61-404: C101 may refer to: CASA C-101 , a low-wing single engine jet-powered advanced trainer and light attack aircraft C-101 , a supersonic anti-ship missile that can be launched from air, ship and shore Centrair C101 Pegase C-101 Vega [REDACTED] Topics referred to by the same term This disambiguation page lists articles associated with
122-500: A commercial engine that had been re-developed for military use. Even from an early stage of development, the TFE731 was viewed as a front runner for the aircraft. According to Fredriksen, it provided relatively favourable performance and a high level of fuel economy amongst its peers. Overall, the aircraft provided mainly favourable characteristics while remaining an affordable trainer in comparison to international competition. Although
183-484: A dedicated trainer version, designated as C-101EB-01 by CASA and E.25 Mirlo ("Blackbird") by the air force. On 17 March 1980, the first aircraft entered service with the Spanish Air Force. Shortly after this dedicated trainer model was introduced, the aircraft was followed in production by a combination attack/trainer variant. Equipped with an uprated engine, this variant was designated C-101BB-02 . It
244-705: A full-fledged military air base. In 1919 General Francisco Echagüe replaced Kindelán as leader of the Aeronáutica Española . In 1920 two Nieuport 80 and one Caudron G.3 were first painted with squadron identification numbers and the Spanish Air Force roundel . Shortly thereafter the Aeronáutica Naval , the air branch of the Spanish Navy , already established through a Royal decree four years earlier, became functional in El Prat , in
305-447: A new jet trainer to replace its aging fleet of Hispano HA-200s and Ha.220s. Akin to the majority of contemporary European jet trainers, it was also to have a limited attack capability. During 1972, Hispano had been absorbed by Spanish aircraft company Construcciones Aeronáuticas SA (CASA), who took an interest in the trainer requirement. During October 1975, CASA was awarded a development contract based upon their submission, requiring
366-542: A numerical) including the aviation squadrons and a flight operations support squadron. An operations group is normally composed of two or three escuadrones ( squadrons ), each one normally consisting of 18 to 24 aircraft. Thus, Ala 15, with its base in Zaragoza Air Base , is formed by two squadrons with 18 F/A-18s each. Another group within the wing is the Grupo de Material , providing maintenance and repairs to
427-472: A pair of static airframes and four flight-capable prototypes to be built for testing purposes at a cost of 1,297 million pesetas ($ 22 million). To develop the aircraft, CASA sought technical assistance from abroad. Both the German manufacturing conglomerate Messerschmitt-Bölkow-Blohm (MBB) and American defense company Northrop opted to participate in the venture; specifically, engineers at MBB worked on
488-494: Is a low-wing single engine jet-powered advanced trainer and light attack aircraft designed and manufactured by Spanish aircraft company Construcciones Aeronáuticas SA (CASA). The C-101 was developed in response to a Spanish Air Force requirement, which needed a replacement for the outdated Hispano Saeta . During 1975, CASA commenced work on what would become the C-101. In addition to its own design team, technical assistance
549-495: Is classified as an Aerodromo Militar (military airfield), such as the Aerodromo Militar de Pollensa . 18A+ Germany, Spain , United Kingdom All units sent to 49th Wing for SAR operations. Germany, Spain , United Kingdom (delivery 2026 to 2030) The Spanish Air and Space Force has its own alphanumeric system for identifying aircraft. This forms a prefix to the airframe serial number, usually marked on
610-632: Is replacing older aircraft in the inventory with newer ones including Eurofighter Typhoon and the recently introduced Airbus A400M Atlas airlifter. Both are manufactured with Spanish participation; EADS CASA makes the Eurofighter's right wing and leading edge slats, and participates in the testing and assembly of the airlifter. Unlike the air forces of most major NATO member states, the Spanish Air and Space Force currently do not operate any AEW&C aircraft. Its aerobatic display team
