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52-508: GMA News TV ( GNTV ; visually rendered in uppercase in its logo) is a 24-hour Philippine-based international pay television channel owned by Citynet Network Marketing and Productions Inc. , a wholly owned subsidiary of GMA Network Inc. It was originally launched in the Philippines on February 28, 2011, as a domestic free-to-air television network , replacing Q . The international pay television channel, GMA News TV International,

104-536: A common typographic practice among both British and U.S. publishers to capitalise significant words (and in the United States, this is often applied to headings, too). This family of typographic conventions is usually called title case . For example, R. M. Ritter's Oxford Manual of Style (2002) suggests capitalising "the first word and all nouns, pronouns, adjectives, verbs and adverbs, but generally not articles, conjunctions and short prepositions". This

156-829: A delay (except for selected special events such as live coverage of Day 1 of Eleksyon 2013 ), and the timepiece in the lower-left corner of the screen was covered. It began to be offered as a preview channel in Australia on FetchTV, IPS/AccessTV in Japan, GUdTV in Guam, Zuku TV in Kenya, and on OSN , with an official launch planned for the third quarter of 2011. GMA News TV International was officially launched on UBI World TV on December 1, 2011. In May 2012, Canadian IPTV provider MTS TV added GMA News TV International, becoming its first Canadian carrier. In November 2012, Optik TV also added

208-444: A handwritten sticky note , may not bother to follow the conventions concerning capitalisation, but that is because its users usually do not expect it to be formal. Similar orthographic and graphostylistic conventions are used for emphasis or following language-specific or other rules, including: In English, a variety of case styles are used in various circumstances: In English-language publications, various conventions are used for

260-496: A permanent frequency, UHF Channel 15 (479.143 MHz), which had been used since May 15. On July 27, 2019, GMA News TV premiered its first and only English-language news broadcast, GMA Regional TV Weekend News (now Regional TV Weekend News ). The broadcast switched to Filipino on September 12, 2020. In line with the enhanced community quarantine imposed due to the COVID-19 pandemic outbreak, GMA News TV temporarily went off

312-481: A single word ( uppercase and lowercase ). These terms originated from the common layouts of the shallow drawers called type cases used to hold the movable type for letterpress printing . Traditionally, the capital letters were stored in a separate shallow tray or "case" that was located above the case that held the small letters. Majuscule ( / ˈ m æ dʒ ə s k juː l / , less commonly / m ə ˈ dʒ ʌ s k juː l / ), for palaeographers ,

364-593: A sports and entertainment channel, similar to the old formats of Citynet Television and QTV. The plans were unveiled following GNTV's gradual shift away from its original news channel format toward general entertainment and sports since September 2020. This shift included the acquisition of broadcast rights to NCAA and PSL games, a simulcast of its sister digital channel Hallypop , and additional entertainment programs from its parent station, GMA Network , due to an increase in commercial load. These changes drew negative reactions from viewers, particularly when news coverage

416-409: A system called unicameral script or unicase . This includes most syllabic and other non-alphabetic scripts. In scripts with a case distinction, lowercase is generally used for the majority of text; capitals are used for capitalisation and emphasis when bold is not available. Acronyms (and particularly initialisms) are often written in all-caps , depending on various factors . Capitalisation

468-547: Is also known as spinal case , param case , Lisp case in reference to the Lisp programming language , or dash case (or illustratively as kebab-case , looking similar to the skewer that sticks through a kebab ). If every word is capitalised, the style is known as train case ( TRAIN-CASE ). In CSS , all property names and most keyword values are primarily formatted in kebab case. "tHeqUicKBrOWnFoXJUmpsoVeRThElAzydOG" Mixed case with no semantic or syntactic significance to

520-409: Is an old form of emphasis , similar to the more modern practice of using a larger or boldface font for titles. The rules which prescribe which words to capitalise are not based on any grammatically inherent correct–incorrect distinction and are not universally standardised; they differ between style guides, although most style guides tend to follow a few strong conventions, as follows: Title case

