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77-427: The C band contains the 5.725 - 5.875 GHz ISM band allowing unlicensed use by low power devices, such as garage door openers , wireless doorbells , and baby monitors . A very large use is by the high frequency (5.2 GHz) band of Wi-Fi ( IEEE 802.11a ) wireless computer networks. These are the most widely used computer networks in the world, used to allow laptops , smartphones , printers and TVs to connect to

154-414: A Delta D rocket . In 1973, the name was changed and there were 81 signatories. Intelsat was "governed initially by two international agreements: The Agreement setting forth the basic provisions and principles and structure of the organization, signed by the governments through their foreign ministries , and an Operating Agreement setting forth more detailed financial and technical provisions and signed by

231-403: A brightly glowing plasma . Long-distance wireless power systems have been proposed and experimented with which would use high-power transmitters and rectennas , in lieu of overhead transmission lines and underground cables , to send power to remote locations. NASA has studied using microwave power transmission on 2.45 GHz to send energy collected by solar power satellites back to

308-481: A cost of some US$ 1.6 billion. The technology could compress existing licensed C-band spectrum customers into just forty per cent of the spectrum used in 2019. The release of spectrum would enable the company to receive up to US$ 4.86 billion in "spectrum clearing payments" from the FCC for clearing the spectrum by December 2023, two years ahead of the FCC baseline plan. On 24 February 2022, Intelsat emerged from Chapter 11 as

385-531: A country by country basis. DECT phones use allocated spectrum outside the ISM bands that differs in Europe and North America. Ultra-wideband LANs require more spectrum than the ISM bands can provide, so the relevant standards such as IEEE 802.15.4a are designed to make use of spectrum outside the ISM bands. Despite the fact that these additional bands are outside the official ITU-R ISM bands, because they are used for

462-553: A global communications satellite system, and structurally consisted of three parts: The 1973 Agreement called for a seven-year transition from national to international management, but continued until 1976 to carve out "technical and operational management of the system [to the U.S. signatory] the Communications Satellite Corporation [which had also] served as the Manager of the global system under

539-476: A government license, as would otherwise be required for transmitters; ISM frequencies are often chosen for this purpose as they already must tolerate interference issues. Cordless phones , Bluetooth devices, near-field communication (NFC) devices, garage door openers , baby monitors , and wireless computer networks ( Wi-Fi ) may all use the ISM frequencies, although these low-power transmitters are not considered to be ISM devices. The ISM bands are defined by

616-456: A graveyard orbit 200 to 300 km (120–190 mi) above the geostationary belt where the refueling will be done, "without consequence" to the Intelsat business. As of March 2010, the business model was still evolving. MDA "could ask customers to pay per kilogram of fuel successfully added to [each] satellite, with the per-kilogram price being a function of the additional revenue

693-408: A private Dutch entity, New Skies Satellites , which became a direct competitor to Intelsat. On 18 July 2001, Intelsat became a private company, 37 years after formation. Prior to Intelsat's privatization in 2001, ownership and investment in Intelsat (measured in shares) was distributed among Intelsat members according to their use of services. Investment shares determined each member's percentage of

770-574: A private company with a strengthened capital structure which reduced debt by more than half, from approximately $ 16 billion to $ 7 billion. The company’s plan of reorganization was supported by all creditors and confirmed by the Bankruptcy Court on 16 December 2021. In connection with the emergence from bankruptcy, Intelsat also obtained $ 6.7 billion in new financing including a revolving credit facility, term loan, and secured notes. According to then company CEO, Stephen Spengler, post bankruptcy,

847-486: A year later, John F. Kennedy signed the Communications Satellite Act of 1962 . Intelsat was originally formed as International Telecommunications Satellite Organization (ITSO) and operated from 1964 to 2001 as an intergovernmental consortium owning and managing a constellation of communications satellites providing international broadcast services. In 2001, the international satellite market

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924-638: Is a multinational satellite services provider with corporate headquarters in Luxembourg and administrative headquarters in Tysons, Virginia , United States. Originally formed as International Telecommunications Satellite Organization ( ITSO , or Intelsat ), from 1964 to 2001, it was an intergovernmental consortium owning and managing a constellation of communications satellites providing international telecommunications and broadcast services. In March 2023, rival satellite operator SES confirmed that it

