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50-537: Type C1 was a designation for cargo ships built for the United States Maritime Commission before and during World War II . Total production was 493 ships built from 1940 to 1945. The first C1 types were the smallest of the three original Maritime Commission designs, meant for shorter routes where high speed and capacity were less important. Only a handful were delivered prior to Pearl Harbor . But many C1-A and C1-B ships were already in

100-497: A large number built for lend-lease were also given two-word names, this time beginning with "Hickory". About 65 of this subtype were complete for the U.S. Navy , like the USS Gadsden built by Walter Butler Shipyard . Those ships were generally named after counties in the U.S. C1-M-AV1 ships are a Alamosa -class cargo ships . One C1-ME-AV6 (also called C1-M-AV7) subype was built, MS  Coastal Liberator . Instead of

150-414: A linear motion, rotary motion, or helical compound motion (a combination of linear motion and rotary motion). The combination of these transmission methods and different mechanical geometry can realize a wide variety of orderly motion in three-dimensional space. Because magnetic couplings do not penetrate the surface they operate across, pumps that use this type of coupling can completely avoid leakage. This

200-625: A merchant ship's prefix, denotes that it is a T urbine S teamer. Famous cargo ships include the 2,710 Liberty ships of World War II , partly based on a British design . Liberty ship sections were prefabricated in locations across the United States and then assembled by shipbuilders in an average of six weeks, with the record being just over four days. These ships allowed the Allies in World War II to replace sunken cargo vessels at

250-539: A merchant shipbuilding program to design and build five hundred modern merchant cargo ships to supplement and replace the World War I vintage vessels, including Hog Islander ships, that comprised the bulk of the U.S. Merchant Marine . These old standardized ship designs ranged in size from 5,075dwt to 7,500dwt , 8,800dwt and 9,600dwt for the most common mass-produced types. They either had steam turbines or triple expansion engines, burning oil their boilers. None of

300-541: A narrow channel between Indonesia and Singapore / Malaysia , and cargo ships are still commonly targeted. In 2004, the governments of those three nations agreed to provide better protection for the ships passing through the Straits. The waters off Somalia and Nigeria are also prone to piracy, while smaller vessels are also in danger along parts of the South American coasts, Southeast Asian coasts, and near

350-847: A pleasure to operate and the workmanship outstanding. Converted to Troop Ships 4 Modified and redesignated (to United States Navy ) The Type C1-B ships were built in eight different yards, all but 15 in West Coast yards, all but 20 in California, the majority at Consolidated Steel Corporation in Wilmington, California . All but ten of the C1-B ships had steam turbine engines; the diesels were all built at Seattle-Tacoma SB Corp. , Tacoma, Washington and Western Pipe & Steel , San Francisco, California, with each producing five ships. The C1-B were full scantling ships with three decks in which

400-571: A rate greater than the Kriegsmarine 's U-boats could sink them, and contributed significantly to the war effort, the delivery of supplies, and eventual victory over the Axis powers. Liberty ships were followed by the faster Victory ships . Canada built Park ships and Fort ships to meet the demand for the Allies shipping. The United Kingdom built Empire ships and used US Ocean ships . After

450-410: A rated top speed of 14 knots (26 km/h; 16 mph). The primary difference between them was that C1-A ships were shelter deck ships, while C1-B ships were full scantling ships. The C1-M was the type with the largest production; it was a significant variation from the original C1 design in size, performance and profile; these were shorter, narrower, slower and the superstructure was farther toward

500-401: A reduction gear-box. They were manufactured by Nordberg Manufacturing Company . The engine speed was 220 rpm and the shaft 110 rpm. This configuration made maneuvering very easy when entering port, as one engine was run in reverse and the other ahead; change of direction was simply performed by energizing the appropriate magnetic coupling. All auxiliary equipment was electric. The engine room was

550-529: A throwback to late 19th century British designs with reciprocating steam engines, but were very cheap to build in large quantities; Victory ships evolved from the Liberty ships but used modern turbine engines. The C series ships were more expensive to produce, but their economic viability lasted well into the late 1960s and early 1970s in military and merchant fleets. Several ships are still in operation. The Type C1-A and C1-B ships were similar in design, All had

