154-612: Mustafa Bülent Ecevit ( Turkish: [mustaˈfa byˈlænt edʒeˈvit] ; 28 May 1925 – 5 November 2006) was a Turkish politician, statesman, poet, writer, scholar, and journalist of Bosniak and Kurdish origin. He served as the Prime Minister of Turkey four times between 1974 and 2002. He served as prime minister in 1974, 1977, 1978–1979, and 1999–2002. Ecevit was chairman of the Republican People's Party (CHP) between 1972 and 1980, and in 1987 he became chairman of
308-581: A South Slavic ethnic group native to the Southeast European historical region of Bosnia , which is today part of Bosnia and Herzegovina , who share a common Bosnian ancestry , culture , history and language . Predominantly adhering to Sunni Islam , they primarily live in Bosnia, Serbia, Montenegro, Croatia, Kosovo as well as in Austria, Germany, Turkey and Sweden. They also constitute
462-510: A referendum in 1987 , he took over the chairmanship of DSP, inheriting the position from Rahşan. His party failed to enter the Grand National Assembly for polling below 10% in the general elections held two months later, so Ecevit briefly resigned before returning as DSP leader in 1989. Emphasizing the need to preserve national unity and secularism in the general elections held in 1991 , he attacked SHP, saying "Do not divide
616-515: A century. By the year 1347, Stephen II was the first Bosnian ruler to accept Catholicism, which from then on came to be – at least nominally – the religion of all of Bosnia's medieval rulers, except for possibly Stephen Ostoja of Bosnia (1398–1404, 1409–18) who continued to maintain close relations with the Bosnian Church. The Bosnian nobility would subsequently often undertake nominal oaths to quell "heretical movements" – in reality, however,
770-550: A continental scale", the speakers of Serbo-Croatian language share a very high number of common ancestors dated to the migration period approximately 1,500 years ago with Poland and Romania - Bulgaria cluster among others in Eastern Europe . It is concluded to be caused by the Hunnic and Slavic expansion, which was a "relatively small population that expanded over a large geographic area", particularly "the expansion of
924-484: A day (reciting the Lord's Prayer ). In time, hesitant steps were made toward acceptance of Islam. At first, this Islamisation was more or less nominal. In reality, it was an attempt at reconciling the two faiths. It was a lengthy and halting progress towards the final abandoning of their beliefs. For centuries, they were not considered full-fledged Muslims, and they even paid taxes like Christians. This process of Islamisation
1078-633: A distinct nation by an alternative name, the use of Muslim as an ethnic designation was opposed early on as it sought to label Bosniaks a religious group instead of an ethnic one. During the World War II, Bosnia and Herzegovina was part of the Independent State of Croatia (NDH), and majority of Bosnian Muslims considered themselves to be ethnic Croats. Even in the early 1990s, a vast majority of Bosnian Muslims considered themselves to be ethnic Muslims , rather than Bosniaks. According to
1232-832: A gradual modification of the settlements with the introduction of bazaars, military garrisons and mosques. Converting to Islam brought considerable advantages, including access to Ottoman trade networks, bureaucratic positions and the army. As a result, many Bosnians were appointed to serve as beylerbeys , sanjak-beys , mullahs , qadis , pashas , muftis , janissary commanders, writers, and so forth in Istanbul , Jerusalem and Medina . Among these were important historical figures were: prince Sigismund of Bosnia (later Ishak Bey Kraloğlu), Hersekzade Ahmed Pasha , Isa-beg Ishaković , Gazi Husrev-beg , Damat Ibrahim Pasha , Ferhad Pasha Sokolović , Lala Mustafa Pasha and Sarı Süleyman Pasha . At least seven viziers were of Bosnian origin, of which
1386-712: A guest speaker. Many lawsuits filed against him on the grounds that he violated his ban on politics with his speeches. When the Populist Party and Social Democracy Party united under the name of the Social Democrat Populist Party (SHP) in November 1985 the Ecevits were criticized for refusing to also merge DSP with SHP, which served to divide the center-left , social-democratic/Kemalist votes. With his ban from politics being finally lifted in
1540-478: A life without Ecevit under the leadership of Ecevit". Another group of DSP deputies, who made a press statement on behalf of him on 5 July, openly criticized Deputy Prime Minister Hüsamettin Özkan , one of the closest names to Ecevit. On 7 July, Bahçeli withdrew support from the coalition, and called for early elections. The next day, Özkan resigned, which was followed by the resignation of several ministers and half of DSP's parliamentary group, with most of them joining
1694-615: A mistake, and that Turkey's destiny with Europe. His foreign minister İsmail Cem was instrumental in what is currently the latest step of Turkish–EU accession, when in the Helsinki Summit in December 1999, Turkey was recognized as a full candidate country for the European Union . Three major EU harmonisation packages were passed during this government, including the most comprehensive package of August 2002, which included
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#17327912527421848-524: A no-man's land due to its mountainous terrain and poor communications. By the twelfth century most Bosnians were probably influenced by a nominal form of Catholicism characterized by a widespread illiteracy and, not least, lack of knowledge in Latin amongst Bosnian clergymen. Around this period, Bosnian independence from Hungarian overlordship was effected during the reign (1180–1204) of Kulin Ban whose rule marked
2002-585: A plurality of the votes and seats in parliament. Ecevit was invited to form a government and formed a coalition with the Islamist National Salvation Party (MSP) headed by Necmettin Erbakan . A general amnesty that saw 40,000 rightists and leftists leave jail was implemented, as well as lifting the ban on opium cultivation that was previously implemented by the military governments under heavy American pressure. The age to vote
2156-427: A politician he continued writing for various newspapers, including the daily Milliyet in 1965, the monthly Özgür İnsan magazine in 1972, the weekly Arayış in 1981, and the monthly Güvercin magazine in 1988. Ecevit also translated works by Rabindranath Tagore , T. S. Eliot , Ezra Pound , and Bernard Lewis into Turkish . Ecevit was successful in these literary endeavors despite never having graduated from
2310-546: A poll from 1990, only 1.8% of the citizens of Bosnia and Herzegovina supported the idea of Bosniak national identity, while 17% considered that the name encompasses all of the inhabitants of Bosnia and Herzegovina. Their main political party, the Party of Democratic Action , rejected the idea of Bosniak identity and managed to expel those that promoted it. The supporters of the Bosniak nationhood established their own political party,
2464-627: A position to encourage their relatives and associates to convert; a desire to escape from the burdens of taxation and other services levied on non-Muslim citizens; and finally, an equally strong desire to escape the proselytizing importunities of Franciscan monks among the Orthodox population. Ottoman records show that on many occasions devşirme practise was voluntary in Bosnia. For examples, 1603-4 levies from Bosnia and Albania implies that there were attempts of such youths and their families to include themselves amongst those selected. It also shows that
2618-527: A race of Sclavonian origin ". In the Slavic languages, -ak is a common suffix appended to words to create a masculine noun, for instance also found in the ethnonym of Poles ( Polak ) and Slovaks ( Slovák ). As such, "Bosniak" is etymologically equivalent to its non-ethnic counterpart "Bosnian" (which entered English around the same time via the Middle French, Bosnien ): a native of Bosnia. From
2772-509: A regional one. When Austria-Hungary occupied Bosnia and Herzegovina in 1878, national identification was still a foreign concept to Bosnian Muslims. The inhabitants of Bosnia called themselves various names: from Bosniak, in the full spectrum of the word's meaning with a foundation as a territorial designation, through a series of regional and confessional names, all the way to modern-day national ones. In this regard, Christian Bosnians had not described themselves as either Serbs or Croats prior to