1001-474: Is reserved exclusively for radar altimeter installed on board aircraft and for the associated transponders on the ground. In February 2020, the U.S. Federal Communications Commission adopted rules for the C ;band at 3.7–4.2 GHz that allocated the lower 280 megahertz of the band, at 3.7–3.98 GHz, for terrestrial wireless use. Existing satellite operators will have to repack their operations into

1078-609: The C-Band Alliance . The C-Band Alliance was an industry consortium of the major satellite operators. The consortium had been formed to lobby U.S. regulator , the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) regarding the reassignment and payment for the legacy 5G spectrum of its members. According to company statements, the company was hoping to restructure so that it could raise requisite capital to launch new satellite technology in 2022/2023, at

1155-730: The ITU Radio Regulations (article 5) in footnotes 5.138, 5.150, and 5.280 of the Radio Regulations . Individual countries' use of the bands designated in these sections may differ due to variations in national radio regulations. Because communication devices using the ISM bands must tolerate any interference from ISM equipment, unlicensed operations are typically permitted to use these bands, since unlicensed operation typically needs to be tolerant of interference from other devices anyway. The ISM bands share allocations with unlicensed and licensed operations; however, due to

1232-481: The Intelsat Americas and PanAmSat brands to Galaxy and Intelsat, respectively. Over time, Intelsat has worked with most of the commercial launch services providers worldwide. Their satellites are often among the most massive of their generation, requiring the most powerful and reliable rockets on the market at a given time. In the 21st century, most Intelsat missions were conducted by Arianespace with

1309-622: The International Telecommunication Union's (ITU) ITU Radio Regulations (RR) – defined as « Operation of equipment or appliances designed to generate and use locally radio frequency energy for industrial, scientific, medical, domestic or similar purposes, excluding applications in the field of telecommunications .» The original ISM specifications envisioned that the bands would be used primarily for noncommunication purposes, such as heating. The bands are still widely used for these purposes. For many people,

1386-436: The radio spectrum reserved internationally for industrial, scientific, and medical (ISM) purposes, excluding applications in telecommunications . Examples of applications for the use of radio frequency (RF) energy in these bands include RF heating , microwave ovens , and medical diathermy machines. The powerful emissions of these devices can create electromagnetic interference and disrupt radio communication using

1463-618: The 13.56 MHz band used by systems compliant with ISO/IEC 14443 including those used by biometric passports and contactless smart cards . In Europe, the use of the ISM band is covered by Short Range Device regulations issued by European Commission , based on technical recommendations by CEPT and standards by ETSI . In most of Europe, LPD433 band is allowed for license-free voice communication in addition to PMR446 . Wireless network devices use wavebands as follows: Wireless LANs and cordless phones can also use bands other than those shared with ISM, but such uses require approval on

1540-451: The 2,000 kg (4,400 lb) propellant payload that an MDA Corporation spacecraft satellite-servicing demonstration project would take to geostationary orbit . Catching up in orbit with four or five Intelsat communication satellites , a load of 200 kg (440 lb) of fuel delivered to each satellite would add somewhere between two and four years of additional service life. A near-end-of-life Intelsat satellite will be moved to

1617-872: The 2.4 and 5.7 GHz ISM bands. Bluetooth is another networking technology using the 2.4 GHz band, which can be problematic given the probability of interference. Near-field communication (NFC) devices such as proximity cards and contactless smart cards use the lower-frequency 13 and 27 MHz ISM bands. Other short-range devices using the ISM bands are: wireless microphones , baby monitors , garage door openers , wireless doorbells , keyless entry systems for vehicles, radio control channels for UAVs (drones), wireless surveillance systems, RFID systems for merchandise, and wild animal tracking systems. Some electrodeless lamp designs are ISM devices, which use RF emissions to excite fluorescent tubes . Sulfur lamps are commercially available plasma lamps , which use 2.45 GHz magnetrons to heat sulfur into

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1694-407: The 5.8 GHz ISM band between 5.725 and 5.875 GHz, which is used for medical and industrial heating applications and many unlicensed short-range microwave communication systems, such as cordless phones , baby monitors , and keyless entry systems for vehicles. The C-band frequencies of 5.4 GHz band [5.15 to 5.35 GHz, 5.47 to 5.725 GHz, or 5.725 to 5.875 GHz, depending on

1771-608: The 915 MHz, 2.450 GHz, and 5.800 GHz bands. Because unlicensed devices are required to be tolerant of ISM emissions in these bands, unlicensed low-power users are generally able to operate in these bands without causing problems for ISM users. ISM equipment does not necessarily include a radio receiver in the ISM band (e.g. a microwave oven does not have a receiver). In the United States, according to 47 CFR Part 15.5, low power communication devices must accept interference from licensed users of that frequency band, and