671-846: Is the Patrulla Aguila , which flies the CASA C-101 Aviojet . Its helicopter display team, Patrulla Aspa , flies the Eurocopter EC-120 Colibrí . In July 2014 the Spanish Air Force joined the European Air Transport Command , headquartered at Eindhoven Airbase in the Netherlands . The Spanish Government announced in June 2022 that the Spanish Air Force would be renamed as the Spanish Air and Space Force. On January 9, 2024,
SECTION 10
#1732798225579732-413: The Grupo 22 operates P-3 Orion aircraft in the maritime patrol and ASW role and correspondingly there are two separate maintenance squadrons for the two aircraft types. Smaller operational units are the separate groups. They are also army regiment equivalents, but unlike the wings they are composite units, in which the operational aircraft, the maintenance and the air base squadrons report directly to
793-584: The C-101CC-04 were sold to Jordan . During 2018, the last of these aircraft were phased out by the Royal Jordanian Air Force . The final version of the C-101 to be developed, designated C-101DD , was first demonstrated by CASA during 1985. This model featured vastly improved avionics and featured systems such as a head-up display , HOTAS -cockpit, AN/ALR-66 radar warning receiver , chaff and flare countermeasures , as well as
854-534: The Chilean Air Force , Honduran Air Force and the Royal Jordanian Air Force . A final improved model, designated C-101DD , was demonstrated but did not find customers and thus it did not enter serial production. In addition to its use as a trainer aircraft, it has been used to perform aerobatics ; in the latter context, it has been flown by the Patrulla Aguila aerobatics team. As of 2019,
915-807: The Córdoba front. In August Heinkel He 51 fighters were also deployed. These planes helped the rebel army to gain full control of the air, as did the German and Italian expeditionary forces, the Condor Legion and the Aviazione Legionaria . At first, the Spanish Republican Air Force had the control of great swathes of Spanish territory using a motley selection of planes, but the unwavering help received by Francisco Franco from Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy reversed
976-600: The F-104 Starfighter , F-4C Phantom and F-5 Freedom Fighter After the death of dictator Franco in 1975 and the ensuing Spanish transition to democracy years, the organization and equipment of the Spanish Air Force was again modernised to prepare for Spain 's membership of NATO in 1982. Planes like the Mirage III and Mirage F1 were bought from France and became the backbone of the Air Force during
1037-623: The Spanish Army . Captain Alfredo Kindelán was named Chief of Aviation, Jefe de Aviación . On 17 December 1913, during the war with Morocco , a Spanish expeditionary squadron of the Aeronáutica Española became the first organized military air unit to see combat during the first systematic bombing in history by dropping aerial bombs from a Lohner Flecha (Arrow) airplane on the plain of Ben Karrix in Morocco . During
1098-738: The VIII Fliegerkorps , Luftflotte 2 . During the first years after World War II the Spanish Francoist Air Force consisted largely of German and Italian planes and copies of them. An interesting example was the HA-1112-M1L Buchón ( Pouter ), this was essentially a licensed production of the Messerschmitt Bf 109 re-engined with a Rolls-Royce Merlin 500-45 for use in Spain. In March 1946
1159-499: The first flight took place on 27 June 1977, the test flight phase, which included vibration, flutter and spin tests, did not commence until 17 April 1978. The prototype was flown in the Farnborough International Airshow during late July 1978. Performance was reportedly found to be better than anticipated by the designers. An initial order for 88 aircraft was placed by the Spanish Air Force; built as
1220-525: The ... Air Force Base ( Agrupación de la Base Aérea de ... ). Three such examples are the Agrupación de la Base Aérea de Torrejon , the Agrupación de la Base Aérea de Cuatro Vientos and the Agrupación de la Base Aérea de Zaragoza . An agrupación could be responsible for the support of air force operations at more than one airfield (military or civilian). As an example the Groupment of
1281-672: The 1970s and part of the 1980s. French fighters formed the air force's mainstay until the arrival of the American F/A-18 . Spanish F/A-18s participated in the Bosnian War and the Kosovo War under NATO command, based in Aviano , Italy . Assisted by USAF F-16s , Spanish Air Force EF-18As dropped laser-guided bombs on Bosnian Serb ammunition depots at Pale , on 25 and 26 May 1994 . The Spanish Air and Space Force
