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61-505: The Kawasaki Heavy Industries (KHI) C151 is the first generation electric multiple unit (EMU) rolling stock in operation on the North–South and East–West lines of Singapore's Mass Rapid Transit (MRT) system, manufactured by a consortium led by Kawasaki Heavy Industries (KHI) under Contract 151. They were first introduced in 1987 and are the oldest trains in operation on the network. Sixty-six trainsets consisting of six cars each and

122-430: A 4-digit serial number which can be seen at both ends of the interior of the car. A complete six-car trainset consists of an identical twin set of one driving trailer (DT) and two motor cars (M1 & M2) permanently coupled together. For example, set 013/014 consists of carriages 3013, 1013, 2013, 2014, 1014 and 3014. Since its introduction, C151 rolling stock has been involved in five high-profile incidents: The train

183-415: A darker colour; the practice of distinguishing priority seats with a darker colour is also seen on Taipei Metro trains. The Mitsubishi Electric propulsion system was retained, having performed better than expected. The wheelchair space was made available on the end of two mid-train cars, nearest to the elevators in elevated stations. LED lights that blink to warn passengers of closing doors were introduced in

244-425: A horizontal coalition of independent companies in the 1950s, once the occupation of Japan had ended and some of the smaller companies were allowed to re-coalesce. The central firms in the keiretsu became Mitsui Bank and Mitsui & Co. Mitsui lagged somewhat behind its rivals Mitsubishi and Sumitomo Group in reorganization. Mitsui Bank, which should have been the mainstay and principal capital provider of

305-483: A motor-driving car or power-driving car. On third rail systems, the outer vehicles usually carry the pick up shoes with the motor vehicles receiving the current via intra-unit connections . Many modern two-car EMU sets are set up as twin or "married pair" units. While both units in a married pair are typically driving motors, the ancillary equipment (air compressor and tanks, batteries and charging equipment, traction power and control equipment, etc.) are shared between

366-514: A political furor in Japan and resulted in the assassination of Mitsui executive Takuma Dan . During the 1930s and '40s, the subsidiary tobacco industry of Mitsui had started production of special "Golden Bat" cigarettes using the then-popular Far East trademark. Their circulation was prohibited in Japan and was used only for export. Local Japanese secret service kempeitai under the controversial Imperial Japanese Army General Kenji Doihara had

427-445: A single money train set consisting of four cars were contracted in 1984. They were manufactured from 1986 to 1989 in two batches by a Japanese consortium consisting of the namesake Kawasaki , Nippon Sharyo , Tokyu Car Corp and Kinki Sharyo following a round of intense competitive bidding by international rolling stock manufacturers. The trains underwent a two-year mid-life interior refurbishment programme by Hyundai Rotem . After

488-712: A sum of $ 1.2 billion, inclusive of a long-term service support package for up to 30 years. 106 R151 trains will subsequently replace all 66 C151 trains from 2022 onwards while the C151 trains are being decommissioned. The withdrawal of the C151 trains commenced on 22 June 2020 starting from trainset 045/046 and is projected to be completed by 2026. Most train cars are sent for scrap locally at Toyotron Pte Ltd. However, LTA intends for some train cars to be preserved by several public and private organisations, such as in schools for educational and training purposes. In addition, some train cars may also be converted into recreational spaces while

549-733: Is distinct to make car identification in cases of fault reporting easier for passengers. Originally the colour scheme of the driving trailer cars was orange , that of the second and fifth motor cars was blue , and that of the two centre motor cars was green . There were nine seats between two doors; this was reduced to seven after the first round of refurbishment. While the rolling stock and Mitsubishi Electric propulsion equipment were constructed in Japan, many parts were sourced from Europe. The trains were fitted with Stone Platt air-conditioning, Duewag bogies, Narita Mfg gangways and detrainment doors, Scharfenberg couplers and Westinghouse brakes . Mitsubishi Electric's propulsion equipment, also used on