1848-421: The C band is highly associated with television receive-only satellite reception systems, commonly called "big dish" systems, since small receiving antennas are not optimal for C band. Typical antenna sizes on C-band-capable systems range from 6 to 12 feet (1.8 to 3.5 meters) on consumer satellite dishes, although larger ones also can be used. For satellite communications, the microwave frequencies of

1925-429: The C band perform better under adverse weather conditions in comparison with the K u  band (11.2–14.5  GHz ), microwave frequencies used by other communication satellites . Rain fade  – the collective name for the negative effects of adverse weather conditions on transmission – is mostly a consequence of precipitation and moisture in the air . The C band also includes

2002-594: The C-Band Alliance (CBA) was established in September 2018 by the four satellite operators— Intelsat , SES , Eutelsat and Telesat —that provide the majority of C-band satellite services in the US, including media distribution reaching 100 million US households. The consortium made a proposal to the FCC to act as a facilitator for the clearing and repurposing of a 200 MHz portion of C-band spectrum to accelerate

2079-512: The C-Band Alliance was dead. Among other claims, Intelsat argued that it was obvious that the FCC was already treating each satellite operator individually and that it therefore made business sense for each company to respond to the FCC from its own commercial perspective. One of the major members of the C-Band Alliance, Intelsat, filed for bankruptcy on 14 May 2020, just before the new 5G spectrum auctions were to take place, with over US$ 15 billion in total debt. Public information showed that

2156-655: The European Ariane 4 and Ariane 5 launchers, and by International Launch Services (ILS) with Proton-K and Proton-M rockets manufactured by Khrunichev in Russia . Intelsat also took advantage of the equatorial Sea Launch offering with Zenit-3SL rockets launched from the Ocean Odyssey floating platform in Pacific Ocean , until they suspended operations in 2014. On 30 May 2012, Intelsat signed

2233-570: The ISM bands is regulated by the national spectrum regulation authorities that are members of the CEPT. The allocation of radio frequencies is provided according to Article 5 of the ITU Radio Regulations (edition 2012). In order to improve harmonisation in spectrum utilisation, the majority of service allocations stipulated in this document were incorporated in national tables of frequency allocations and utilisations which are within

2310-518: The Part 15 device must not cause interference to licensed users. Note that the 915 MHz band should not be used in countries outside Region 2 , except those that specifically allow it, such as Australia and Israel, especially those that use the GSM-900 band for cellphones. The ISM bands are also widely used for radio-frequency identification (RFID) applications with the most commonly used band being

2387-401: The United States, as early as 1958 Class D Citizens Band , a Part 95 service, was allocated to frequencies that are also allocated to ISM. [1] In the U.S., the FCC first made unlicensed spread spectrum available in the ISM bands in rules adopted on May 9, 1985. The FCC action was proposed by Michael Marcus of the FCC staff in 1980 and the subsequent regulatory action took five more years. It

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2464-1092: The auction. In December 2021, Boeing and Airbus called on the US government to delay the rollout of new 5G phone service that uses C band due to concern of the interference with some sensitive aircraft instruments, especially radio altimeters operating at 4.2–4.4 GHz. On January 18, 2022, Verizon and AT&T announced that they would delay their C-band 5G rollout near airports in response to those concerns. ELF 3 Hz/100 Mm 30 Hz/10 Mm SLF 30 Hz/10 Mm 300 Hz/1 Mm ULF 300 Hz/1 Mm 3 kHz/100 km VLF 3 kHz/100 km 30 kHz/10 km LF 30 kHz/10 km 300 kHz/1 km MF 300 kHz/1 km 3 MHz/100 m HF 3 MHz/100 m 30 MHz/10 m VHF 30 MHz/10 m 300 MHz/1 m UHF 300 MHz/1 m 3 GHz/100 mm SHF 3 GHz/100 mm 30 GHz/10 mm EHF 30 GHz/10 mm 300 GHz/1 mm THF 300 GHz/1 mm 3 THz/0.1 mm ISM band The ISM radio bands are portions of

2541-670: The band 433.05–434.79 MHz (center frequency 433.92 MHz) is designated for ISM applications . Radio communication services of these countries operating within this band must accept harmful interference which may be caused by these applications. The ISM bands were first established at the International Telecommunications Conference of the ITU in Atlantic City , 1947 . The American delegation specifically proposed several bands, including