2926-531: A regressive, simple, and bigoted society could replace it. According to Mitja Velikonja, Bosnia and Herzegovina constitutes "a historical entity which has its own identity and its own history". Robert Donia claims that as Serbia and Croatia only occupied parts of Bosnia and Herzegovina briefly in the Middle Ages, neither have any serious historical claims to Bosnia. Moreover, Donia states that although Bosnia did interact with its Serb and Croat neighbors over
3080-642: A rugged, mountainous terrain precluded cultural and political unity. As Noel Malcolm stated: "All that one can sensibly say about the ethnic identity of the Bosnians is this: they were the Slavs who lived in Bosnia." "[...] Equally, I am begging you; [...] If Bosnians would know that they will not be alone in this war, braver they shall struggle, and neither the Turks would have the courage to attack on my lands...; My father predicted to your predecessor, Nicholas V , and
3234-644: A second migration of "Serb" and "Croat" tribes (variously placed in the 7th to 9th century) is viewed as that of elites imposing themselves on a more numerous and 'amorphous' Slavic populace, however such a paradigm needs to be clarified empirically. Eighth century sources mention early Slavophone polities, such as the Guduscani in northern Dalmatia, the principality of Slavs in Lower Pannonia , and that of Serbs ( Sorabos ) who were 'said to hold much of Dalmatia'. The earliest reference to Bosnia as such
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#17327912527423388-404: A shared "Slavonic-time ancestry". An autosomal analysis study of 90 samples showed that Western Balkan populations had a genetic uniformity, intermediate between South Europe and Eastern Europe, in line with their geographic location. According to the same study, Bosnians (together with Croatians) are by autosomal DNA closest to East European populations and overlap mostly with Hungarians . In
3542-589: A shared history and locality among Bosnians of Islamic as well as Christian backgrounds." The Early Slavs , a people from northeastern Europe, settled the territory of Bosnia and Herzegovina (and neighboring regions) after the sixth century (amid the Migration Period ), and were composed of small tribal units drawn from a single Slavic confederation known to the Byzantines as the Sclaveni (whilst
3696-630: A significant diaspora with several communities across Europe, the Americas and Oceania. Bosniaks are typically characterized by their historic ties to the Bosnian historical region , adherence to Islam since the 15th and 16th centuries, culture , and the Bosnian language . English speakers frequently refer to Bosniaks as Bosnian Muslims or simply as Bosnians , though the latter term can also denote all inhabitants of Bosnia and Herzegovina (regardless of ethnic identity) or apply to citizens of
3850-625: A translator at the General Directorate for Press and Publication ( Turkish : Basın Yayın Genel Müdürlüğü ). In 1946, shortly after marrying his classmate Zekiye Rahşan Aral , he moved to London to work in the Turkish embassy as a press attaché. During his stay he studied Bengali , Sanskrit and Art History at the School of Oriental and African Studies but did not graduate. He also indulged in composing Sufi poetry . Bülent Ecevit
4004-543: A university, a fact that prevented him from ever running for the Presidency of the Turkish Republic . Bülent Ecevit returned to Turkey in 1950 as a journalist, eventually writing for Ulus . Writing about politics made him interested in pursuing a career of it, so he registered with the Republican People's Party (CHP) Çankaya branch in 1954, eventually taking part in its Youth Branch Executive Board . At
4158-535: Is especially the observed similarity between Bosnian, Russian and Finnish samples (with mtDNA subclusters such as U5b1, Z, H-16354, H-16263, U5b-16192-16311 and U5a-16114A). The huge differentiation between Bosnian and Slovene samples of mtDNA subclusters that are also observed in Central and Eastern Europe, may suggests a broader genetic heterogeneity among the Slavs that settled the Western Balkans during
4312-586: Is in other words the north-west of Turkey. The biggest Bosniak community in Turkey is in Istanbul . Yenibosna ("New Bosnia") is a borough, located on the western part of the Istanbul district of Bahçelievler, bordering with the neighboring district Küçükçekmece. The district saw rapid migration from the former Ottoman Empire after the founding of the Republic of Turkey. The origin of the borough's name comes from
4466-584: Is mentioned on several occasions as a land of equal importance and on the same footing as all other [South Slavic] lands of this area." Christian missions emanating from Rome and Constantinople had since the ninth century pushed into the Balkans and firmly established Catholicism in Croatia, while Orthodoxy came to prevail in Bulgaria, Macedonia, and eventually most of Serbia. Bosnia, lying in between, remained
4620-476: Is nicknamed the 'Conqueror of Cyprus' ( Turkish : Kıbrıs Fatihi ). This resulted in an arms embargo by the United States on Turkey which lasted for three years. As a left-wing nationalist, Ecevit initially believed Turkey's destiny was not with Europe. He extended this Eurosceptic sentiment to his economic policy, not only establishing generous social programs and enabling a larger government role in
4774-452: Is not a private living space. This is the highest institution of the state. Those who work here have to abide by the rules and traditions of the state. This is a challenge to the state! This is not the place to challenge! Please put this lady in her place! Kavakçı did not show up to the second session of parliament, and her MP status was later terminated. Bülent Ecevit's trademark was his blue shirt and mariner's cap . Another trademark of his
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4928-730: Is the De Administrando Imperio , written by the Byzantine Emperor Constantine Porphyrogenitus (r. 913–959). At the end of chapter 32 ("Of the Serbs and of the country they now dwell in"), after a detailed political history, Porphyrogenitus asserts that the prince of Serbia has always submitted himself to Rome, in preference to Rome's regional rivals, the Bulgarians. He then gives two lists of kastra oikoumena (inhabited cities),
5082-545: Is to Bosnian Croats. In addition, mtDNA studies shows that the Bosnian population partly share similarities with other Southern European populations (especially with mtDNA haplogroups such as pre-HV (today known as mtDNA haplogroup R0 ), HV2 and U1), but are for the mostly featured by a huge combination of mtDNA subclusters that indicates a consanguinity with Central and Eastern Europeans, such as modern German , West Slavic , East Slavic and Finno-Ugric populations. There
5236-639: The Austro-Turkish war ), Serbian and Montenegrin Muhacirs (in Sandžak particularly Islamicized descendants of the Old Herzegovinian and highlander tribes from Brda region , such as Rovčani , Moračani , Drobnjaci and Kuči ), and slavicized Vlachs , Albanians and German Saxons . According to 2013 autosomal IBD survey "of recent genealogical ancestry over the past 3,000 years at
5390-746: The Bathinum river divides the Breuci from the Osseriates . Some scholars also connect the Roman road station Ad Basante , first attested in the 5th century Tabula Peutingeriana , to Bosnia. According to the English medievalist William Miller in the work Essays on the Latin Orient (1921), the Slavic settlers in Bosnia "adapted the Latin designation [...] Basante, to their own idiom by calling
5544-535: The Democratic Left Party (DSP) . Ecevit began his political career when he was elected a CHP MP from Ankara in the 1957 election and came to prominence as Minister of Labour in İsmet İnönü 's cabinets, representing the rising left-wing faction of the party. Ecevit eventually became leader of the CHP in 1972; his leadership rejuvenated the party by reaching out to working class voters and cementing
5698-527: The Law on Collective Bargaining, Strikes and Lockouts was signed, which as well as expanding social security privileges, finally allowed Turkish workers the right to strike and collective bargaining . By 1965, Ecevit was the leader of the "Democratic Left Movement", a young and energetic left-wing faction in the CHP. His closeness with left-wing politics came from his admiration of the Labour Party and
5852-684: The Mayor of Istanbul Ahmet İsvan , was injured in the attempt in Çiğli Airport. Various testimonies allege that the weapon used in Çiğli Airport originated from the Special Warfare Department . On September 12, 1980 the Turkish Armed Forces seized control of the country. Bülent and Rahşan and most politicians were incarcerated for a month in Hamzaköy, Gelibolu . Along with politicians of all other parties Ecevit