610-657: Is featured in tvN series Little Women . It is also featured in Mediacorp series Third Rail , using 2 decommissioned cars of set 095/096 at Changi Exhibition Centre . Electric multiple unit EMUs are popular on commuter, and suburban rail networks around the world due to their fast acceleration and pollution-free operation, and are used on most rapid-transit systems. Being quieter than diesel multiple units (DMUs) and locomotive -hauled trains, EMUs can operate later at night and more frequently without disturbing nearby residents. In addition, tunnel design for EMU trains

671-417: Is simpler as no provision is needed for exhausting fumes, although retrofitting existing limited-clearance tunnels to accommodate the extra equipment needed to transmit electric power to the train can be difficult. Multiple unit train control was first used in the 1890s. The Liverpool Overhead Railway opened in 1893 with two-car electric multiple units, controllers in cabs at both ends directly controlling

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732-779: The China Railway High-speed in China, ICE 3 in Germany, and the British Rail class 395 Javelin. The retired New York–Washington Metroliner service, first operated by the Pennsylvania Railroad and later by Amtrak , also featured high-speed electric multiple-unit cars, known as the Budd Metroliner . EMUs powered by fuel cells are under development. If successful, this would avoid

793-576: The Meiji Restoration , Mitsui was among the enterprises that were able to expand to become zaibatsu not simply because they were already big and rich at the start of modern industrial development. Firms like Mitsui and Sumitomo were led by non-family managers such as Minomura Rizaemon, who guided the business by accurately forecasting the coming political and economic situations, by acquaintance with high-ranking government officials or politicians, and bold investment. Mitsui's main business in

854-826: The Tokyo Metro 03 series and Tokyo Metro 05 series , was estimated to consume 50% less electricity than Hong Kong's existing MTR M-Train EMU. Its Automatic Train Control (ATC) signalling system was supplied by Westinghouse, capable of running at pre-programmed speeds and activated by the train driver. While theoretically possible to design for a fully driverless operation using this signalling technology, MRT Corporation (MRTC, now SMRT Corporation ) decided against this option. The trainsets were assembled in Kobe, Japan , and then shipped to Singapore by Neptune Orient Lines . The first trainset

915-679: The zaibatsu of the pre-war period, there is no controlling company with regulatory power. Instead, the companies in the group hold shares in each other, but they are limited to exchanging information and coordinating plans through regular meetings. The major companies of the group include Mitsui & Co. ( general trading company ), Sumitomo Mitsui Banking Corporation , Nippon Paper Industries , Pokka Sapporo Holdings , Toray Industries , Mitsui Chemicals , Isetan Mitsukoshi Holdings , Sumitomo Mitsui Trust Holdings , Mitsui Engineering & Shipbuilding , Mitsui O.S.K. Lines and Mitsui Fudosan . Founded by Mitsui Takatoshi (1622–1694), who

976-438: The "Big One". Bidders included Metro-Cammell with Singapore Automotive Engineering , Kawasaki with three Japanese manufacturers, MAN with AEG , Siemens and Brown, Boveri & Cie , Francorail with Alsthom-Alantique , SOFRETU and Singapore Shipbuilding and Engineering , ASEA with Sembawang Shipyard , and a Bombardier Transportation -led consortium with Hawker Siddeley Canada and Brown Boveri Canada. Also during

1037-500: The 2011 major train disruptions on 15 and 17 December 2011, further plans to upgrade its mechanical components to increase its reliability were made. The first trainset to receive this upgrade, which included a replacement traction system to PMSM, entered service in July 2015. The R151 trains have been replacing all of the first-generation C151 trains since June 2023, with the latter to be entirely superseded by 2026. With construction of

1098-649: The 50% lower energy usage of the Mitsubishi GTO - Chopper traction motors in comparison to the GEC Traction camshaft resistance control motors then used on the MTR M-Train EMU was also a major factor in said consortium being awarded the contract. The award was the largest single contract awarded in the initial construction of the system. Kawasaki also promised to supply $ 20.9m worth of complimentary spare parts after delivery. The loss of Contract 151