2618-598: The band of frequencies from 5.925 to 6.425 GHz for their uplinks . Note that by using the band from 3.7  to 4.0 GHz, this C band overlaps somewhat with the IEEE S band for radars. The C-band communication satellites typically have 24 radio transponders spaced 20 MHz apart, but with the adjacent transponders on opposite polarizations such that transponders on the same polarization are always 40 MHz apart. Of this 40 MHz, each transponder utilizes about 36 MHz. The unused 4.0 MHz between

2695-445: The body for relaxation and healing. More recently hyperthermia therapy uses microwaves to heat tissue to kill cancer cells. However, as detailed below, the increasing congestion of the radio spectrum, the increasing sophistication of microelectronics , and the attraction of unlicensed use, has in recent decades led to an explosion of uses of these bands for short range communication systems for wireless devices , which are now by far

2772-485: The communications satellite out of service for about 20 minutes". On 25 February 2020, a Northrop Grumman robotic servicing spacecraft, Mission Extension Vehicle 1 (MEV 1) docked with the Intelsat 901 satellite. The MEV 1 spacecraft will provide propulsion capabilities to Intelsat 901 to extend its usable life for five years. On 1 February 2007, Intelsat changed the names of 16 of its satellites formerly known under

2849-436: The company announced plans to procure, build and launch seven C-band satellites over the next several years. These C-band satellites will contribute to the acceleration of America's 5G buildout. In early 2022, the company announced contracts for four GEO software defined satellites (SDS), two in partnership with Airbus and two in partnership with Thales Alenia Space, that are scheduled to launch in 2023. These contracts point to

2926-458: The company had been considering bankruptcy protection from at least as early as February 2020. Slight variations in the assignments of C-band frequencies have been approved for use in various parts of the world, depending on their locations in the three ITU radio regions. Note that one region includes all of Europe and Africa , plus all of Russia ; a second includes all of the Americas, and

3003-804: The company plans to pursue aggressive network innovation plans, and strategic growth initiatives, including building a software-defined 5G network. The company also announced a new board of directors, led by Lisa Hammitt, executive vice president and chief technology officer at Davidson Technologies. In December 2020, Intelsat completed its acquisition of Gogo’s Commercial Aviation (CA) business. The vertical integration combined Intelsat’s next-generation global telecommunications network with Gogo CA’s customer-facing capabilities offering airlines and passengers an enhanced inflight entertainment and connectivity (IFEC) experience. On 30 April 2024, satellite operator, SES announced that an agreement had been reached to acquire Intelsat for €2.8 billion (US$ 3.1 billion) cash, with

3080-484: The deployment of next generation 5G services, while protecting incumbent users and their content distribution and data networks in the US from potential interference. The C-Band Alliance lobbied for a private sale, but the FCC and some members of Congress wanted an auction . In November 2019, the FCC announced that an auction was planned, which took place in December 2020. Cable operators wanted to be compensated for

3157-549: The governments or their designated telecommunications entities", — in most cases, the latter are the ministries of communications of the party countries, but in the case of the United States, was the Communications Satellite Corporation (COMSAT), a private corporation established by federal legislation to represent the U.S. in international governance for the global communication satellite system. Intelsat at that time directly owned and managed

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3234-460: The ground. Also in space applications, a helicon double-layer ion thruster is a prototype spacecraft propulsion engine which uses a 13.56 MHz transmission to break down and heat gas into plasma. In recent years ISM bands have also been shared with (non-ISM) license-free error-tolerant communications applications such as wireless sensor networks in the 915 MHz and 2.450 GHz bands, as well as wireless LANs and cordless phones in

3311-503: The high likelihood of harmful interference, licensed use of the bands is typically low. In the United States, uses of the ISM bands are governed by Part 18 of the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) rules, while Part 15 contains the rules for unlicensed communication devices, even those that share ISM frequencies. In Europe, the ETSI develops standards for the use of short-range devices , some of which operate in ISM bands. The use of

3388-608: The interim arrangements in force from 1964 to 1973". Later phases of the transition resulted in full international governance by 1980. Financial contribution to the organization, its so-called "investment share", was strictly proportional to each member's use of the system, determined annually; and this corresponded to the weighted vote each would have on the Board of Governors. As of 2018, Intelsat provides service to over 600 Earth stations in more than 149 countries, territories and dependencies. By 2001, Intelsat had over 100 members. It