572-596: Is available through the over-the-top streaming service Lyca TV. Despite the rebranding of GMA News TV as GTV on February 22, 2021, in the Philippines, the international version will continue using its original name. GMA News TV competed with CNN International , BBC News , CNA , Al Jazeera English , ANC Global , AksyonTV International , NHK World , Arirang TV , CBC News , France 24 , Deutsche Welle , RT , and WION . On April 26, 2023, ABS-CBN Corporation and GMA Network, Inc. announced that GMA News TV would be available on ABS-CBN 's iWantTFC for viewers outside of

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624-424: Is capitalised. Nevertheless, the name of the unit, if spelled out, is always considered a common noun and written accordingly in lower case. For example: For the purpose of clarity, the symbol for litre can optionally be written in upper case even though the name is not derived from a proper noun. For example, "one litre" may be written as: The letter case of a prefix symbol is determined independently of

676-422: Is no technical requirement to do so – e.g., Sun Microsystems ' naming of a windowing system NeWS . Illustrative naming of the style is, naturally, random: stUdlY cAps , StUdLy CaPs , etc.. In the character sets developed for computing , each upper- and lower-case letter is encoded as a separate character. In order to enable case folding and case conversion, the software needs to link together

728-478: Is often spelled miniscule , by association with the unrelated word miniature and the prefix mini- . That has traditionally been regarded as a spelling mistake (since minuscule is derived from the word minus ), but is now so common that some dictionaries tend to accept it as a non-standard or variant spelling. Miniscule is still less likely, however, to be used in reference to lower-case letters. The glyphs of lowercase letters can resemble smaller forms of

780-853: Is removed and spaces are replaced by single underscores . Normally the letters share the same case (e.g. "UPPER_CASE_EMBEDDED_UNDERSCORE" or "lower_case_embedded_underscore") but the case can be mixed, as in OCaml variant constructors (e.g. "Upper_then_lowercase"). The style may also be called pothole case , especially in Python programming, in which this convention is often used for naming variables. Illustratively, it may be rendered snake_case , pothole_case , etc.. When all-upper-case, it may be referred to as screaming snake case (or SCREAMING_SNAKE_CASE ) or hazard case . "the-quick-brown-fox-jumps-over-the-lazy-dog" Similar to snake case, above, except hyphens rather than underscores are used to replace spaces. It

832-572: Is sentence-style capitalisation in headlines, i.e. capitalisation follows the same rules that apply for sentences. This convention is usually called sentence case . It may also be applied to publication titles, especially in bibliographic references and library catalogues. An example of a global publisher whose English-language house style prescribes sentence-case titles and headings is the International Organization for Standardization (ISO). For publication titles it is, however,

884-558: Is technically any script whose letters have very few or very short ascenders and descenders, or none at all (for example, the majuscule scripts used in the Codex Vaticanus Graecus 1209 , or the Book of Kells ). By virtue of their visual impact, this made the term majuscule an apt descriptor for what much later came to be more commonly referred to as uppercase letters. Minuscule refers to lower-case letters . The word

936-494: Is the writing of a word with its first letter in uppercase and the remaining letters in lowercase. Capitalisation rules vary by language and are often quite complex, but in most modern languages that have capitalisation, the first word of every sentence is capitalised, as are all proper nouns . Capitalisation in English, in terms of the general orthographic rules independent of context (e.g. title vs. heading vs. text),

988-407: Is universally standardised for formal writing. Capital letters are used as the first letter of a sentence, a proper noun, or a proper adjective . The names of the days of the week and the names of the months are also capitalised, as are the first-person pronoun "I" and the vocative particle " O ". There are a few pairs of words of different meanings whose only difference is capitalisation of

1040-424: Is widely used in many English-language publications, especially in the United States. However, its conventions are sometimes not followed strictly – especially in informal writing. In creative typography, such as music record covers and other artistic material, all styles are commonly encountered, including all-lowercase letters and special case styles, such as studly caps (see below). For example, in