1159-522: The Far East , sentenced to death; but no actions ever took place against the company which profited from their production. According to testimony presented at the Tokyo War Crimes trials in 1948, the revenue from the narcotization policy in China, including Manchukuo , was estimated in 20 million to 30 million yen per year, while another authority stated that the annual revenue was estimated by

1220-642: The Japanese military at US$ 300 million a year. During the Second World War , Mitsui employed American prisoners of war as slave laborers, some of whom were maimed by Mitsui employees. In 1947 and 1948, the Supreme Commander Allied Powers pressed the Japanese government to dismantle the ten largest zaibatsu conglomerates, including Mitsui. The Mitsui Group, broken into many separate companies, reorganized itself as

1281-670: The Mass Rapid Transit system underway in 1983, Contract 151 called for the procurement of rolling stock—150 cars in Phase I and an option for 246 cars in Phase II. In what the Financial Times described as "a time when manufacturers were begging for orders" for the global rolling stock market, competition for the contract was intense. At least eight companies from around the world submitted bids for what they had nicknamed

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1342-621: The addition of wheelchair spaces, the upgrading of onboard communications equipment, enhancement of the public announcement system, and general improvement of the cars' appearance. SMRT Corporation said the reasons for refurbishment were wear and damage of important components over the past two decades and water leaks from the air-conditioning system on some trains. The company chose this option instead of buying new rolling stock, which would have cost S$ 792 million. The first refurbished train 005/006 began revenue service on 5 November 2006, and all remaining trainsets had been refurbished by January 2009 with

1403-407: The batteries are charged via the electric pickup when operating on electric mode. EMUs, when compared with electric locomotives , offer: Electric locomotives, when compared to EMUs, offer: Mitsui Mitsui Group ( 三井グループ , Mitsui Gurūpu ) is a Japanese corporate group and keiretsu that traces its roots to the zaibatsu groups that were dissolved after World War II. Unlike

1464-728: The bidding process, the Belgian BN - ACEC (makers of the light rail vehicle for Manila's system ) and the Finnish Valmet and Strömberg also submitted bids for the trains. The BN-ACEC also proposed a design for that train similar to the M1-M5 series of the Brussels Metro if they won the bid. Competition for the contract was so fierce that it involved last-minute discounts, offers of free parts and allegations of sabotage. Metro-Cammell, Kawasaki and ASEA were shortlisted for

1525-526: The city of Edo, cash sales were not yet a widespread business practice. Edo's government had struck a business deal with Osaka . Osaka would sell crops and other material to pay its land tax. The money was then sent to Edo—but moving money was dangerous in middle feudal Japan . In 1683, the shogunate granted permission for money exchanges ( ryōgaeten ) to be established in Edo. The Mitsui "exchange shops" facilitated transfers while mitigating risks. After

1586-485: The construction of electric traction railways and trolley systems worldwide. Each car of the train has its own traction motors: by means of motor control relays in each car energized by train-line wires from the front car all of the traction motors in the train are controlled in unison. The cars that form a complete EMU set can usually be separated by function into four types: power car, motor car, driving car, and trailer car. Each car can have more than one function, such as

1647-570: The control of their distribution in China and Manchuria where the production exported. Within the mouthpiece were small discreet doses of opium or heroin, and consequently millions of unsuspecting consumers became addicted to these narcotics, while huge profits were created for the company. The mastermind of the plan, Doihara, was later prosecuted and convicted for war crimes before the International Military Tribunal for

1708-547: The creation in 1878, of Osaka Shosen Kaisha (OSK), which was merged with Mitsui Steamship in 1964, to become Mitsui OSK Lines (MOL), which became one of the largest ocean shipping groups in the world. When the United Kingdom withdrew from the gold standard in 1931, during the height of the Great Depression , Mitsui Bank and Mitsui & Co. were found to have speculated around the transaction. This raised

1769-407: The customer's house (typically a person of high social class or who was successful in business), an order taken, then fulfilled. The system of accountancy was called "margin transaction". Mitsui changed this by producing products first, then selling them directly at his shop for cash. This was then an unfamiliar mode of operation in Japan. Even as the shop began providing dry goods to the government of

