airborne illness. In addition to factors such as elevated BMI and older age, the working environment of bus drivers puts them at a higher risk of COVID-19, presenting an occupational hazard. In terms of the flu, bus/tram drivers are also vulnerable to contracting influenza. Public-facing occupations heighten the odds of contracting influenza due to limited social distancing, resulting in contact with people who are infected. The lack of social distancing,
3922-573: The card, and for convenient carrying of the booklet. The front cover should include the logo of the UN or the issuing country and the words "Translation of Driving Licence" and "Traduction du Permis de Conduire ". Many countries, including Australia, New Zealand, Canada, the United Kingdom, and the United States, have no national identification cards . Since many people do have driving permits, they are often accepted as proof of identity. In some territories, non-drivers can apply for identification-only cards with
3996-567: The correct answer. Some Driving Licence Test Centres use computers for the test, whereas others require test-takers to complete the test using a test paper and pen. Driving licences are issued by the Tanzania Revenue Authority . The legal driving age for motorcycles is 16 and for other motor vehicles is 18. Zimbabwean drivers licences are issued by the Vehicle Inspection Department (VID) which
4070-823: The day, it negatively affects their circadian rhythm, impairing their ability to stay alert, increasing the severity of potential accidents. Inconsistent and irregular sleep, associated with insomnia , is also a contributing factor in increase of vehicular accidents. This manifests from truncated sleep times, sleep deprivation, or person medical history. There are issues with undiagnosed sleep disorders, therefore going untreated. Interventions and recommendations to better improve occupational health of bus drivers and decrease risks of vehicular accidents include provided diagnoses and treatment of sleep disorders that in turn may address driver fatigue, impairment, and degree of alertness. There are also calls to regulate work-time cycles to assist with issues of truncated sleep. The health of bus drivers
4144-573: The development of depression or anxiety. According to the CDC, anxiety and chronic stress can be risk factors for heart disease. Bus drivers bear responsibility for their passengers while facing various situations - stress, fatigue, long hours of inactivity, passenger distractions, traffic predicaments – all of which contribute to increased risk of vehicular accidents. Multiple of the aforementioned situations require driver alertness and ability to make quick decisions, which may be impaired when driver performance
4218-476: The driver and other passengers alike. There have also been incidents which have occurred involving intercity bus drivers being assaulted by passengers. One such event occurred on October 3, 2001, when Damir Igric slit a Greyhound driver's throat, resulting in seven deaths (including Igric himself) as the bus crashed. Bus drivers work long hours with minimal breaks, and their daily tasks are done independently. These are often physically labor intensive, requiring
4292-433: The driving permit number is listed along with the bearer's national identification number . Banks and public authorities use the same number for customer databases, making the permit fully useful for identification purposes. In Canada, Mexico, and the United States, driving permits are issued by the provinces or states, respectively, (or either country's territories), and do not look the same nationwide. They are also used as
4366-659: The fact that bus drivers are compensated based on distance driven rather than the number of passengers. This incentivizes working long hours which can contribute to mental fatigue due to being mentally vigilant throughout the entire work day. Additionally, driver-passenger conflict correlates with psychological distress which can be mediated by the effects of emotional exhaustion and cynicism. This behavior can include disagreements, physical contact, and fare evasion. Complex driving environments can additionally contribute to stress due to traffic congestion and time constraints have been shown to directly increase adrenaline and cortisol levels in
4440-414: The hours of intercity drivers. In the United States , intercity bus driving is one of the fastest growing jobs, with attractive wages and good benefits. Besides the actual operation of the bus, duties of the intercity bus driver include cleaning, inspecting, and maintaining the vehicle, doing simple repairs, checking tickets of passengers or in some cases, collecting fares , loading passengers on and off
4514-411: The hours they have driven. This documents they are compliant with the country's laws regarding the maximum number of hours they are permitted to drive. In the United States, intercity bus drivers are required to hold a Commercial Driver's License (CDL) with P endorsement. The requirements for this vary by country, but require more training than driving a passenger automobile . Safe driving skills and
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#17327829484204588-454: The international driving permit (IDP) paper document. The main ideology is a minimum acceptable set of requirements with regards to content and layout of the data elements, with sufficient freedom afforded to the issuing authorities of driving licences to meet domestic needs. The ISO standard specifies requirements for a card that is aligned with the UN Conventions on Road Traffic. This standard however has no official mandate or recognition from