3465-477: The internet through a wireless router in home and small office networks, and access points in hotels, libraries, and coffee shops. The communications C band was the first frequency band that was allocated for commercial telecommunications via satellites. The same frequencies were already in use for terrestrial microwave radio relay chains. Nearly all C-band communication satellites use the band of frequencies from 3.7  to 4.2 GHz for their downlinks , and

3542-517: The largest uses of these bands. These are sometimes called "non ISM" uses since they do not fall under the originally envisioned "industrial", "scientific", and "medical" application areas. One of the largest applications has been wireless networking ( Wi-Fi ). The IEEE 802.11 wireless networking protocols, the standards on which almost all wireless systems are based, use the ISM bands. Virtually all laptops , tablet computers , computer printers and cellphones now have 802.11 wireless modems using

3619-434: The latest relevant ITU-R Recommendations. Type B (footnote 5.150) = frequency bands are also designated for ISM applications. Radiocommunication services operating within these bands must accept harmful interference which may be caused by these applications. ITU RR, (Footnote 5.280) = In Germany, Austria, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, North Macedonia, Liechtenstein, Montenegro, Portugal, Serbia, Slovenia and Switzerland,

3696-459: The loss of 200 MHz, which would not include a guard band of 20 MHz to prevent interference. By late 2019, the commercial alliance had weakened. Eutelsat formally pulled out of the consortium in September 2019 over internal disagreements. By February 2020, it became even less of a factor in C-band spectrum reallocation as Intelsat pulled out of the alliance and communicated to the FCC that

3773-477: The majority of its revenue from non-U.S. located customers. In addition to its satellite fleet, Intelsat owns and operates eight teleports around the world. Intelsat filed for a Chapter 11 bankruptcy in U.S. courts on 13 May 2020, just before the new 5G spectrum auctions , with over US$ 15 billion in total debt. Public reporting showed that the company had been considering bankruptcy protection as early as February 2020, as Intelsat formally withdrew from

3850-416: The most commonly encountered ISM device is the home microwave oven operating at 2.45 GHz which uses microwaves to cook food. Industrial heating is another big application area; such as induction heating , microwave heat treating, plastic softening, and plastic welding processes. In medical settings, shortwave and microwave diathermy machines use radio waves in the ISM bands to apply deep heating to

3927-571: The now commonplace 2.4 GHz band, to accommodate the then nascent process of microwave heating; however, FCC annual reports of that time suggest that much preparation was done ahead of these presentations. The report of the August 9th 1947 meeting of the Allocation of Frequencies committee includes the remark: "The delegate of the United States, referring to his request that the frequency 2450 Mc/s be allocated for I.S.M., indicated that there

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4004-411: The operator can expect to generate from the spacecraft's extended operational life". The plan is that the fuel-depot vehicle would maneuver to several satellites, dock at the target satellite's apogee kick motor , remove a small part of the target spacecraft's thermal protection blanket, connect to a fuel-pressure line and deliver the propellant. "MDA officials estimate the docking maneuver would take

4081-552: The pairs of transponders act as guard bands for the likely case of imperfections in the microwave electronics . One use of the C band is for satellite communication, whether for full-time satellite television networks or raw satellite feeds, although subscription programming also exists. This use contrasts with direct-broadcast satellite , which is a completely closed system used to deliver subscription programming to small satellite dishes that are connected with proprietary receiving equipment. The satellite communications portion of

4158-482: The pursuit of a multi-year network transformation plan with investments designed to deliver higher speeds, more flexibility, redundancy, and backwards compatibility.   As of 2022, the company served approximately 1,800 customers and employed a staff of approximately 1,790 people. John F. Kennedy instigated the creation of Intelsat with his speech to the United Nations on 25 September 1961. Less than

4235-444: The ranges 5.830 to 5.850 GHz for down-links and 5.650 to 5.670 GHz for up-links. This is known as the 5-centimeter band by amateurs and the C band by AMSAT . Particle accelerators may be powered by C-band RF sources. The frequencies are then standardized at 5.996 GHz (Europe) or 5.712 GHz (US), which is the second harmonic of S band . Several tokamak fusion reactors use high-power C-band RF sources to sustain