1830-517: The early period was drapery, finance, and trade, the first two being the businesses it inherited from the Tokugawa Era. It entered into mining when it acquired a mine as collateral from a loan it had made, partly because it could buy a mine cheaply from the government, Mitsui then diversified to become the biggest business in pre-war Japan. The diversification was mainly into related fields to take advantage of accumulated capabilities; for instance,

1891-441: The evaluation period could jeopardise their bid. On 12 April 1984, the Japanese consortium of Kawasaki with Nippon Sharyo, Tokyu Car Corp., and Kinki Sharyo was awarded Contract 151 at a cost of S$ 581.5 million for the construction of 396 passenger cars. Kawasaki won the contract; its bid — aided by favourable financing from Mitsui and extremely positive economic conditions in Japan — was 12% lower than those of other bidders, and

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1952-416: The existing Automatic Transit Info System was developed in-house; this was removed before the end of the year without entering service. Two years later, four units of vacuum fluorescent displays (VFD) were mounted on the ceiling and eight units of dynamic route maps were mounted above every door in each car of trainset 053/054 for a two-month trial. This new SMRT Active Route Map Information System (STARiS)

2013-513: The family shop, Echigoya. He opened a new branch in 1673; a large gofukuya ( kimono shop) in Nihonbashi , a district in the heart of Edo. The genesis of Mitsui's business was in the Enpō era, which was a nengō meaning "Prolonged Wealth". In time, the gofukuya division separated from Mitsui, and became Mitsukoshi . Traditionally, gofukuyas provided products made to order; a visit was made to

2074-615: The final round. Metro-Cammell based its design on the Hong Kong MTR M-Train EMU and proposed to use the GEC Traction camshaft resistance control propulsion system had they won the contract. Metro-Cammell also delivered a concept mock-up and was originally the favourite to win the contract. However, analysts became concerned that a measuring error involving the London Underground 1983 Stock during

2135-642: The group, declined in size due to the collapse of the Imperial Bank after the war, which resulted in reduced cohesion of the conglomerate. Many companies that were once part of the Mitsui Group have become independent or tied to other conglomerates. Specifically, Toshiba , Toyota Motors , and Suntory , once part of the Mitsui Group, became independent, with the Toyota Group becoming a conglomerate in its own right. In 2000, Mitsui Pharmaceuticals

2196-671: The last set being 075/076. The refurbished trains use the new "Blackbird" livery scheme from the C751B , which was also later adopted in the C151A rolling stock. The interior fittings were replaced with white walls and new seats and installed further back to allow more standing space. The colour of seats in the driving trailer was changed from orange to red . Seats of the refurbished cars were lengthened from 43 cm (16.9 in) to 48 cm (18.9 in). Four of seven seats per row were designated as priority seats and were differentiated using

2257-416: The last ten refurbished trainsets would have one-third of their seats replaced with metal rails to create extra standing space. The move was justified on grounds of allowing more standing space on board during peak-hour services. The reduction of seats per row from nine to seven after refurbishment was already unpopular among commuters; the decision to further reduce seating capacity drew sharp criticism against

2318-408: The length of the cars in the middle to match the operator's visual branding. The unpainted cars had a shiny appearance upon delivery, but as dirt and grime accumulated it became a recurring problem for the operator and attracted several public complaints. In response, MRT Corporation built a wash machine at Bishan Depot in an attempt to clean up the cars' exterior proper. After refurbishment, the problem

2379-416: The need for an overhead line or third rail . An example is Alstom ’s hydrogen -powered Coradia iLint . The term hydrail has been coined for hydrogen-powered rail vehicles. Many battery electric multiple units are in operation around the world, with the take up being strong. Many are bi-modal taking energy from onboard battery banks and line pickups such as overhead wires or third rail. In most cases

2440-595: The newer Insulated-gate bipolar transistor (IGBT) and Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor (PMSM) propulsion system by Toshiba, technology currently used in the Tokyo Metro's 1000 series and 16000 series trains as well as the JR Kyushu 305 series and Hankyu 1000 series trains. In July 2015, two trains were trialed with the new propulsion system on the Changi Airport Extension. The trial