6006-739: The Muslim Bosniak Organisation , and received only 1.1% of the votes during the 1990 general election. On 27 September 1993, however, after the leading political, cultural, and religious representatives of Bosnian Muslims held an assembly and at the same time when they rejected the Owen–Stoltenberg peace plan adopted the Bosniak name deciding to "return to our people their historical and national name of Bosniaks, to tie ourselves in this way for our country of Bosnia and its state-legal tradition, for our Bosnian language and all spiritual tradition of our history". The main reasons for
6160-498: The New Turkey Party , founded by foreign minister Cem. With the resignations, the coalition government lost its numerical support in the parliament. A summit held on 16 July between the leaders of the coalition government resulted in the decision to hold early elections on 3 November 2002. In the vote held in parliament on at the end of July, 449 out of 514 deputies voted to hold an early election. Allegations of corruption,
6314-633: The Ottomans encouraged the migration of large numbers of hardy settlers with military skills from Serbia and Herzegovina . Many of these settlers were Vlachs , members of a nomadic pre-Slav Balkan population that had acquired a Latinate language and specialized in stock breeding, horse raising, long-distance trade, and fighting. Most were members of the Serbian Orthodox church . Before the Ottoman conquest , that church had very few members in
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6468-716: The Ragusans all failed to carry out their promises, while the Venetians flatly refused the king's pleas. The Croatian humanist and poet Marko Marulić , known as the Father of the Croatian Renaissance, wrote Molitva suprotiva Turkom (Prayer against the Turks) – a poem in 172 doubly rhymed dodecasyllablic stanzas of anti-Turkish theme, written between 1493 and 1500, where he, among others, included Bosnians as
6622-485: The South Slavic nation on the territory of the former Yugoslavia whose members identify themselves with Bosnia and Herzegovina as their ethnic state and are part of such a common nation, and of whom a majority are Muslim by religion. Nevertheless, leaders and intellectuals of the Bosniak community may have various perceptions of what it means to be Bosniak. Some may point to an Islamic heritage, while others stress
6776-531: The high growth of 2002–2007 after DSP's fall from government. The Kocaeli earthquake occurred 17 August 1999, killing tens of thousands in Istanbul and İzmit and causing billions in damages. A tax to prevent earthquake damage (also known as the Earthquake tax ) was established after the disaster. During this period, the "Law of Conditional Release and Postponement," also known as the Rahşan Amnesty ,
6930-595: The palace gardens . Always on purely religious grounds, it is also said, by the orientalist Thomas Walker Arnold for instance, that because of the major heresy in the region at the time, oppressed by the Catholics and against whom Pope John XXII even launched a crusade in 1325, the people were more receptive to the Ottoman Turks. In fact, in the tradition of Bosnian Christians, there were several practices that resembled Islam; for instance; praying five times
7084-544: The " Counter-Guerrilla ", the Turkish branch of Gladio, was responsible for the massacres and for the Taksim Square massacre in Istanbul, during which snipers fired on a protest rally of 500,000 citizens, killing 38 and injuring hundreds. In later interviews, Ecevit recalled that he first learned about the existence of Operation Gladio , a secret " stay-behind " NATO army, in 1974. His government issued martial law on
7238-603: The 10th century. It is noted that writers on nationalism in Yugoslavia or the Bosnian War tend to ignore or overlook the Bosnian Muslim ideology and activity and see them as victims of other nationalisms and not nationalistic themselves. The western Balkans had been reconquered from " barbarians " by Byzantine Emperor Justinian (r. 527–565). Sclaveni (Slavs) raided the western Balkans, including Bosnia, in
7392-588: The 19th century historians Joachim Lelewel and Johann Kaspar Zeuss , who considered the name of Bosnia to be derived from a Slavic ethnonym, Buzhans (Latin: Busani ), mentioned in the Primary Chronicle and by the Geographus Bavarus in his Description of cities and lands north of the Danube . According to both Lelewel and Zeuss Buzhans settled in Bosnia. The theory of Slavic origin of
7546-446: The 19th century, and in particular before the Austrian occupation in 1878, when the current tri-ethnic reality of Bosnia and Herzegovina was configured based on religious affiliation. Social anthropologist Tone Bringa develops that "Neither Bosniak, nor Croat, nor Serb identities can be fully understood with reference only to Islam or Christianity respectively, but have to be considered in a specific Bosnian context that has resulted in
7700-420: The 2002 Slovenian census recorded 8,062 people who registered as Bosnians, presumably highlighting (in large part) the decision of many secular Bosniaks to primarily identify themselves in that way (a situation somewhat comparable to the Yugoslav option during the socialist period ). However, such people comprise a minority (even in countries such as Montenegro where it is a significant political issue) while
7854-505: The 2015 analysis, Bosnians formed a western South Slavic cluster with the Croatians and Slovenians in comparison to eastern cluster formed by Macedonians and Bulgarians with Serbians in the middle. The western cluster (Bosnians included) has an inclination toward Hungarians, Czechs , and Slovaks , while the eastern cluster toward Romanians and some extent Greeks. Based on analysis of IBD sharing, Middle Eastern populations most likely did not contribute to genetics in Islamicized populations in
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#17327912527428008-403: The 6th century. The De Administrando Imperio (DAI; ca. 960) mentions Bosnia ( Βοσωνα /Bosona) as a "small/little land" (or "small country", χοριον Βοσωνα /horion Bosona) part of Byzantium, having been settled by Slavic groups along with the river Bosna , Zahumlje and Travunija (both with territory in modern-day Bosnia and Herzegovina); This is the first mention of a Bosnian entity; it
8162-501: The Bosniak identity was largely influenced by the change of opinion of the former communist intellectuals such as Atif Purivatra , Alija Isaković and those who were a part of the pan-Islamists such as Rusmir Mahmutćehajić (who was a staunch opponent of Bosniak identity), all of whom saw the changing of the name to Bosniak as a way to connect the Bosnian Muslims to the country of Bosnia and Herzegovina. In other ex-Yugoslav countries with significant Slavic Muslim populations, adoption of
8316-493: The Bosniak name has been less consistent. The effects of this phenomenon can best be seen in the censuses. For instance, the 2003 Montenegrin census recorded 48,184 people who registered as Bosniaks and 28,714 who registered as Muslim by nationality. Although Montenegro's Slavic Muslims form one ethnic community with a shared culture and history, this community is divided on whether to register as Bosniaks ( i.e. adopt Bosniak national identity) or as Muslims by nationality. Similarly,
8470-495: The Bosnian state was characterized by a religious plurality and tolerance up until the Ottoman invasion of Bosnia in 1463. By the 1370s, the Banate of Bosnia had evolved into the powerful Kingdom of Bosnia following the coronation of Tvrtko I of Bosnia as the first Bosnian king in 1377, further expanding into neighboring Serb and Croat dominions. However, even with the emergence of a kingdom, no concrete Bosnian identity emerged; religious plurality, independent-minded nobility, and
8624-422: The Bosnians, although the religious dynamic of medieval Bosnia is frequently cited. Peter Masarechi, saw four basic reasons to explain the more intensive Islamization in Bosnia: the 'heretical past' of the Bosnians, which had left them confessionally weak and capable of transferring their allegiance to Islam; the example of many Bosnians who had attained high office through the devşirme , and as powerful men were in
8778-470: The European Union . The MHP 's withdrawal from the coalition led to the government's collapse, and in the subsequent 2002 snap election , the DSP was ejected from parliament after being unable to clear the electoral threshold. Ecevit resigned the chairmanship of the party in 2004. He died on Sunday, November 5, 2006, as a result of circulatory and respiratory failure. Ecevit is known for being Turkey's only leftist prime minister. His chairmanship resulted in