4312-540: The region of the world] are used for Wi-Fi wireless computer networks in the 5 GHz spectrum. The C-Band Alliance was an industry consortium of four large communications satellite operators in 2018–2020. In response to a Notice of Proposed Rulemaking of July 2018 from the US Federal Communications Commission (FCC) to make the 3.7 to 4.2 GHz spectrum available for next-generation terrestrial fixed and mobile broadband services,

4389-590: The responsibilities of the appropriate national administrations. The allocation might be primary, secondary, exclusive, or shared. Exclusive or shared utilization is within the responsibility of administrations. Type A (footnote 5.138) = frequency bands are designated for ISM applications . The use of these frequency bands for ISM applications shall be subject to special authorization by the administration concerned, in agreement with other administrations whose radiocommunication services might be affected. In applying this provision, administrations shall have due regard to

4466-546: The same frequency , so these devices are limited to certain bands of frequencies. In general, communications equipment operating in ISM bands must tolerate any interference generated by ISM applications, and users have no regulatory protection from ISM device operation in these bands. Despite the intent of the original allocations, in recent years the fastest-growing use of these bands has been for short-range , low-power wireless communications systems, since these bands are often approved for such devices, which can be used without

4543-523: The same rates. Intelsat Americas-7 (known formerly as Telstar 7 and known as Galaxy 27 since on 1 February 2007) experienced a several-day power failure on 29 November 2004. The satellite returned to service with reduced capacity. Intelsat was sold for US$ 3.1 billion in January 2005 to four private equity firms: Madison Dearborn Partners , Apax Partners , Permira and Apollo Global Management . The company acquired PanAmSat on 3 July 2006, and

4620-872: The same types of low power personal communications, they are sometimes incorrectly referred to as ISM bands as well. Several brands of radio control equipment use the 2.4 GHz band range for low power remote control of toys, from gas powered cars to miniature aircraft. Worldwide Digital Cordless Telecommunications or WDCT is a technology that uses the 2.4 GHz radio spectrum. Google's Project Loon used ISM bands (specifically 2.4 and 5.8 GHz bands) for balloon-to-balloon and balloon-to-ground communications. Pursuant to 47 CFR Part 97 some ISM bands are used by licensed amateur radio operators for communication – including amateur television . Intelsat 38°56′30″N 77°03′49″W  /  38.94167°N 77.06361°W  / 38.94167; -77.06361 Intelsat S.A. (formerly Intel-Sat, Intelsat)

4697-418: The third region includes all of Asia outside of Russia, plus Australia and New Zealand . This latter region is the most populous one, since it includes China , India , Pakistan , Japan , and Southeast Asia . The Radio Regulations of the International Telecommunication Union allow amateur radio operations in the frequency range 5.650 to 5.925 GHz, and amateur satellite operations are allowed in

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4774-446: The toroidal plasma current. Common frequencies include 3.7 GHz ( Joint European Torus , WEST (formerly Tore Supra) ), 4.6 GHz (Alcator C, Alcator C-Mod , EAST , DIII-D ), 5 GHz ( KSTAR , ITER ) and 8 GHz ( Frascati Tokamak Upgrade ). The band 4.2–4.4 GHz is currently allocated to the aeronautical radionavigation service (ARNS) on a primary worldwide basis. RR No. 5.438 notes specifically that this band

4851-418: The total contribution needed to finance capital expenditures. The organization's primary source of revenue was satellite usage fees which, after deduction of operating costs, was redistributed to Intelsat members in proportion to their shares as repayment of capital and compensation for use of capital. Satellite services were available to any organization (both Intelsat members and non-members), and all users paid

4928-401: The transaction expected to complete regulatory clearance in the second half of 2025. With over 100 GEO satellites, 26 MEO satellites, and 13 satellites on order, the combined company's multi-orbit capability will improve competitiveness against rival LEO satellite networks, and has an expected 2024 revenue of €3.8 billion. As of March 2011, Intelsat has agreed to purchase one-half of

5005-779: The umbrella of the Alliance for Competitive International Satellite Services (ACISS) to press for an end to the exclusively-intergovernmental organizations operating communication satellites and the monopoly position of COMSAT the U.S. signatory to Intelsat and Inmarsat . In March 2001, the U.S. Congress passed the Open-market Reorganization for the Betterment of International Telecommunications (ORBIT) Act to privatize COMSAT. In April 1998, to address U.S. government concerns about market power, Intelsat's senior management spun off five of its older satellites to