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600-492: A variable-pitch propeller. Only one ship was planned as this type, but five previously launched C1-M-AV1 ships were converted to this type for France. Modified and redesignated Many of these ships have been sold and scrapped but numerous examples are still in service with Non Governmental Organizations (NGO)s such as "Friend Ships". That organization used the ex " Pembina " built in Superior Wisconsin and renamed

650-455: A very light upper deck, the sides of which are open ports to the second or main deck. The first keels were laid in 1939. Two of the Pusey and Jones ships were converted to PT boat tenders before entering service, including USS  Cyrene . Some of the diesel vessels were powered by 2, 6-cylinder Nordberg 2-stroke engines (Sulzer type) driving the single shaft via magnetic couplings and

700-468: Is an example of a C1-M ship. The C1-M-AV1 subtype, a general cargo ship with one large diesel engine, was the most numerous. About 215 of this type were built in ten different shipyards. Consolidated Steel Corp., Ltd. of Wilmington, California built the largest number – about a quarter of all built. These ships were either named for knots , such as MS  Acorn Knot , or with a two-word name beginning with "Coastal", such as MS  Coastal Sentry ;

750-433: Is increasing: with bunker fuel consumption at 278 million tonnes per year in 2001, it is projected to be at 500 million tonnes per year in 2020. International standards to dramatically reduce sulphur content in marine fuels and nitrogen oxide emissions have been put in place. Among some of the solutions offered is changing over the fuel intake to clean diesel or marine gas oil, while in restricted waters and cold ironing

800-435: Is no contact between the active part and the driven part of a magnetic coupling, and there is no rigid connection problem. Sudden changes and vibrations are not directly transferred across the coupling. Therefore, it can avoid the transmission of vibration, resulting in smoother mechanical operation. Magnetic couplings offer protection against overload during operation. If the load on the driven component becomes too large,

850-724: The Caribbean Sea . A category designation appears before the vessel's name. A few examples of prefixes for naval ships are "USS" ( United States Ship ), "HMS" ( Her/His Majesty’s Ship ), "HMCS" ( Her/His Majesty's Canadian Ship ) and "HTMS" (His Thai Majesty's Ship), while a few examples for prefixes for merchant ships are "RMS" ( Royal Mail Ship , usually a passenger liner), "MV" ( Motor Vessel , powered by diesel ), "MT" (Motor Tanker, powered vessel carrying liquids only) "FV" Fishing Vessel and "SS" ( Screw Steamer , driven by propellers or screws, often understood to stand for Steamship ). "TS", sometimes found in first position before

900-510: The European Union is planning stricter controls on emissions. Cargo ships have been reported to have a possible negative impact on the population of whale sharks. Smithsonian Magazine reported in 2022 that whale sharks , the largest species of fish, have been disappearing mysteriously over the past 75 years, with research pointing to cargo ships and large vessels as the likely culprits. A study involving over 75 researchers highlighted

950-892: The General Engineering & Dry Dock Company , the Tampa Shipbuilding and Engineering Company , the Newburgh Shipbuilding and Repair Company of New York, the Sun Shipbuilding and Dry Dock Company , the Los Angeles Shipbuilding and Dry Dock Company . Bids (for either C1-A or C1-B in either steam of diesel variants) were opened on 11 July 1939. Pusey and Jones successfully bid on 2 C1-A ships. Contracts were awarded in September 1939. Two of these early-built ships joined

1000-568: The "Spirit of Grace" until she was removed in 2006 and scrapped in 2008. Several are sailing in merchant service around the world making port calls and delivering cargo. Note any ship in the control of the British Ministry of War Transport took an Empire name even if being built as another name e.g. Cape Turner Cargo ship A cargo ship or freighter is a merchant ship that carries cargo , goods , and materials from one port to another. Thousands of cargo carriers ply