8932-430: The Grand National Assembly passed a law to allow for prime ministers and speakers of parliament to also be buried in the Turkish State Cemetery ( Turkish : Devlet Mezarlığı ) in Ankara, which allowed Bülent to be buried there. Upon the death of Bülent Ecevit's wife Rahşan in January 2020, the parliament voted to also have civilians be buried in the State Cemetery, allowing her to be interred there too. A state funeral
9086-453: The Hungarian kingdom and expanded the Bosnian state, in turn incorporating Catholic and Orthodox domains to the west and south; the latter following the conquer of Zahumlje (roughly modern-day Herzegovina) from the Serbian Nemanjić dynasty . In the 1340s, Franciscan missions were launched against alleged "heresy" in Bosnia; prior to this, there had been no Catholics – or at least no Catholic clergy or organization – in Bosnia proper for nearly
9240-416: The Hungarian-appointed bishop was driven out of Bosnia. The Bosnians, rejecting ties with international Catholicism came to consolidate their own independent church, known as the Bosnian Church , condemned as heretical by both the Roman Catholic and Eastern Orthodox churches. Though scholars have traditionally claimed the church to be of a dualist , or neo- Manichaean or Bogomil nature (characterized by
9394-405: The Hungarians to persuade the papacy to declare a crusade: finally invading Bosnia and warring there between 1235 and 1241. Experiencing various gradual success against stubborn Bosnian resistance, the Hungarians eventually withdrew weakened by a Mongol attack on Hungary. On the request of the Hungarians, Bosnia was subordinated to a Hungarian archbishop by the pope, though rejected by the Bosnians,
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#17327912527429548-433: The Kemalist parties. To this day, DSP remains a separate political party from CHP. DSP's fortunes changed after the 1995 elections , when the party won 76 seats out of 550. Ecevit served as deputy prime minister for two years in Mesut Yılmaz 's government, who was assigned to form a government after Necmettin Erbakan was overthrown by the military in the " postmodern coup ". In 1999, after nearly twenty years, he returned to
9702-403: The Ottoman period, Bosnia was perceived as more oriental than the Orient itself, an 'authentic East within Europe'. The English archeologist Arthur Evans , who traveled through Bosnia and Herzegovina in the 1870s, claimed that "Bosnia remains the chosen land of Mahometan [Muslim] Conservatism [...] fanaticism has struck its deepest roots among her renegade population, and reflects itself even in
9856-427: The Ottomans. In the same year, Stephen Tomašević made an alliance with the Hungarians and asked Pope Pius II for help in the face of an impending Ottoman invasion. In 1463, after a dispute over the tribute paid annually by the Bosnian Kingdom to the Ottomans, he sent for help from the Venetians . However, no help ever arrived to Bosnia from Christendom ; King Matthias Corvinus of Hungary , Skenderbeg of Albania and
10010-422: The Roman Catholic Church to Bosnia, the population figures are given as 450,000 Muslims, 150,000 Catholics and 75,000 Orthodox Christians. Generally, historians agree that the Islamization of the Bosnian population was not the result of violent methods of conversions but was, for the most part, peaceful and voluntary. Scholars have long debated the reasons that made this collective acceptance of Islam possible among
10164-432: The Roman times to its final Slavicization occurred in the following order; * Bassanus > * Bassenus > * Bassinus > * Bosina > Bosьna > Bosna . Other theories involve the rare Latin term Bosina , meaning boundary, and possible Slavic and Thracian origins. Theories that advocates the link of the name Bosnia, and thus of the Bosniaks with the Early Slavs of northern Europe has initially been proposed by
10318-487: The SDA to adopt the Bosniak identity, only three years after expelling the supporters of the idea from their party ranks, however, was due to reasons of foreign policy. One of the leading SDA figures Džemaludin Latić , the editor of the official gazette of the party, commented the decision stating that: "In Europe, he who doesn't have a national name, doesn't have a country" and that "we must be Bosniaks, that what we are, in order to survive in our country". The decision to adopt
10472-527: The Serbian state and became politically independent. Bulgaria briefly subjugated Bosnia at the turn of the 10th century, after which it became part of the Byzantine Empire. In the 11th century, Bosnia was part of the Serbian state of Duklja . In 1137, the Kingdom of Hungary annexed most of the Bosnia region , then briefly lost it in 1167 to Byzantium before regaining her in the 1180s. Prior to 1180 (the reign of Ban Kulin ) parts of Bosnia were briefly found in Serb or Croat units. Anto Babić notes that "Bosnia
10626-603: The Slavic populations into regions of low population density beginning in the sixth century" and that it is "highly coincident with the modern distribution of Slavic languages". The 2015 IBD analysis found that the South Slavs have lower proximity to Greeks than with East Slavs and West Slavs , and "even patterns of IBD sharing among East-West Slavs–'inter-Slavic' populations ( Hungarians , Romanians and Gagauz )–and South Slavs, i.e. across an area of assumed historic movements of people including Slavs". The slight peak of shared IBD segments between South and East-West Slavs suggests
10780-473: The Turks. Bosnia became also a strategic base from which the Ottomans launched their armies northward and westward on campaigns of conquest and pillage. The Turks regarded Bosnia as a "bastion of Islam" and its inhabitants served as frontier guards ( serhatlije ). The presence of Bosnians in the Ottoman Empire had an important social and political effect on the country: it created a class of powerful state officials and their descendants which came into conflict with
10934-421: The Venetians the fall of Constantinople. He was not believed. [...] Now I prophesy about myself. If you trust and aid me I shall be saved; if not, I shall perish and many will be ruined with me." - Excerpts from Stephen Tomašević's letter to Pope Pius II . Upon his father's death in 1461, Stephen Tomašević succeeded to the throne of Bosnia, a kingdom whose existence was being increasingly threatened by
11088-468: The Western Balkans, including Bosniaks, as these share similar patterns with neighboring Christian populations. Y-DNA studies on Bosniaks (in Bosnia and Herzegovina) show close affinity to other neighboring South Slavs . Y-DNA results show notable frequencies of I2 with 43.50% (especially its subclade I2-CTS10228+), R1a with 15.30% (mostly its two subclades R1a-CTS1211+ and R1a-M458+), E-V13 with 12.90% and J-M410 with 8.70%. Y-DNA studies done for
11242-519: The abolishment of capital punishment . However progress to EU ascension inevitably hit a roadblock, that being of his making; the Cyprus Dispute . A massive economic crisis which originated from long overdue problems from previous governments, but ultimately triggered by an incident where President Sezer threw a booklet of the Turkish constitution at Ecevit in a National Security Council meeting, specifically when he claimed economic reform
11396-559: The age of thirty two, he was elected into parliament for the first time in 1957 , representing Ankara as a member of the CHP. He was part of the party's delegation to the Constituent Assembly to draft a new constitution after the 1960 military coup d'état . At the age of thirty six, he served as the Minister of Labour in three coalition governments headed by İsmet İnönü between 1961 and 1965. Under his purview,
11550-616: The autonomy of the Central Bank , qualified industrial zones, tender law, and employment incentive law, to name a few. The government also amended 34 articles of the Constitution to widen fundamental rights and freedoms and undertook a number of reforms aimed at stabilizing the Turkish economy. These were in preparation for accession negotiations with the European Union . Ecevit acknowledged that his past anti-EU views were
11704-658: The ban, the Democratic Left Party (DSP) was established under the chairmanship of his wife, Rahşan . When the political ban was lifted in 1987 , he became the head of the DSP. While heading a caretaker government for the 1999 election , PKK leader Abdullah Öcalan was captured in Kenya, catapulting DSP into first place in the election. The DSP-MHP-ANAP coalition (1999–2002) introduced important political and economic reforms, as well as beginning Turkey's accession into