1092-555: The Latin , Cyrillic , Greek , Coptic , Armenian , Glagolitic , Adlam , Warang Citi , Garay , Zaghawa , Osage , Vithkuqi , and Deseret scripts. Languages written in these scripts use letter cases as an aid to clarity. The Georgian alphabet has several variants, and there were attempts to use them as different cases, but the modern written Georgian language does not distinguish case. All other writing systems make no distinction between majuscules and minuscules –

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1144-473: The deity of a monotheistic religion . Other words normally start with a lower-case letter. There are, however, situations where further capitalisation may be used to give added emphasis, for example in headings and publication titles (see below). In some traditional forms of poetry, capitalisation has conventionally been used as a marker to indicate the beginning of a line of verse independent of any grammatical feature. In political writing, parody and satire,

1196-520: The wordmarks of video games it is not uncommon to use stylised upper-case letters at the beginning and end of a title, with the intermediate letters in small caps or lower case (e.g., ArcaniA , ArmA , and DmC ). Single-word proper nouns are capitalised in formal written English, unless the name is intentionally stylised to break this rule (such as e e cummings , bell hooks , eden ahbez , and danah boyd ). Multi-word proper nouns include names of organisations, publications, and people. Often

1248-435: The Philippines starting May 1, alongside GMA Pinoy TV and GMA Life TV . Uppercase Letter case is generally applied in a mixed-case fashion, with both upper and lowercase letters appearing in a given piece of text for legibility. The choice of case is often denoted by the grammar of a language or by the conventions of a particular discipline. In orthography , the uppercase is reserved for special purposes, such as

1300-431: The air on March 19, 2020. The channel returned on March 21, 2020, with limited broadcasting hours. On April 13, 2020, the channel resumed its regular primetime programming after 24 Oras , and its full programming was restored by September 21. On November 21, 2020, an article published by its affiliate news portal, Sports Interactive Network, reported that GMA Network announced plans to possibly reformat GMA News TV into

1352-407: The basic difference between the majuscules and minuscules is not that the majuscules are big and minuscules small, but that the majuscules generally are of uniform height (although, depending on the typeface, there may be some exceptions, particularly with Q and sometimes J having a descending element; also, various diacritics can add to the normal height of a letter). There is more variation in

1404-581: The capitalisation of the following internal letter or word, for example "Mac" in Celtic names and "Al" in Arabic names. In the International System of Units (SI), a letter usually has different meanings in upper and lower case when used as a unit symbol. Generally, unit symbols are written in lower case, but if the name of the unit is derived from a proper noun, the first letter of the symbol

1456-414: The capitalisation of words in publication titles and headlines , including chapter and section headings. The rules differ substantially between individual house styles. The convention followed by many British publishers (including scientific publishers like Nature and New Scientist , magazines like The Economist , and newspapers like The Guardian and The Times ) and many U.S. newspapers

1508-446: The case is usually known as lower camel case or dromedary case (illustratively: dromedaryCase ). This format has become popular in the branding of information technology products and services, with an initial "i" meaning " Internet " or "intelligent", as in iPod , or an initial "e" meaning "electronic", as in email (electronic mail) or e-commerce (electronic commerce). "the_quick_brown_fox_jumps_over_the_lazy_dog" Punctuation

1560-469: The change, GMA News TV's presentation was dramatically overhauled on February 22, 2021. It was replaced by GTV, which also featured news, entertainment, and sports programs. The "GMA News TV" brand has since been used for the international channel, with the word "International" being dropped after 10 years. Most of GMA News TV's programming consisted of news and public affairs programs produced by GMA News and Public Affairs . Outside of its core programming,

1612-534: The channel aired entertainment programs, including lifestyle and cooking shows, talk shows, local and foreign dramas, comedies, reality series, travel shows, foreign animated series, local and foreign movie blocks, sports programs, and additional content produced by GMA. GMA News TV was broadcast via regular free-to-air television on Channel 27 in Metro Manila , Cebu , Davao , and 28 other regional stations nationwide. In addition to GNTV's main analog signal, it