4662-456: The onset of musculoskeletal disorders. Airborne illnesses such as COVID-19 and the flu are occupational hazards bus drivers face due to limited social distancing on public buses and the essential nature of the job. Bus drivers spend their working hours inside buses with limited ventilation and significant crowding, creating an environment in which airborne illnesses spread. Bus drivers have a significantly higher exposure time than passengers taking
4736-518: The public transport industry in the country. Majority of the bus captains are foreigners because most Singaporeans do not prefer working as such. Companies aim to employ more local workers. Berta Persson (1893-1961) was the first woman bus driver in Sweden. Nicknamed Buss-Berta, she drove the Kappelshamn - Visby bus route between 1927 and 1934. In the United Kingdom drivers must have passed
4810-562: The remainder include Health Care and Social Assistance 4%, Education and Training 3.1%, and Accommodation and Food Services 2.7%. Bus and coach drivers require either a class 2 or class 4 heavy vehicle licence corresponding to the weight and number of axles of their vehicle. Drivers must apply for a P (passenger) endorsement from NZ Transport Agency and hold a large passenger service licence to take fare-paying passengers. Drivers of school buses for special needs children must comply with SESTA requirements. Bus captains generally require
4884-514: The required level of competence and practice. Karl Benz , inventor of the modern car, received a written " Genehmigung " (permit) from the Grand Ducal authorities to operate his car on public roads in 1888 after residents complained about the noise and smell of his Motorwagen . Up until the start of the 20th century, European authorities issued similar permits to drive motor vehicles ad hoc, if at all. Mandatory licensing for drivers in
4958-477: The road test. Small motorcycles may be driven from the age of 16. To obtain a permit, applicants must pass a written or computer-based test to obtain a learner's licence, and then pass a road test to obtain the driving license. Categories for permits include CODE B (normal vehicles), CODE C1 (LDV), CODE EC (heavy trucks), CODE A (motorcycle). The learners licence theory test will contain three sets of questions with multiple answer options; test-takers will have to select
5032-475: The terms " driver license " or " driver's license " are used. In Australian English , Canadian English and New Zealand English , the terms " driver licence " or " driver's licence " are used while in British English the term is " driving licence ". In some countries the term " driving license " is used. The laws relating to the licensing of drivers vary between jurisdictions. In some jurisdictions,
5106-433: The test, the candidate gets a provisional learners license which enables the candidate to drive under supervision from a driving instructor or anyone with a full driving licence. After the theory test learner drivers have to start practical driving lessons covering key driving skills. To qualify for a driving test one must have completed thirty lessons. Skills tested in the driving test include: Minimum age for holding
5180-467: The urine of bus drivers. Early or late working hours can also decrease the quality and amount of sleep for drivers. This has been shown to increase stress levels which in turn also decreases sleep quality, creating a cycle. Stress at work can additionally feed into job burnout, which is associated with alcohol abuse, depression, and sleep disorders. Additionally, emotional exhaustion has been shown to increase pro-inflammatory mediators which can interact with
5254-535: The willingness to obey traffic laws and handle driving under a variety of weather and traffic conditions are essential, as passengers expect a safe trip, and the safety of those in other vehicles on the road is necessary. Those hired as intercity bus are often expected to have prior experience in the operation of a commercial vehicle. This may include the operation of a municipal bus service, school buses , or trucks . New hires by companies are often oriented to their jobs by first riding along for one or more runs on
5328-477: The work area is significant, as well as the clothing an individual wears on the job. Mitigating heat stress can be approached in a variety of ways. The Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) recommends drinking cool water, wearing loose-fitting and breathable clothing, and taking breaks in cooler areas. Easing into work is particularly important. Any new or returning employees must acclimate to warmer work environments. To account for this, OSHA recommends
5402-408: The “20% Rule:” During the first day of an employee's shift, less than 20% of the shift should be completed at full intensity in the heat. Each day, the duration of time spent doing standard work under heat-intense conditions can increase by 20%. Information on heat-related health risks and appropriate measures to mitigate occupational heat stress is available. In Australia , bus and coach drivers need
5476-689: Was introduced in 1934, with the passing of the Road Traffic Act . Prussia , then a kingdom within the German Empire , introduced compulsory licensing on 29 September 1903. A test on mechanical aptitude had to be passed and the Dampfkesselüberwachungsverein ("steam boiler supervision association") was charged with conducting these tests. In 1910, the German imperial government mandated the licensing of drivers on
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