11858-492: The bureaucracy". Questioned about Gülen's statement later on, Prime Minister Ecevit defended Gülen in an interview, saying that he hasn't seen any suspicious behavior in his schools, which provide secular education inline to the principles of Atatürk . While deputy prime minister, Ecevit requested the Italian Ambassador to greet Gülen when he went to Rome in 1998, which drew a reaction from general Çevik Bir . In
12012-523: The burgeoning welfare state he was exposed to while studying in Britain . He pressured his mentor İnönü to adopt a new party program known as Left of Center for the general elections that year , arguing that democratic socialism was the best way to combat communism. The party lost the election to Süleyman Demirel 's center-right Justice Party . In opposition, the party was racked with internal power struggles, as Ecevit and Turhan Feyzioğlu fought over
12166-905: The capital of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Sarajevo . The settlement was initially named Saraybosna , which is the Turkish equivalent of Sarajevo, before it was renamed Yenibosna with the formation of the Republic of Turkey. There are notable Bosniak communities in İzmir , Karamürsel , Yalova , Bursa and Edirne . In the census of 1965, those who spoke Bosnian as first language were proportionally most numerous in Kocaeli (1.2%), Sakarya (0.7%), Kırklareli (0.4%) and Izmir (0.2%). There are currently an estimated 106,000 Turkish citizens identifying as Bosniaks. Bosniaks North America South America Oceania The Bosniaks ( Bosnian : Bošnjaci , Cyrillic : Бошњаци, pronounced [boʃɲǎːtsi] ; singular masculine: Bošnjak [bǒʃɲaːk] , feminine: Bošnjakinja ) are
12320-519: The centuries, it had a very different history and culture from them. 12th-century Byzantine historian John Kinnamos reported that Bosnia was not subordinated to the Grand Count of Serbia; rather the Bosnians had their own distinct way of life and government . The expert on medieval Balkan history John V.A. Fine reports that the Bosnians ( Bošnjani ) have been a distinct people since at least
12474-577: The complex nature of the Bosnian War at the end of the 20th century. As Andras Riedlmayers 's research for the Hague Tribunal demonstrates: What happened in Bosnia is not just genocide, the willful destruction of the essential foundations of one particular community or group of people within a society [....] What happened in Bosnia is also described as sociocide, the murdering of a progressive, complex, and enlightened society in order that
12628-567: The conquest of Bosnia by the Ottoman Empire in the mid-15th century, there was a rapid and extensive wave of conversion from Christianity to Islam, and by the early 1600s roughly two thirds of Bosnians were Muslim. In addition, a smaller number of converts from outside Bosnia were in time assimilated into the common Bosniak unit. These included Croats (mainly from Turkish Croatia ), the Muslims of Slavonia who fled to Bosnia following
12782-408: The constitution to allow for his presidential candidacy in the 2000 election , which he wasn't allowed to partake since he never attained a degree from a higher educational institution. Despite his popularity and parliament willing to amend the Constitution for his candidacy, he refused, instead opting to support the candidacy of independent politician Ahmet Necdet Sezer . Ecevit's last premiership
12936-666: The country. According to the Bosniak entry in the Oxford English Dictionary , the first preserved use of "Bosniak" in English was by English diplomat and historian Paul Rycaut in 1680 as Bosnack , cognate with post-classical Latin Bosniacus (1682 or earlier), French Bosniaque (1695 or earlier) or German Bosniak (1737 or earlier). The modern spelling is contained in the 1836 Penny Cyclopaedia V. 231/1: " The inhabitants of Bosnia are composed of Bosniaks,
13090-474: The creation of new political groups and arrival of small numbers of immigrants caused people to look at themselves as distinct from their neighbours, including the Byzantines." However, the archaeological evidence paints a picture of widespread depopulation, perhaps a tactical re-settlement of Byzantine populations from provincial hinterlands to Coastal towns after 620 CE. In former Yugoslav historiography,
13244-455: The current form Bošnjak (Bosniak), first attested in the diplomacy of Bosnian king Tvrtko II who in 1440 dispatched a delegation ( Apparatu virisque insignis ) to the Polish king of Hungary, Władysław Warneńczyk (1440–1444), asserting a common Slavic ancestry and language between the Bosniak and Pole. The Miroslav Krleža Lexicographical Institute thus defines Bosniak as "the name for
13398-490: The distribution of ancestral subclades like of I-CTS10228 among contemporary carriers indicates a rapid expansion from Southeastern Poland , is mainly related to the Slavs, and the "largest demographic explosion occurred in the Balkans". Principal component analysis of Y-chromosomal haplogroup frequencies among the three ethnic groups in Bosnia and Herzegovina, Serbs, Croats, and Bosniaks, showed that Bosnian Serbs and Bosniaks are by Y-DNA closer to each other than either of them
13552-461: The dress." Ottoman rule affected the ethnic and religious makeup of Bosnia and Herzegovina in additional ways. A large number of Bosnian Catholics retreated to the still unconquered Catholic regions of Croatia, Dalmatia , and Slovenia , at the time controlled by Habsburg monarchy and the Republic of Venice , respectively. To fill up depopulated areas of northern and western Eyalet of Bosnia ,
13706-422: The early Middle Ages. The 2019 study of ethnic groups of Tuzla Canton of Bosnia and Herzegovina (Bosniaks, Croats and Serbs) found "close gene similarity among maternal gene pools of the ethnic groups of Tuzla Canton", which is "suggesting similar effects of the paternal and maternal gene flows on genetic structure of the three main ethnic groups of modern Bosnia and Herzegovina". Bosniaks are generally defined as
13860-537: The economic crisis, as well as Ecevit's poor health resulted in DSP facing electoral wipeout in the 2002 general election , attaining only 1.2% of the vote and losing all of its MPs. The Justice and Development Party (AKP) entered parliament with a comfortable majority and governs Turkey to this day. In a press conference held on 25 July 2004 Ecevit announced Zeki Sezer as his successor to DSP, and resigned as chairman. He officially left active politics in summer, and devoted his remaining years to writing. After attending
14014-502: The economy, but also raising protective tariffs to keep cheap foreign goods out of Turkey. His combative stance against Athens prevented Turkey from joining the European Economic Community jointly with Greece in 1979. After much conflict with his coalition partner and hoping to gain more support for his government through a snap election, Ecevit resigned as prime minister after just 10 months of governing. He
14168-555: The election, Ecevit did not have a majority and was unable to form a coalition, so he formed a minority government which lasted just one month. Demirel subsequently took over as prime minister and formed another right-wing government known as the Second Nationalist Front . In what was known as the Güneş Motel Incident , Ecevit was able to bring down Demirel's government on 5 January 1978, after announcing to
14322-464: The eponymous river Bosna ; believed to be a pre-Slavic hydronym in origin and possibly mentioned for the first time during the 1st century AD by Roman historian Marcus Velleius Paterculus under the name Bathinus flumen . Another basic source associated with the hydronym Bathinus is the Salonitan inscription of the governor of Dalmatia, Publius Cornelius Dolabella , where it is stated that
14476-471: The estate at almost $ 2 billion, while unofficial valuation made by a Medina Court put it at $ 11 billion. In the end Ecevit donated the proceeds of the estate to the Directorate of Religious Affairs for the benefit of Turkish Hajjis , after his retirement from politics. Ecevit had no siblings and would have no children. In 1944, Ecevit graduated from Robert College in Istanbul . He started work as
14630-580: The example of a dualist group in Italy). Catholic sources refer to them as patarini ( patarenes ), while the Serbs called them Babuni (after Babuna Mountain), the Serb term for Bogomils. The Ottomans referred to them as kristianlar while the Orthodox and Catholics were called gebir or kafir , meaning "unbeliever". The Bosnian state was significantly strengthened under the rule (ca. 1318–1353) of ban Stephen II of Bosnia who patched up Bosnia's relations with