1050-483: The British Ministry of War Transport took an Empire name even if built with another name e.g. Cape Turner . The United States Maritime Commission (MARCOM) was an agency of the United States government that was created by the Merchant Marine Act of 1936 , passed by Congress on 29 June 1936 and replaced the U.S. Shipping Board which had existed since World War I . It was intended to formulate

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1100-612: The Maritime Commission. For Seattle-Tacoma , the C1-B contract prompted the reopening (and rebuilding) of the Tacoma yard. Consolidated Steel entered the shipbuilding business in 1939. Timing makes these ship constructions interesting, as they were on slipways when the U.S. shipbuilding industry was going through the transition of 1940/1941 towards war time production and many ships, whether afloat or building, were reassigned to fulfill new duties. Unsuccessful bids were made by

1150-436: The World War I standard designs had diesel engines. From 1939 through the end of World War II , MARCOM funded and administered the largest and most successful merchant shipbuilding effort in world history, producing thousands of ships, including Liberty ships , Victory ships , and others, notably type C1 ships, type C2 ships , type C3 ships , type C4 ships , T2 tankers , Landing Ship Tank (LST)s and patrol frigates . By

1200-439: The axial load by counterbalancing a magnetically attractive section with a magnetically repulsive section near the axis. The other design maximizes torque and resists the consequential axial load with a mechanical thrust bearing . A magnetic stirrer is another example of magnetic coupling. Magnetic couplings are often synchronous, meaning the output shaft speed equals input shaft speed (a 1:1 ratio). The first few gears in

1250-408: The canal locks a ship can fit in, water depth ( draft ) is a limitation for canals, shallow straits or harbors and height is a limitation in order to pass under bridges. Common categories include: [REDACTED] The TI-class supertanker is an Ultra Large Crude Carrier, with a draft that is deeper than Suezmax, Malaccamax and Neopanamax. This causes Atlantic/Pacific routes to be very long, such as

1300-486: The danger posed to whale sharks by shipping activities in various regions, including Ecuador, Mexico, Malaysia, the Philippines, Oman, Seychelles, and Taiwan. See also, similar role:- Empire ship , Fort ship , Park ship , Ocean ship . Magnetic coupling Magnetic couplings allow a physical separation between input and output shafts, precluding the use of shaft seals, which eventually wear out and fail from

1350-623: The diesel engine direct drive of the AV1 subtypes, it used diesel-electric drive. The diesel engine powered a generator to produce electricity, and an electric motor with 2,200 horsepower (1,600 kW) actually powered the vessel. Four of the C1-MT-BU1 subtype were built as lumber carriers, with twin screws. The lumber carriers were given U.S. State-and-tree names, such as MS  California Redwood . Built by Albina Engine & Machine Works , Portland, Oregon. The final subtype, C1-M-AV8 , had

1400-406: The electric motor to the prop. Magnetic gearing is also being explored for use in utility-scale wind turbines as a means of enhancing reliability. The magnetic coupling has several advantages over a traditional stuffing box . Some aquariums use magnetic drive pumps , which have a magnetic coupling between the motor on the dry side of an aquarium wall and the propeller or impeller in the water on

1450-534: The end of the war, U.S. shipyards working under MARCOM contracts had built a total of 5,777 oceangoing merchant and naval ships. The C series of ships differed from the Liberty and Victory ships. The first C series vessels were designed prior to hostilities and were meant to be commercially viable ships to modernize the US Merchant Marine, and reduce the US reliance on foreign shipping. The Liberty ships were

1500-617: The frames hold the same dimensions as the upper deck. Full scantling ships have deck gear sufficient to completely unload their cargoes. A C1-B example and perhaps the most well-known was the SS ; Flying Enterprise . In 1939, under the Long Range Shipbuilding Program , contracts for 38 ships in batches of 2 to 5 vessels were awarded after one round of competitive bidding. Bethlehem San Francisco and Bethlehem Staten Island only produced on this occasion for