SECTION 20
#17327982255791342-731: The 1970s. The CASA 352 and the CASA 352L were developments built by CASA in the 1950s. Links were established in the 1950s with the United States. Spain received its first jets, like the F-86 Sabre and Lockheed T-33 together with training and transport planes like the T-6 Texan , C-47 and C-54 , and the Beechcraft T-34 Mentor . The first series of American jets was replaced in the 1960s by newer fighters like
1403-685: The Air and Space') is the aerial and space warfare branch of the Spanish Armed Forces . Hot air balloons have been used with military purposes in Spain as far back as 1896. In 1905, with the help of Alfredo Kindelán , Leonardo Torres Quevedo directed the construction of the first Spanish dirigible in the Army Military Aerostatics Service, created in 1896 and located in Guadalajara . The new airship
1464-683: The B-2I (Heinkel 111, nicknamed "Pedro"), the C-4K (Spanish version of the Bf 109, nicknamed "Buchón"), and some others. Still, Grumman Albatross seaplanes and Sikorsky H-19B helicopters were used in rescue operations. This is why still now in present times, EdA maintains a policy of having jet fighters from two different origins, one first line fighter of North American origin, and one from French-European origin ( F-4C Phantom / Mirage F1 , Mirage III ; EF-18A / Eurofighter Typhoon ). Although in sheer numbers
1525-649: The C-101 is a low-mounted monoplane , with unswept wings. The cockpit , which was relatively spacious amongst its peers, accommodated a crew of two in a tandem seating; the seats were staggered to provide the instructor in the rear position with greater visibility. The fuselage provided considerable internal space, permitting the installation of various additional aviation or supplemental systems as to suit future requirements or other secondary roles. Foreseen secondary roles included ground attack, armed escort, photographic reconnaissance , and as an electronic countermeasures (ECM) platform. The only surprising feature of
1586-613: The C-101 remains in service in the Spanish Air Force and several other countries. Early on in the 2010s there were talks about the replacement of the C-101. Finally, in 2020 it was decided that the C-101 would be replaced by the Pilatus PC-21 (24) and the Airbus Future Jet Trainer (50 - 55). The C-101 was designed in response to a Spanish Air Force requirement issued in 1975, calling for
1647-531: The EdA was impressive, at the end of World War II technically it had become more or less obsolete due to the progress in aviation technology during the war. For budget reasons Spain actually kept many of the old German aircraft operative well into the 1950s and 1960s. As an example the last Junkers Ju 52 used to operate in Escuadrón 721 training parachutists from Alcantarilla Air Base near Murcia , until well into
1708-664: The National Aviation School ( Escuela Nacional de Aviación (civil) ) in Getafe , near Madrid , under the Ministry of Public Works and Transport ( Ministerio de Fomento ). The established institution became militarized under the name Aeronáutica Española when Colonel Pedro Vives was chosen to lead it as director of the Aeronáutica Militar , Military Aeronautics, the name of the air arm of
1769-842: The Philippines, in just one month. The expedition was flown with two Breguet 19 and known as the Escuadrilla Elcano or "Elcano Squadron". In 1930 the Aeronaval Base in San Javier was established and in the same year a pro-Republican revolt in the Cuatro Vientos military aerodrome near Madrid was quashed. After the proclamation of the Second Spanish Republic in 1931, General Luis Lombarte Serrano replaced Kindelán as chief-commander of
1830-713: The Soviet Union in the mid-stages of the war, the Spanish Republican Air Force was no longer able to control the Spanish skies nor match the power of the German and Italian expeditionary forces in specific combat situations. The Spanish Republican Air Force became practically irrelevant after the Battle of the Ebro in 1938 when the root of the Spanish Republican Armed Forces was broken. Finally it
1891-541: The Space Command was formally established. The basic organization of the Air and Space Force is the following: The main operational formation of the SAF is the ala ( wing ), roughly equivalent to an army brigade. An ala is normally composed of three grupos (groups, army regiment equivalents) - an operations group called Grupo de Fuerzas Aéreas (Air Force Group, shortened to Grupo and followed by