14784-603: The exodus of Bosniaks from the Bosnia Eyalet taking place in the 19th and early 20th century as a result of the collapse of the Ottoman Empire 's rule in the Balkans. According to estimates commissioned in 2008 by the National Security Council of Turkey ( Milli Güvenlik Kurulu ) as many as 2,000,000 Turkish citizens are of Bosniak ancestry. Bosniaks mostly live in the Marmara Region which
14938-464: The feudal-military spahis and gradually encroached upon their land, hastening the movement away from the feudal tenure towards private estates and tax-farmers, creating a unique situation in Bosnia where the rulers were native inhabitants converted to Islam. Although geographically located in Europe, Bosnia was perceived as culturally distant. Because of the strong Islamic character of the country during
15092-411: The final days of December 1978 in thirteen provinces mainly in southeastern Turkey, but also in Istanbul and Ankara. With allegations of corruption between Ecevit and the independent MPs, TÜSİAD requesting his resignation by printing advertisements on newspapers, and defeat in the 1979 by-elections , Ecevit resigned as prime minister on 14 October 1979. Without a majority, Demirel returned as premier. In
15246-487: The first being those " en tē baptismenē serbia " (in baptized Serbia; six listed), the second being " εἱς τὸ χορίον Βόσονα, τὸ Κάτερα καί τὸ Δεσνήκ / eis to chorion Bosona, to Katera kai to Desnēk " (in the territory of Bosona, [the cities of] Katera and Desnik). To Tibor Zivkovic, this suggests that from a tenth century Byzantine viewpoint, Bosnia was a territory within the principality of Serbia. The implicit distinction made by Porphyrogenitus between "baptised Serbia" and
15400-533: The former Yugoslavia (i.e. including the Gorani ) to be Bosniaks. Although the official policy of the Austrian-Hungarian government in Bosnia and Herzegovina was the promotion of the Bosniak identity, only a small number of Muslim notables accepted the idea of Bosniak nationhood. In Yugoslavia , there was no official recognition of a special Bosnian Muslim ethnicity. The Constitution of Yugoslavia
15554-507: The former's support for the technocratic military government, Ecevit initially provided ministers to the Melen government , but withdrew support soon after a reaction from his party base. Rumours circulated that CHP would be banned by the military. In the 1973 presidential election , both Ecevit and Demirel agreed to end the soldier-president tradition and voted against Faruk Gürler . The two compromised to support Fahri Korutürk 's candidacy as
15708-584: The funeral of his friend Yücel Özbilgin , who was killed in the Turkish Council of State shooting on 19 May 2006, he suffered a cerebral hemorrhage , went into a coma and stayed in the intensive care unit of the Gülhane Military Medical Academy for a long time. Ecevit died of circulatory and respiratory failure at 22:40 on Sunday, 5 November, 2006, 172 days after he entered a vegetative state. Immediately after his death
15862-522: The government passed an extensive series of comprehensive economic reforms and regulations. These included changes to the tender law, economic social council law, unemployment insurance, the restructuring of state banks, accreditation law, law on capital markets, and establishment of competition authorities. These successful reforms allowed for Derviş to sign off on a $ 20 billion loan from the International Monetary Fund , which enabled
16016-481: The great majority of Slavic Muslims in the former Yugoslavia have adopted the Bosniak national name. As a melting ground for confrontations between different religions, national mythologies, and concepts of statehood, much of the historiography of Bosnia and Herzegovina has since the 19th century been the subject of competing Serb and Croat nationalist claims part of wider Serbian and Croatian hegemonic aspirations in Bosnia and Herzegovina, inherently interwoven into
16170-424: The highest shares of votes CHP or any other left-wing party have ever gained in Turkish history. He is credited for introducing social democratic politics to Turkey by synthesizing Kemalism with social democracy, thus making social democracy a core tenet in modern Kemalist ideology. Ecevit is the last non- AKP Prime Minister of Turkey. Mustafa Bülent was born 28 May 1925 in Istanbul to a middle-class family. He
16324-430: The inaugural session of the 21st parliament elected in 1999 , Merve Kavakçı entered the Grand National Assembly's chamber with a headscarf , which violated Turkey's then strictly enforced laicité laws. DSP deputies protested her entrance, graveling their benches and shouting "out!" Ecevit eventually came up to the podium: No one interferes with women's clothing, headscarves and private lives in Turkey. However, this
16478-469: The junta. This ban on politics did not stop Ecevit from continuing to participate in politics. He refused to associate himself with the successor parties created by old CHP supporters, like the Populist Party and Social Democracy Party . Instead his wife Rahşan Ecevit worked to establish a new political party: the Democratic Left Party (DSP). Bülent was often invited to speak in DSP rallies as
16632-487: The lead up to another military intervention in 1980 , parliament attempted 115 times to vote for a new president. Bülent Ecevit was subject to six assassination attempts. All but one occurred in the 1970s. Five happened in Turkey and one in the United States, the most famous of which took place on 23 July, 1976 in New York City by a Greek Cypriot and on 29 May, 1977 at Çiğli Airport . Mehmet İsvan, brother of
16786-471: The levy took an entire year to be completed. Of the groups sent from Bosnia, unusually, 410 children were Muslims, and only 82 were Christians. This was due to the so-called ‘special permission’ granted in response to the request by Mehmed II to Bosnia , which was the only area Muslim boys were taken from. These children were called "poturoğulları" (Bosnian Muslim boys conscripted for the janissary army). They were taken only into service under bostancıbaşı , in
16940-552: The majority Bosniak populated city of Zenica and Tuzla Canton , shows however a drastic increase of the two major haplogroups I2 and R1a. Haplogroup I2 scores 52.20% in Zenica (Peričić et al., 2005) and 47% in Tuzla Canton (Dogan et al., 2016), while R1a increases up to 24.60% and 23% in respective region. Haplogroup I2a-CTS10228, which is the most common haplogroup among Bosniaks and other neighbouring South Slavic populations,
17094-514: The most renowned was Sokollu Mehmed Pasha (who served as Grand Vizier under three sultans: Suleiman the Magnificent , Selim II , and Murad III ). The Ottoman rule also saw many architectural investments in Bosnia and the creation and development of many new cities including Sarajevo and Mostar . This is mostly because of the high esteem the Bosnians held in the eyes of the Sultans and
17248-686: The mysteries of the Alchoran [Quran], and the Law of Arabick tongue. [...] The Potures [Muslims] of Bosna are of this Sect, but pay taxes as Christians do; they abhor Images and the sign of the Cross; they circumcise, bringing the Authority of Christ's example for it." Many children of Christian parents were separated from their families and raised to be members of the Janissary Corps (this practice
17402-417: The name Bosnia and its possible connection with the Slavic tribe of Buzhans, came also to be advocated by the 20th and 21st century Yugoslav and Bosnian historians such as Marko Vego , Muhamed Hadžijahić and Mustafa Imamović . For the duration of Ottoman rule , the word Bosniak came to refer to all inhabitants of Bosnia; the use of the term "Bosniak" at that time did not have a national meaning, but
17556-452: The once old allies, with at one point İnönü saying "[It's] Either me or Bülent!" promising that he would resign if his party did not have confidence in him. On 8 May 1972 İsmet İnönü lost a vote of confidence to Ecevit in an extraordinary congress. İnönü thus was the first general chairman in Turkish political history to lose his position as a result of a party leadership vote. Despite the conflict between İnönü and Ecevit originally being about
17710-493: The one of peoples who resisted the Ottomans. The rise of Ottoman rule in the Balkans modified the religious picture of Bosnia and Herzegovina as the Ottomans brought with them a new religion, Islam . Throughout the entire Balkans people were sporadically converting in small numbers; Bosnia, by contrast, experienced a rapid and extensive conversion of the local population to Islam, and by the early 1600s approximately two thirds of
17864-432: The party as " Left of Center ". Ecevit became prime minister in 1974 , during which he retracted the ban on cultivation of opium and invaded Cyprus . He formed two more governments in 1977 and 1978–1979 which were marked by increasing polarization, deadlock, and political violence that ended with the 1980 coup . Following the coup, Ecevit, along with most politicians, was banned from politics for ten years. During