1550-538: The geartrain of an Omega Megasonic wristwatch have no teeth; instead, magnetic north and south poles on neighboring gears act like the teeth and trough of spur gears , allowing each gear to drive the next gear in the chain. Such magnetic gears, like spur gears, always have gear ratios consisting of small integers. More sophisticated magnetic gearings use pole pieces to modulate the magnetic field. They can be designed to have gear ratios from 1.01:1 to 1000:1. Magnetic couplings have some notable properties: Because there

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1600-514: The goods carried aboard the ship for hire, while "freight" refers to the act of carrying of such cargo, but the terms have been used interchangeably for centuries. Generally, the modern ocean shipping business is divided into two classes: Larger cargo ships are generally operated by shipping lines : companies that specialize in the handling of cargo in general. Smaller vessels, such as coasters , are often owned by their operators. Cargo ships/freighters can be divided into eight groups, according to

1650-706: The locks on the Saint Lawrence Seaway . The earliest records of waterborne activity mention the carriage of items for trade; the evidence of history and archaeology shows the practice to be widespread by the beginning of the 1st millennium BC, and as early as the 14th and 15th centuries BC small Mediterranean cargo ships like those of the 50 foot long (15–16 metre) Uluburun ship were carrying 20 tons of exotic cargo; 11 tons of raw copper, jars, glass, ivory, gold, spices, and treasures from Canaan , Greece , Egypt , and Africa . The desire to operate trade routes over longer distances, and throughout more seasons of

1700-606: The long voyages south of Cape of Good Hope or south of Cape Horn to transit between Atlantic and Pacific oceans. Lake freighters built for the Great Lakes in North America differ in design from sea water–going ships because of the difference in wave size and frequency in the lakes. A number of these ships are larger than Seawaymax and cannot leave the lakes and pass to the Atlantic Ocean, since they do not fit

1750-419: The other side of the wall. This coupling features two face-to-face magnetized disks: the driving magnet on the dry side, and the driven magnet on the underwater side. Torque is transferred by shear forces between the attracting magnetic disks, but this attraction can also produce an axial load as the disks pull on each other. There are two main designs for the magnetic pattern on each disk. One design minimizes

1800-417: The same family as the system used on various C3 ships where four such engines were coupled to one gearset for a total of 8,000 hp. The C1-M variant used diesel propulsion exclusively, but only a single 2,000 hp range engine and without magnetic couplings. All turbines and diesel engines were sourced from a variety of manufacturers. With the exception of ships built for specific shipping lines before

1850-578: The ship launching parade of the Liberty Fleet Day on 27 September 1941. after the Emergency Shipbuilding Program picked up momentum, Consolidated Steel remained the only manufacturer of the C1-B type. Converted to Troop Ships (all steam turbine driven) 7 Modified and redesignated (to United States Navy ) (all steam turbine driven) The C1-S-AY1 subtype of thirteen ships built by Consolidated Steel Corporation

1900-518: The ship while it is in port. The process of removing sulphur from the fuel impacts the viscosity and lubricity of the marine gas oil though, which could cause damage in the engine fuel pump . The fuel viscosity can be raised by cooling the fuel down. If the various requirements are enforced, the International Maritime Organization 's marine fuel requirement will mean a 90% reduction in sulphur oxide emissions; whilst

1950-628: The ships were launched as and by which name they were known to the Maritime Commission . The diesel (M for Motor) powered C1-M Type ships were a separate design from the C1-A and C1-B, meant for shorter runs and shallow harbors, either along the coasts, or for "island hopping" in the Pacific . These ships were shorter, narrower, and had less draft than the earlier C1 designs, and were rated at only 11 knots (20 km/h). USS  Alamosa

2000-509: The sliding of two surfaces against each another. Magnetic couplings are also used for ease of maintenance on systems that require precise alignment, since they allow a greater off-axis error between the motor and driven shaft than physical couplings. Magnetic couplings are most often used for liquid pumps, propeller systems, mine motors, conveyor belt motors and kiln elevators. Some diver propulsion vehicles and remotely operated underwater vehicles use magnetic couplings to transfer torque from