C101 - Misplaced Pages Continue
1952-744: The Zaragoza Air Force Base is responsible for the mixed use military / civilian airfields of Zaragoza, Logroño-Agoncillo and Huesca-Pirineos. An air force base, which does not house flying units is classified as an Acuartelamiento Aéreo (roughly translated as Air Force Installation in English, one such example is the Acuartelamiento Aéreo Bardenas , supporting the Bardenas Reales training range) and an airfield, which does not house permanently flying units
2013-681: The air force, but he would be quickly succeeded by Commander Ramón Franco , younger brother of later dictator Francisco Franco . Captain Cipriano Rodríguez Díaz and Lieutenant Carlos de Haya González flew non-stop to Equatorial Guinea , then a Spanish colonial outpost. Under Capitan Warlela cadastral surveys of Spain were carried out using modern methods of aerial photography in 1933. The following year Spanish engineer Juan de la Cierva took off and landed on seaplane carrier Dédalo with his autogyro C-30P. In 1934 Commander Eduardo Sáenz de Buruaga became new chief-commander of
2074-646: The air force. Following a Government decree dated 2d October 1935, the Dirección General de Aeronáutica was placed under the authority of the War Ministry, Ministerio de la Guerra , instead of under the Presidencia del Gobierno , following which in 1936 the Air Force regional units became restructured. Accordingly, the Spanish Navy -based Escuadra model was replaced by Región Militar divisions which are still operative today. After
2135-428: The aircraft was the presence of a large internal weapons bay located beneath the rear cockpit; this allowed for a wider variety of armament to be carried than the underwing hard points could accommodate; alternatively, this bay enabled the carriage of other equipment, including reconnaissance payloads. In addition to the weapons bay, both armaments and stores could be fitted upon six underwing hard points. The design
2196-522: The aircraft, their weapons and systems. The Grupo de Apoyo completes the typical wing structure and it is the air base group, providing the functioning of the air base as a military installation. A variation of the wing structure is the Ala 11 in Morón de la Frontera air base, which has not one, but two operational groups. The Grupo 11 operates Eurofighter aircraft in the multi-mission fighter role, while
2257-464: The black and white Saint Andrew's Cross ( Spanish : Aspa de San Andrés ) fin flash , the tail insignia of Franco's air force, as well as of the Aviazione Legionaria of Fascist Italy and the Condor Legion of Nazi Germany , is still in use in the present-day Spanish Air Force. After the changes introduced at the beginning of Franco's regime the Air Regions and their Command centres were
2318-754: The capability to carry the AGM-65 Maverick air-to-ground missile; however, as of 2000 it had not attracted any orders. Between 1990 and 1992, all Spanish Air Force C-101s received an extensive upgrade package which mainly focused on the aircraft's navigation and armament systems. Data from Jane's all the World's Aircraft 1989–90 General characteristics Performance Armament Aircraft of comparable role, configuration, and era Related lists Spanish Air Force The Spanish Air and Space Force ( SASF ) ( Spanish : Ejército del Aire y del Espacio , lit. 'Army of
2379-421: The design of the rear fuselage and tail section while Northrop's team were responsible for the design of the aircraft's wings and engine inlets. Out of these efforts, a relatively conventional design was developed; according to aviation author John C. Fredriksen, the principles of simplicity and economy were highly emphasised by the design, shunning high performance features. In terms of its basic configuration,
2440-507: The devastation and the human casualties caused by the bombing of the Basque city of Guernica in 1937, known by the Luftwaffe as Operation Rügen , Hitler insisted that his longterm designs in Spain were peaceful. He called his strategy "Blumenkrieg" (Flower War), as evidenced in a January 1937 speech. The international outcry over Guernica, however, would not bring about any increase in