2501-419: The newer Thales SelTrac signalling system, new equipment are installed in the passenger compartment of the trailer cars. In January 2016, LTA had announced to replace all trains with the new R151 trains. On 13 April 2017, LTA released a tender for contract R151, which will be the replacement train for all the oldest MRT trains. On 25 July 2018, the contract R151 was awarded to Bombardier Transportation at

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2562-458: The operator and LTA. As of December 2015, all 66 C151s from one-third of their seats have been replaced by metal bars to create extra standing space. Following major train disruptions on 15 and 17 December 2011, the Committee of Inquiry (COI) found that despite the first refurbishment of the C151 rolling stock, "there does not appear to be any upgrade in terms of engineering components". The COI

2623-501: The outer end of the pair, saving space and expense over a cab at both ends of each car. Disadvantages include a loss of operational flexibility, as trains must be multiples of two cars, and a failure on a single car could force removing both it and its partner from service. Some of the more famous electric multiple units in the world are high-speed trains: the Italian Pendolino and Frecciarossa 1000 , Shinkansen in Japan,

2684-401: The public were invited to give feedback on these options. The finalised interior design of the C151 trains consisted of a fully longitudinal seating arrangement. The bucket seats were made of plastic; glass partitions separated the seating areas from the passenger doors. Strap lines for standing passengers were installed in the middle of every car. The colour scheme of each adjacent car's interior

2745-430: The rest of the train cars will be scrapped. Currently, as of 24 July 2024, 17 of them are scrapped or preserved, 2 trains are laid-up and 47 trains remain in service. These are the trains that are preserved: Kawasaki built a specially modified DT trailer cars (EMU 301 & 302) to serve as a money train (Cash train). Since 2003, this train was decommissioned with the change to stored value cards, and in 2006, this train

2806-568: The traction current to motors on both cars. The multiple unit traction control system was developed by Frank Sprague and first applied and tested on the South Side Elevated Railroad (now part of the Chicago 'L' ) in 1897. In 1895, derived from his company's invention and production of direct current elevator control systems, Frank Sprague invented a multiple unit controller for electric train operation. This accelerated

2867-496: The trading company entered into chemicals to attain forward integration. On July 1, 1876, Mitsui Bank, Japan's first private bank, was founded with Takashi Masuda (1848–1938) as its president. Mitsui Bank, which following a merger with Taiyō-Kobe Bank in the mid-1980s became part of Sakura Bank , survives as part of the Sumitomo Mitsui Banking Corporation . During the early 20th century, Mitsui

2928-426: The two cars in the set. Since neither car can operate without its "partner", such sets are permanently coupled and can only be split at maintenance facilities. Advantages of married pair units include weight and cost savings over single-unit cars (due to halving the ancillary equipment required per set) while allowing all cars to be powered, unlike a motor-trailer combination. Each car has only one control cab, located at

2989-532: The upper middle section of the door. Additional loudspeakers and advertisement panels were also introduced. Hand grips were moved to the support bars of the seats on the ceiling and grabpoles were located near the doors and at both ends of each car. The air-conditioning system was modified to match the system used in the C751B cars, with air-conditioning vents and in-flow fans installed. In November 2008, SMRT Corporation and Land Transport Authority (LTA) announced that

3050-468: The wheels in motion. The replacement were made at a cost of $ 5.4 million, and were part of the enhancement works in conjunction with the commencement of the Woodlands extension. On 3 September 2004, Hyundai Rotem , Mitsui , RM Transit Technology and dU LexBuild received an order to refurbish all 396 carriages, costing S$ 142.7 million in total. The works included the refurbishment of interior fixtures,

3111-469: Was a massive financial blow to Metro-Cammell, who were forced to reduce their workforce by half later that year. A mock-up was manufactured in Japan after Kawasaki won the contract. It was shipped to Singapore and put on public display during the 1984 National Exhibition held in November 1984 at World Trade Centre . The mock-up featured three choices of seating arrangements and colour schemes; members of