2050-593: The smaller shipping companies and private individuals operate tramp ships. Cargo liners run on fixed schedules published by the shipping companies. Each trip a liner takes is called a voyage. Liners mostly carry general cargo. However, some cargo liners may carry passengers also. A cargo liner that carries 12 or more passengers is called a combination or passenger-run-cargo line. Cargo ships are categorized partly by cargo or shipping capacity ( tonnage ), partly by weight ( deadweight tonnage DWT), and partly by dimensions. Maximum dimensions such as length and width ( beam ) limit

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2100-423: The stern. The C-1 (A and B variants) employed two kind of propulsion systems. One group comprising 19 C1-A, 85 C1-B and all 13 C1-S-AY1 used 4,000 hp compound turbines (one high pressure and one low pressure turbine) and turbo-electric generators for auxiliary power. The other group of 46 C1-A and 10 C1-B used two 2,000 hp diesel engines connected to a single reduction gearset via magnetic couplings , in

2150-447: The two parts may slip out of sync and end the transmission of torque. This avoids damage to the system, protecting both the motor from excessive loads and the driven component from deformation. A magnetic coupling transmission device is relatively simple in structure, and there is a gap between the driving part and the driven part, which is easy to install, disassemble, troubleshoot, and maintain. Magnetic couplings can transmit power via

2200-533: The type of cargo they carry. These groups are: Specialized types of cargo vessels include container ships and bulk carriers (technically tankers of all sizes are cargo ships, although they are routinely thought of as a separate category). Cargo ships fall into two further categories that reflect the services they offer to industry: liner and tramp services. Those on a fixed published schedule and fixed tariff rates are cargo liners. Tramp ships do not have fixed schedules. Users charter them to haul loads. Generally,

2250-796: The war many of the ships were sold to private companies. The Ever Given is a ship that was lodged into the Suez Canal from March 25 to 28, 2021, which caused a halt on maritime trade. The MV Dali , which collided with the Francis Scott Key Bridge in Baltimore , Maryland , United States , on 26 March 2024, causing a catastrophic structural failure of the bridge that resulted in at least 6 deaths. Due to its low cost, most large cargo vessels are powered by bunker fuel , also known as heavy fuel oil, which contains higher sulphur levels than diesel. This level of pollution

2300-573: The war, the majority of the C1-A and C1-B ships were given two-word names beginning with "Cape", such as SS  Cape Hatteras . Forty-six Type C1-A ships were built at Pennsylvania Shipyards, Inc. in Beaumont, Texas , with another 19 being built by Pusey and Jones in Wilmington, Delaware (not to be confused with Consolidated Steel 's Wilmington, California location). The majority were built with diesel motors, though 19 were built with steam turbine engines. These were shelter deck ships, having

2350-466: The works and were delivered during 1942. Many were converted to military purposes including troop transports during the war. The Type C1-M ship was a separate design, for a significantly smaller and shallower draft vessel. This design evolved as an answer to the projected needs for military transport and supply of the Pacific Ocean theater of World War II . Type C1 ships under the control of

2400-509: The world's seas and oceans each year, handling the bulk of international trade . Cargo ships are usually specially designed for the task, often being equipped with cranes and other mechanisms to load and unload, and come in all sizes. Today, they are almost always built of welded steel , and with some exceptions generally have a life expectancy of 25 to 30 years before being scrapped. The words cargo and freight have become interchangeable in casual usage. Technically, "cargo" refers to

2450-580: The year, motivated improvements in ship design during the Middle Ages . Before the middle of the 19th century, the incidence of piracy resulted in most cargo ships being armed, sometimes quite heavily, as in the case of the Manila galleons and East Indiamen . They were also sometimes escorted by warships . Piracy is still quite common in some waters, particularly in the Malacca Straits ,

2500-537: Was modified from the C1-B design for use as troopships by Great Britain under lend-lease called Landing Ship Infantry, Large and they were originally ordered as troopships. These ships were all given two-word names beginning with "Empire", such as SS Empire Spearhead . Empire Broadsword was lost at the Normandy Invasion , to a mine. Empire Javelin was sunk by a torpedo from a German U-boat on 28 December 1944. The original Cape names are what

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