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1664-567: The channel to its lineup. Additionally, GMA News TV International became available on Singtel TV in SD . The channel was officially launched on Starhub TV in January 2019, along with GMA Pinoy TV and GMA Life TV. In Hong Kong, GMA News TV International was launched on Now TV in June 2015. In Europe, Australia, and New Zealand, GMA News TV International (along with GMA's other international channels)

1716-418: The code too abstract and overloaded for the common programmer to understand. Understandably then, such coding conventions are highly subjective , and can lead to rather opinionated debate, such as in the case of editor wars , or those about indent style . Capitalisation is no exception. "theQuickBrownFoxJumpsOverTheLazyDog" or "TheQuickBrownFoxJumpsOverTheLazyDog" Spaces and punctuation are removed and

1768-404: The context of an imperative, strongly typed language. The third supports the macro facilities of LISP, and its tendency to view programs and data minimalistically, and as interchangeable. The fourth idiom needs much less syntactic sugar overall, because much of the semantics are implied, but because of its brevity and so lack of the need for capitalization or multipart words at all, might also make

1820-562: The entire airtime of DZOE-TV 11 Manila in exchange for upgrading ZOE's facilities and providing an off-peak time slot for its programs on Channel 11 and GMA Network . However, due to increasing lease payments and decreased revenues for GMA Network, the two networks announced on April 24, 2019, that they would terminate the agreement by the end of May 2019. As a result, GMA News TV Manila was reassigned to analog Channel 27 , which had been used for GMA Network's digital test broadcasts, on June 4. Consequently, GMA's DTV operations were transferred to

1872-449: The first letter of a sentence or of a proper noun (called capitalisation, or capitalised words), which makes lowercase more common in regular text. In some contexts, it is conventional to use one case only. For example, engineering design drawings are typically labelled entirely in uppercase letters, which are easier to distinguish individually than the lowercase when space restrictions require very small lettering. In mathematics , on

1924-464: The first letter of each word is capitalised. If this includes the first letter of the first word (CamelCase, " PowerPoint ", "TheQuick...", etc.), the case is sometimes called upper camel case (or, illustratively, CamelCase ), Pascal case in reference to the Pascal programming language or bumpy case . When the first letter of the first word is lowercase (" iPod ", " eBay ", "theQuickBrownFox..."),

1976-434: The first letter. Honorifics and personal titles showing rank or prestige are capitalised when used together with the name of the person (for example, "Mr. Smith", "Bishop Gorman", "Professor Moore") or as a direct address, but normally not when used alone and in a more general sense. It can also be seen as customary to capitalise any word – in some contexts even a pronoun  – referring to

2028-543: The height of the minuscules, as some of them have parts higher ( ascenders ) or lower ( descenders ) than the typical size. Normally, b, d, f, h, k, l, t are the letters with ascenders, and g, j, p, q, y are the ones with descenders. In addition, with old-style numerals still used by some traditional or classical fonts, 6 and 8 make up the ascender set, and 3, 4, 5, 7 , and 9 the descender set. A minority of writing systems use two separate cases. Such writing systems are called bicameral scripts . These scripts include

2080-805: The name, though there is some variation in this. With personal names , this practice can vary (sometimes all words are capitalised, regardless of length or function), but is not limited to English names. Examples include the English names Tamar of Georgia and Catherine the Great , " van " and "der" in Dutch names , " von " and "zu" in German , "de", "los", and "y" in Spanish names , "de" or "d'" in French names , and "ibn" in Arabic names . Some surname prefixes also affect

2132-446: The names of the days of the week, the names of the months, and adjectives of nationality, religion, and so on normally begin with a lower-case letter. On the other hand, in some languages it is customary to capitalise formal polite pronouns , for example De , Dem ( Danish ), Sie , Ihnen (German), and Vd or Ud (short for usted in Spanish ). Informal communication, such as texting , instant messaging or

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2184-436: The other hand, uppercase and lower case letters denote generally different mathematical objects , which may be related when the two cases of the same letter are used; for example, x may denote an element of a set X . The terms upper case and lower case may be written as two consecutive words, connected with a hyphen ( upper-case and lower-case  – particularly if they pre-modify another noun), or as