2501-476: The fifteenth type of fighter that arrived in the Spanish Air and Space Force (the Eurofighter is the C.16) and is the eighth example of this type to enter the SAF. On the nose or fuselage the aircraft has a numeral specific to the unit in which it is based. Variants of planes in service, for example two-seater versions or tanker versions of transports planes, add another letter to differentiate their function, and have their own sequence of serial numbers separate from
C101 - Misplaced Pages Continue
2562-687: The first Spanish military paratroop unit, the Primera Bandera de la Primera Legión de Tropas de Aviación , was established in Alcalá de Henares . It first saw action in the Ifni War during 1957 and 1958. Because of US Government objection to use airplanes manufactured in the US in her colonial struggles after World War II, Spain used at first old German aircraft, such as the T-2 (Junkers 52, nicknamed "Pava"),
2623-407: The following: The Blue Squadron ( Escuadrillas Azules ) was an air unit that fought alongside the Axis Powers at the time of the Blue Division, Division Azul Spanish volunteer formation in World War II . The Escuadrilla azul operated with the Luftwaffe on the Eastern Front and took part in the battle of Kursk . This squadron was the " 15 Spanische Staffel "/ JG 27 Afrika of
2684-474: The government, the new military structure of the republic merged the Aeronáutica Militar and the Aeronáutica Naval , the former being the air arm of the Spanish Republican Army and the latter the naval aviation of the Spanish Republican Navy , and formed the Spanish Republican Air Force . The Republican tricolor roundel was replaced by red bands for identification purposes, an insignia that had previously been used on Aeronáutica Naval aircraft during
2745-433: The group. Such example is the 47/o. Grupo Mixto de Fuerzas Aéreas (47th Air Force Composite Group) a mixed intelligence, electronic warfare and aerial navigation systems calibration unit at Torrejón de Ardoz air base. When an air base houses more than one ala or multiple separate grupos , the function of a lodger unit is provided by an air force installation unit (an army regiment equivalent) called Groupment of
2806-442: The military help provided to the beleaguered Spanish Republic.The pilots of the Spanish Republican Air Force, often young and poorly trained were unable to check the Nazi German and Fascist Italian modern-warfare attacks. Despite Franco's claim that both air forces were equal, and despite the help of foreign pilots, Spanish Republican planes were mostly obsolete and often in a bad state of disrepair. Even after acquiring more planes from
2867-429: The military rebellion that triggered the Spanish Civil War , Spanish military aviation was divided into the Air Force of the Spanish republican government and the National Aviation ( Aviación Nacional ), established by the rebel army. In July 1936, right after the coup, the first German Junkers Ju 52 and Italian Savoia-Marchetti SM.81 arrived to help the rebels and the Fiat CR.32 fighters began operating in
2928-500: The monarchy in the 1920s, before the time of the Republic. Many innovative, and often lethal, aeronautical bombing techniques were tested by Germany's Condor Legion forces on Spanish soil against the areas that remained loyal to the Republican Government with the permission of Generalísimo Franco. Nazi help to the Nationalist Air Force was part of Hitler's German re-armament strategy and the techniques that German Nazi pilots learned in Spain would later be used in World War II . Despite
2989-435: The primary versions. Example: "CE.15-02" will be the second F/A-18 two-seater (Fighter Trainer) delivered to the SAF. In addition, the aircraft used by the Spanish Air and Space Force usually carry a code consisting of one or two digits followed by a dash and two numbers, painted on the nose or fuselage. The first number corresponds to the unit to which they belong, and the second the order in which they entered service. Example:
3050-406: The same location as present-day Barcelona Airport . In 1921, following the Spanish defeat at Annual , known as Desastre de Annual in Spain, the Zeluán Aerodrome was taken over by the Rif army and another aerodrome was built at Nador . Lieutenant Colonel Kindelán was named Jefe Superior de Aeronáutica , becoming chief-commander of the air force in 1926, at the time when Spanish Morocco
3111-522: The same title formed as a letter–number combination. If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=C101&oldid=514178270 " Category : Letter–number combination disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages CASA C-101 The CASA C-101 Aviojet