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3172-771: Was acquired by the German Schering AG from Berlin . Ishikawajima-Harima Heavy Industries ( IHI Corporation ) is now considered to be part of the Mizuho Group , and many companies in the Sumitomo Mitsui Financial Group are more closely tied to the Sumitomo Group than the Mitsui Group. As of 2021 there were signs that Mitsubishi UFJ Financial Group and the Mitsubishi Group could be taking over other parts of

3233-683: Was delivered to MRTC on 8 July 1986 at Bishan Depot , officiated by Yeo Ning Hong . The C151 was also the basis for the Taipei Metro C301 built from 1992 to 1994 by the Kawasaki-led Union Rail Car Partnership for the Taipei Metro Tamsui-Xinyi Line . Between 1994 and 1996, original rail wheels of all 66 C151 trains were progressively replaced with German made rail wheels equipped with absorbers that dampens vibrations on

3294-442: Was fully introduced by April 1997. SMRT first attempted to install a passenger information system SMRTime on trains using LCD displays in 1999; these have since been removed. In November 2006 the doors of three cars (carriage number 1006, 2006 and 3006) were installed with a dynamic, in-train system displaying station information for testing; these are similar to ones used by Hong Kong's MTR . An initial prototype of STARIS based upon

3355-541: Was one of the largest zaibatsu , operating in numerous fields. Mitsui Bank became the holding company of the Mitsui zaibatsu from 1876. It was joined as an ultimate parent company by Mitsui & Co. and Mitsui Mining in 1900, with various industrial concerns owned by various combinations of these companies and their subsidiaries. Likewise, Mitsui invested in maritime transportation to support its trading activities as well as invest in passenger transportation, first with

3416-492: Was particularly critical of the inadequate and ageing emergency battery installed on the C151 and recommended the installation of a Train Integrated Management System (TIMS) found on the C751B and C151A trains. In response, SMRT announced it was replacing important engineering components on the oldest C151 and C651 trains. This included changing the existing Mitsubishi Electric propulsion system for

3477-439: Was solved by covering the cars' exterior entirely with giant stickers, creating a blackbird livery with red band-colour the middle and grey band-colour at the bottom that its similar to the newer generation C751B and C151A rolling stocks. The configuration of a C151 in revenue service is DT-M1-M2-M2-M1-DT. The car numbers of the trains range from x001 to x132, where x depends on the carriage type. Individual cars are assigned

3538-680: Was successful and was ported to the C651 refurbishment from 2016 to 2018, while four other trains were rolled out with PMSM all the way till August 2017. The replacement of traction motors into Toshiba PMSM was terminated prematurely by SMRT Corporation in September 2018 due to the New Rail Financing Framework (NRFF). In tandem with the replacement of the signalling system on the East-West Line and North-South Line with

3599-596: Was the fourth son of a shopkeeper in Matsusaka , in what became Mie prefecture . From his shop, called Echigoya (越後屋), Mitsui Takatoshi's father originally sold miso and ran a pawn shop business. The family would later open a second shop in Edo (modern Tokyo ). Takatoshi moved to Edo when he was 14 years old, and later his older brother joined him. Sent back to Matsusaka by his brother, Takatoshi waited for 24 years until his older brother died before he could take over

3660-476: Was then progressively introduced to all C151 trainsets, and subsequently to C651 and C751B trains for a cost of S$ 12 million—S$ 20,000 per car. It became standard equipment on all new rolling stocks subsequently introduced on the North-South Line and East-West Line. The cars had an aluminium-alloy double-skinned construction, and were delivered unpainted to save time. A red adhesive strip ran through

3721-418: Was withdrawn from revenue service and is preserved at SAFTI City, Singapore. The C151s originally had no visual passenger information systems; station announcements had to be made by the train operator. An automatic audio announcement system using voice synthesizers was installed on each train by September 1994. The first iteration of the door closing buzzer announcements, which replaced the initial door chimes,

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