18018-478: The party's political orientation. İnönü reluctantly favored Ecevit (who he thought was too young), and in the 18th ordinary CHP congress held in 1966 he was elected secretary general of the CHP. An extraordinary congress held the next year saw 47 deputies and senators led by Feyzioğlu leave the CHP to found the Reliance Party . In 1969, secretary general Ecevit announced a village development program and using
18172-453: The perspective of Bosniaks, bosanstvo (Bosnianhood) and bošnjaštvo (Bosniakhood) are closely and mutually interconnected, as Bosniaks connect their identity with Bosnia and Herzegovina. The earliest attestation to a Bosnian ethnonym emerged with the historical term " Bošnjanin " (Latin: Bosniensis ) which denoted the people of the medieval Bosnian Kingdom . By the 15th century, the suffix -(n)in had been replaced by -ak to create
18326-477: The population of Bosnia were Muslim. Slovenian observer Benedikt Kuripečič compiled the first reports of the religious communities in the 1530s. According to the records for 1528 and 1529, there were a total of 42,319 Christian and 26,666 Muslim households in the sanjaks (Ottoman administrative units) of Bosnia , Zvornik and Herzegovina . In a 1624 report on Bosnia (excluding Herzegovina) by Peter Masarechi , an early-seventeenth-century apostolic visitor of
18480-601: The premiership for the last time to form a minority government in the run-up to the 1999 general elections . In those elections – helped by the fact that Abdullah Öcalan , head of the PKK , was apprehended in Kenya and flown to Turkey during this period – Ecevit's party gained the largest number of seats, allowing him to stay as prime minister in a coalition with Yılmaz's centrist Motherland Party and Devlet Bahçeli 's ultranationalist MHP . Ecevit's coalition partners offered to amend
18634-408: The president, who was an admiral. However, secretary general Kamil Kırıkoğlu still voted for Gürler and he and 32 CHP deputies resigned from the party. The CHP's electability was put to the test in the general elections of 1973 . With the campaign slogan Akgünlere ( To brighter days ), the help of labour unions, and other leftist groups, the CHP won 185 deputies with 33.3% of the votes, winning
18788-754: The press "I am looking for 11 deputies who have no gambling debts." He became prime minister for a third time with a narrow majority by forming a government supported by the Democratic Party , Republican Reliance Party , and 11 independent MPs who defected from the Justice Party to take cabinet positions in the new government. His third premiership was marked by a peak in political violence which manifested in Kahramanmaraş and Malatya against Alevis and CHP supporters and their subsequent reprisals against right wing activists. Ecevit suspected
18942-576: The purely secular and national character of the Bosniak identity and its connection with Bosnian territory and history. Moreover, individuals outside Bosnia and Herzegovina may hold their own personal interpretations as well. Some people, such as Montenegrin Abdul Kurpejović, recognize an Islamic component in the Bosniak identity but see it as referring exclusively to the Slavic Muslims in Bosnia. Still others consider all Slavic Muslims in
19096-584: The rejection of an omnipotent God, the Trinity, church buildings, the cross, the cult of saints, and religious art), some, such as John Fine, have stressed domestic evidence indicating the retention of basic Catholic theology throughout the Middle Ages. Most scholars agree that adherents of the church referred to themselves by a number of names; dobri Bošnjani or Bošnjani ("good Bosnians" or simply "Bosnians"), Krstjani (Christians), dobri mužje (good men), dobri ljudi (good people) and boni homines (following
19250-455: The related Antes , roughly speaking, colonized the eastern portions of the Balkans). Recent Anglophone scholarship has tended to downplay the role of migrations. For example Timothy Gregory conjectures that "It is now generally agreed that the people who lived in the Balkans after the Slavic "invasions" were probably for the most part the same as those who had lived there earlier, although
19404-619: The same coach or seat as the man who has been working with equal ardor for a common community; guilty of refusing to pray to God side by side with the man who believes in the same prophet's teaching.” On a State Department fellowship, he returned to the US with a Rockefeller Foundation Fellowship Scholarship in 1957, studying social psychology and Middle East history at Harvard University for eight months. He attended lectures on anti-communism with Olof Palme and Bertrand Russell and attended Henry Kissinger 's Harvard International Seminar. Even as
19558-459: The slogan " Land for those who cultivate it, water for those who utilize it ." Another inter-party crisis occurred in the military memorandum of 1971 , as Ecevit resigned from his position in protest against İnönü's decision to support the military government . He objected the memorandum, saying that it was directed against the Left of Center movement within the CHP. Heated exchanges occurred between
19712-610: The social democratic votes." He also criticized SHP for forming an electoral alliance with the new pro-Kurdish People's Labor Party , and claimed that the SHP "cooperated with the separatists". Despite his partial Kurdish heritage, Ecevit refused to recognize Kurds as an ethnic group in his speeches, and would repeatedly oppose legislation to legalize education in Kurdish and Kurdish television . This stance mellowed upon European pressure when he returned to power in 1999. Despite winning 11% of
19866-433: The start of a religiopolitical controversy involving the native Bosnian Church . The Hungarians, frustrated by Bosnia's assertion of independence, successfully denigrated its patchy Christianity as heresy ; in turn rendering a pretext to reassert their authority in Bosnia. Hungarian efforts to gain the loyalty and cooperation of the Bosnians by attempting to establish religious jurisdiction over Bosnia failed however, inciting
20020-506: The stream Bosna and themselves Bosniaks [...]". According to philologist Anton Mayer the name Bosna could essentially be derived from Illyrian Bass-an-as(-ā) which would be a diversion of the Proto-Indo-European root * bhoĝ -, meaning "the running water". The Croatian linguist, and one of the world's foremost onomastics experts, Petar Skok expressed an opinion that the chronological transformation of this hydronym from
20174-544: The subjects of the Bosnian rulers in the pre-Ottoman era, subjects of the Sultans during the Ottoman era, and the current name for the most numerous of the three constituent peoples in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Bosniak, as well as the older term Bošnjanin (in Lat. Bosnensis ), is originally a name defining the inhabitants of the medieval Bosnian state". Linguists have most commonly proposed the toponym Bosnia to be derived from
20328-460: The territory of Bosona is noteworthy. Subsequently, Bosnia might have been nominally vassaled to various rulers from Croatia and Duklja, but by the end of the twelfth century it came to form an independent unit under an autonomous ruler, Ban Kulin , who called himself Bosnian. In the 14th century a Bosnian kingdom centered on the river Bosna emerged. Its people, when not using local (county, regional) names, called themselves Bosnians. Following
20482-418: The vote in the election, Ecevit and only six other DSP deputies entered the Grand National Assembly. With the ban on the name "Republican People's Party" and the acronym "CHP" now lifted, an initiative to reestablish the CHP came to the agenda. Ecevit was invited to the 1992 congress that refounded the CHP, but he did not attend. While SHP merged under the reconstituted CHP in 1995, he again objected to uniting
20636-503: Was a strong opponent of the invasion of Iraq by the US , though he allowed American planes to use bases in Turkey for their air patrols over Northern Iraq. Even still, he criticized American sanctions on Iraq , which he said caused needless suffering. Ecevit maintained Turkey's relationship with Israel , but denounced the IDF 's raid on the Jenin refugee camp as "genocide" which he later said
20790-438: Was amended in 1968 to introduce a Muslim national group for Serbo-Croatian speaking Muslims; effectively recognizing a constitutive nation. Prior to this, the great majority of Bosnian Muslims had declared either Ethnically Undecided Muslim or – to a lesser extent – Undecided Yugoslav in censuses pertaining to Yugoslavia as the other available options were Serb-Muslim and Croat-Muslim . Although it achieved recognition as