SECTION 50
#17327982255793172-432: The situation. In September 1936 the Navy and Air Ministry, Ministerio de Marina y Aire , and the Air Undersecretariat, Subsecretaria del Aire were established under the command of Indalecio Prieto as minister. The first serious air combat took place over Madrid when Italian bombers attacked the city in a massive bombing operation. In the reorganization of the military in the areas of Spain that had remained loyal to
3233-400: The tail. The letter or letters, correspond to the use given. Thus, C means cazabombardero (fighter bomber); A, ataque (attack); P, patrulla (patrol); T, transporte (transport); E, enseñanza (training); D, search and rescue; H, helicopter; K, tanker; V, Vertical Take Off and Landing ( VTOL ); and U, utility. An example would be that the F/A-18 with "C.15-08" on the tail is
3294-426: The years that followed, most of the military activity of the Spanish Air Force would take place in Northern Morocco. In 1915 Spain's first seaplane base was opened at Los Alcazares on the Mar Menor in the Murcia region and Alfredo Kindelán was named Military Aeronautics Director, displacing Pedro Vives. The Catalan Flying School was established in Can Tunis , Barcelona the following year and Getafe Aerodrome became
3355-592: Was bought by numerous export customers, including Honduras , which bought four, and Chile , which bought four aircraft and parts for another eight to be assembled locally by ENAER . The Chilean BB-02s are designated T-36 Halcón . In 1983, CASA flew a dedicated attack version, the C-101CC-02 , which was again ordered by Chile. This time, only the prototype was built in Spain, with the remaining 22 machines built by ENAER. This variant featured yet another engine upgrade and increased fuel capacity; it has been designated A-36 Halcón ("Falcon"). Sixteen similar aircraft,
3416-420: Was completed successfully in 1908 and, named 'Torres Quevedo', made numerous test and exhibition flights. The Spanish Army 's air arm, however, took off formally in 1909 when Colonel Pedro Vives Vich and Captain Alfredo Kindelán made an official trip to different European cities to check the potential of introducing airships and airplanes in the Spanish Armed Forces. One year later a Royal decree established
3477-410: Was completely disbanded after the victory on April 1, 1939. The present Spanish Air Force ( Ejército del Aire , or EdA) was officially established on 7 October 1939, after the end of the Spanish Civil War . The EdA was a successor to the Nationalist and Republican Air Forces. Spanish Republican colors disappeared and the black roundel of the planes was replaced by a yellow and red roundel. However,
3538-404: Was produced in a modular fashion, which eases both manufacture and maintenance activities. It was provisioned with a considerable endurance range as a result of the initial requirement having called for a self-deployment capability to the Canary Islands from the Spanish mainland. The powerplant selected for the aircraft was the Honeywell TFE731-5-1J turbofan engine. This unit was actually
3599-424: Was provided by Germany 's Messerschmitt-Bölkow-Blohm (MBB) and the United States' Northrop . In June 1977, the first of four prototypes performed the type's maiden flight . The design was somewhat reminiscent of other jet trainers of the era, such as the BAE Hawk and the Alpha Jet , but was less aerodynamically sophisticated, being equipped with an un swept wing . Performance of the C-101 during flight testing
3660-406: Was reported in excess of predictions. On 17 March 1980, the first examples were introduced to operational service with the Spanish Air Force, which would be the principal customer for the C-101. The initial model possessed only a limited weapons capability, this attack capability was expanded upon later-built aircraft. Several models were exported to overseas operators; the C-101 has been adopted by
3721-414: Was retaken and the Rif War ended. In 1926 a crew of Spanish aviators, that included Ramón Franco , Julio Ruiz de Alda , Juan Manuel Duran and Pablo Rada , completed the first Trans-Atlantic flight between Spain and South America in January 1926 on the Plus Ultra . That same year, pilots González Gallarza, Joaquín Loriga Taboada and Rafael Martínez Esteve completed the first flight between Spain and
SECTION 60
#1732798225579#578421