5082-400: The upper 200 megahertz of the band, from 4.0 to 4.2 GHz, and there is a 20-megahertz guard band at 3.98–4.0 GHz. Licenses to use the 3.7–3.98 GHz band were auctioned in December 2020. Verizon, AT&T and T-Mobile are main winners of the auction . Verizon, AT&T, and T-Mobile spent approximately $ 45 billion, $ 23 billion, and $ 9 billion respectively during

5159-483: Was also this year that Intelsat privatized and changed its name to Intelsat. Since its inception, Intelsat has used several versions (blocks) of its dedicated Intelsat satellites. Intelsat completes each block of spacecraft independently, leading to a variety of satellite manufacturing contractors over the years. Intelsat's largest spacecraft supplier by 2012 was Space Systems/Loral , having built 47 spacecraft ( Intelsat 20 ) by that time. The network in its early years

5236-528: Was announced that the bondholders would not accept the offer and that the potential merger would be terminated as of 2 June 2017. After 2014, Intelsat maintained its corporate administrative headquarters in Tysons, Virginia , where a majority of its employees worked at the time. Intelsat maintains constantly staffed global network operations centers in its Tysons Corner location and in Ellenwood, Georgia . A highly international business, Intelsat sources

5313-465: Was established in 1973, following inter-nation negotiations from 1969 to 1971. The most difficult issue to "resolve concerned the shift from management of the system by a national entity to management by the international organization itself". On 6 April 1965, Intelsat's first satellite, the Intelsat I (nicknamed Early Bird ), was placed in geostationary orbit above the Atlantic Ocean by

5390-420: Was fully commercialized, and Intelsat was privatized after 2001 as Intelsat was formed up as a private Luxembourg corporation. The International Governmental Organization (IGO) began on (20 August 1964 ; 60 years ago  ( 20 August 1964 ) ), with 7 participating countries. The 1964 agreement was an interim arrangement on a path to a more permanent agreement. The permanent international organization

5467-455: Was in existence in the United States, and working on this frequency a diathermy machine and an electronic cooker, and that the latter might eventually be installed in transatlantic ships and airplanes. There was therefore some point in attempting to reach world agreement on this subject." Radio frequencies in the ISM bands have been used for communication purposes, although such devices may experience interference from non-communication sources. In

5544-489: Was in geostationary orbit over the Pacific. By the 1990s, building and launching satellites was no longer exclusively a government domain and as country-specific telecommunications systems were privatized, several private satellite operators arose to meet the growing demand. In the U.S., satellite operators such as PanAmSat , Orion Communications, Columbia Communications, Iridium , Globalstar , TRW and others formed under

5621-478: Was in talks about a merger with Intelsat but in June 2023, it was announced that these discussions had ended. On 30 April 2024, SES announced that an agreement had been reached to acquire Intelsat for USD$ 3.1 billion, with the transaction expected to close in the second half of 2025. As of June 2022, Intelsat operated a fleet of 52 communications satellites which was then one of the world's largest fleets. In 2020,

5698-691: Was not as robust as it is now. A failure of the Atlantic satellite in the spring of 1969 threatened to stop the Apollo 11 mission; a replacement satellite went into a bad orbit and could not be recovered in time; NASA used undersea cable telephone circuits as an alternative to route Apollo's communications to NASA during the mission. During the Apollo 11 moonwalk , the Moon was over the Pacific Ocean , and so other antennas were used, as well as Intelsat III, which

5775-473: Was paid immediately to reduce outstanding company debts of US$ 15.9 billion. In May 2013, the company announced it would be purchasing four new high-performance Boeing EpicNG 702 MP satellites. In 2015, Intelsat reincorporated in Delaware and became Intelsat Corporation. There were negotiations in 2017 that Intelsat could potentially merge with Softbank -backed OneWeb . However, on 1 June 2017, it

5852-426: Was part of a broader proposal to allow civil use of spread spectrum technology and was opposed at the time by mainstream equipment manufacturers and many radio system operators. Many other countries later developed similar regulations, enabling use of this technology. Industrial, scientific and medical (ISM) applications (of radio frequency energy) (short: ISM applications ) are – according to article 1.15 of

5929-481: Was then the world's largest provider of fixed satellite services, operating a fleet of 52 satellites in prime orbital locations. In June 2007, BC Partners announced they had acquired 76% of Intelsat for about 3.75 billion euros . In April 2013, the renamed Intelsat S.A. undertook an initial public offering on the New York Stock Exchange, raising a net US$ 550 million, of which US$ 492 million

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