20944-549: Was among the first women in Turkey to paint professionally. Bülent Ecevit's maternal great-grandfather was the Meccan Sheikh-ul-Islam Hacı Emin Pasha, who served to protect the holy sights of Hejaz in the Ottoman Empire . The inheritance of his estate, which consisted of approximately 110 decares of land and 99 acres of the Masjid an-Nabawi was left to him once Ecevit's mother died. One lawyer valued
21098-558: Was an honorary chairman of, presented Ecevit (and Demirel) with the "Award for National Reconciliation in the Field of Politics". During the escalation of the 1997 military memorandum crisis, Chief Public Prosecutor Nuh Mete Yüksel prepared an indictment against Gülen. Footage of Gülen's speeches years ago were broadcast on a multitude of television channels in which Gülen presented about "how they [the Gülen movement ] should be structured in
21252-520: Was banned from politics for ten years, with the provisional Article 4 of the new constitution . He resigned from the chairmanship of the CHP on October 30, 1980. The Republican People's Party and all other existing political parties were banned by the military. He was banned from traveling abroad in April 1981 for his opposition to the military rule. He was twice more imprisoned from December 1981 to February 1982 and August to October 1982 for his opposition to
21406-465: Was disturbed by the racism he witnessed in the American South. On his last day at the newspaper he wrote a front-page article about how strange it was that Americans took it upon themselves to fight oppression in the world while white Americans were “guilty of refusing to drink from the same fountain as the man who has fought on the same front for the same cause; guilty of refusing to travel on
21560-618: Was found in one archeogenetic sample (Sungir 6) (~900 YBP) near Vladimir, western Russia which belonged to the I-CTS10228>;S17250>Y5596>Z16971>Y5595>A16681 subclade. It was also found in skeletal remains with artifacts, indicating leaders, of Hungarian conquerors of the Carpathian Basin from the 9th century, part of Western Eurasian-Slavic component of the Hungarians. According to Fóthi et al. (2020),
21714-639: Was held on 11 November 2006 at the State Cemetery after a funeral prayer in Kocatepe Mosque , attended by approximately a million people from all 81 provinces and from many countries, especially from Northern Cyprus . Five former presidents also attended the funeral. Against the advice of the Turkish military , Ecevit visited Fethullah Gülen 's schools and spoke highly of them. In 1997, the Journalists and Writers Foundation, of which Gülen
21868-401: Was his longest at almost four years. In coalition with parties to his right, some which were old foes such as MHP –Ecevit was also appointed PM by his old rival who was now president, Süleyman Demirel– he was criticized for adopting pro-business policies and abandoning his leftist values. The government passed many important laws, including banking reform, unemployment insurance , a law to ensure
22022-641: Was impossible, caused the value of the Lira to crash in February 2001. Two months later, Ahmet Çakmak, a florist who was struggling from the economic crisis and inspired by Sezer's outburst, ran in front of news cameras and shouted "Mr. Prime Minister, I am a tradesman!" throwing a cash register at Ecevit's direction as he was walking out of a cabinet meeting. Eventually Ecevit hired the World Bank economist Kemal Derviş his economic minister . With his guidance,
22176-517: Was known as the devşirme system, 'devşirmek' meaning 'to gather' or 'to recruit'). Owing to their education (for they were taught arts, science, maths, poetry, literature and many of the languages spoken in the Ottoman Empire), Serbian, Croatian and Bosnian became one of the diplomatic languages at the Porte. The Ottoman period that followed was characterized by a change in the landscape through
22330-501: Was lowered to 18. In July 1974, inter-communal violence in Cyprus once again flared up when pro- EOKA forces staged a coup against president Makarios . Ecevit went to London to meet with British officials, as the UK is also a guarantor state of Cyprus , but a common policy for the situation in Cyprus was not found. Ecevit decided to militarily intervene and invaded Cyprus , for which he
22484-473: Was meant against both Israel and Fatah . İsmail Cem achieved a period of rapprochement with Greece after relations were at an all-time low following the Öcalan affair. Rumors about Bülent Ecevit's ill health were confirmed when he was taken to Başkent University Ankara Hospital on 4 May, 2002, which became a source of national anxiety. He was taken out of the hospital by Rahşan and brought to their home when his condition worsened. Bülent rested at home, but
22638-619: Was named after his paternal grandfather Mustafa Şükrü Efendi , who was an Islamic scholar of Kurdish origin with roots in the region of Tunceli but born in a village in Kastamonu . Mustafa Şükrü's son and Bülent's father Fahri Ecevit was a professor of forensic medicine in Ankara University's Law School . Fahri later entered politics and served as a Republican People's Party member of parliament for Kastamonu between 1943-1950. His mother of Bosniak ancestry, Fatma Nazlı ,
22792-652: Was not a national entity, but a geographical one, mentioned strictly as an integral part of Byzantium. Some scholars assert that the inclusion of Bosnia in Serbia merely reflect the status in DAI's time. In the Early Middle Ages, Fine, Jr. believes that what is today western Bosnia and Herzegovina was part of Croatia , while the rest was divided between Croatia and Serbia . After the death of Serbian ruler Časlav (r. ca. 927–960), Bosnia seems to have broken away from
22946-619: Was not only a politician but also a poet, journalist and a writer. In the 1950s, he worked as an editor for Ulus , and then Yeni Ulus , Halkçı , and Forum . He later reported that both Ulus and Forum were two significant parts of his intellection life of that period. In 1955 Ecevit went to the United States for three months as a guest journalist for the Winston-Salem Journal in North Carolina , and
23100-654: Was not yet finished in the 17th century, as is witnessed by a keen English observer, Paul Rycaut , who states in The Present State of the Ottoman Empire in 1670: "But those of this Sect who strangely mix Christianity and Mahometanism together, are many of the Souldiers who live on the confines of Serbia and Bosnia; reading the gospel in the Sclavonian tongue…; besides which, they are curious to learn
23254-400: Was outflanked when the right-wing parties united to form the First Nationalist Front under Demirel's premiership, during which Turkish politics became heavily polarized and violent. The CHP defeated the Justice Party in the 1977 general elections by gathering 41.38% of the votes, the highest share of votes CHP and any other left-wing party has ever gained in Turkish history. Despite winning
23408-480: Was passed in reaction to the large amount of hunger strikes occurring in prison, which gave conditional amnesty to crimes other than those committed against the state. Advocated for by Rahşan Ecevit, she commented on the outcome of her law in retrospect, saying "I asked for forgiveness for the poor, [instead] the murderers benefited." With this amnesty, the number of prisoners decreased from 70,000 to 40,000, but in three years it increased again to 64,000. Bülent Ecevit
23562-402: Was taken back to the hospital. Rahşan shared her doubts about her husband's treatment with public during this period. Her allegations were denied, but the issue was brought up again in the Ergenekon trials in the following years. Discussions came to the fore whether Ecevit could continue governing while incapacitated. Nine deputies from the DSP issued a statement on 25 June, demanding "to lead
23716-657: Was the dove, in his many campaign rallies Ecevit released doves into the air. The dove is also displayed on the logo of DSP. He smoked Bitlis and Parliament cigarettes and wrote with an Erika typewriter, a gift from his in-law, İsmail Hakkı Okday . He donated his 70-year-old typewriter to the METU Science and Technology Museum . Bosniaks in Turkey North America South America Oceania Bosniaks in Turkey are citizens of Turkey who are, or descend from, ethnic Bosniak people, originating in Bosnia and Herzegovina and other former Yugoslav republics. The Bosniak community in Turkey has its origins predominantly in
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