2236-475: The rules for "title case" (described in the previous section) are applied to these names, so that non-initial articles, conjunctions, and short prepositions are lowercase, and all other words are uppercase. For example, the short preposition "of" and the article "the" are lowercase in "Steering Committee of the Finance Department". Usually only capitalised words are used to form an acronym variant of

2288-561: The tokens, such as function and variable names start to multiply in complex software development , and there is still a need to keep the source code human-readable, Naming conventions make this possible. So for example, a function dealing with matrix multiplication might formally be called: In each case, the capitalisation or lack thereof supports a different function. In the first, FORTRAN compatibility requires case-insensitive naming and short function names. The second supports easily discernible function and argument names and types, within

2340-462: The unexpected emphasis afforded by otherwise ill-advised capitalisation is often used to great stylistic effect, such as in the case of George Orwell's Big Brother . Other languages vary in their use of capitals. For example, in German all nouns are capitalised (this was previously common in English as well, mainly in the 17th and 18th centuries), while in Romance and most other European languages

2392-596: The unit symbol to which it is attached. Lower case is used for all submultiple prefix symbols and the small multiple prefix symbols up to "k" (for kilo , meaning 10 = 1000 multiplier), whereas upper case is used for larger multipliers: Some case styles are not used in standard English, but are common in computer programming , product branding , or other specialised fields. The usage derives from how programming languages are parsed , programmatically. They generally separate their syntactic tokens by simple whitespace , including space characters , tabs , and newlines . When

2444-457: The uppercase glyphs restricted to the baseband (e.g. "C/c" and "S/s", cf. small caps ) or can look hardly related (e.g. "D/d" and "G/g"). Here is a comparison of the upper and lower case variants of each letter included in the English alphabet (the exact representation will vary according to the typeface and font used): (Some lowercase letters have variations e.g. a/ɑ.) Typographically ,

2496-445: The use of the capitals. Sometimes only vowels are upper case, at other times upper and lower case are alternated, but often it is simply random. The name comes from the sarcastic or ironic implication that it was used in an attempt by the writer to convey their own coolness ( studliness ). It is also used to mock the violation of standard English case conventions by marketers in the naming of computer software packages, even when there

2548-563: Was a must-carry channel on all cable and satellite TV providers across the country. The channel was also available as a digital subchannel through GMA's main digital transmitters in Metro Manila, Baguio, Batangas, Cebu, and Davao. Later in 2011, GMA Network launched a 24-hour international version called GMA News TV International to complement its other two international channels, GMA Pinoy TV and GMA Life TV . Unlike its domestic counterpart, programs on GMA News TV International aired with

2600-506: Was launched later in 2011. Citing financial losses, GMA News TV ended its Philippine broadcast operations on February 22, 2021, to make way for GTV . GMA News TV International was renamed GMA News TV and continues to broadcast. GMA News TV was created as a replacement for " Q ", a network that primarily featured imported dramas and lifestyle-oriented programming aimed at women. It was also part of GMA News and Public Affairs ' plans to expand its presence on free-to-air television. GMA News TV

2652-526: Was put on hold for entertainment programs during the Typhoon Goni (Rolly) crisis in the Philippines. On February 9, 2021, the network announced that GMA News TV would be rebranded as GTV on February 22, less than a week before the 10th anniversary of GNTV's launch. On February 19, 2021, GMA News TV confirmed that it had ceased live news productions effective immediately and would shut down entirely on February 22, citing financial losses. To reflect

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2704-493: Was unveiled on February 7, 2011, during GMA-7's flagship newscast 24 Oras . Q was discontinued on February 20, 2011, in preparation for the launch of the new service, which occurred on February 28, 2011. Until 2019, ZOE Broadcasting Network served as an originating affiliate and flagship station for GMA News TV due to a block time lease agreement between ZOE Broadcasting and GMA's subsidiary Citynet Network Marketing and Productions in 2005. This agreement allowed Citynet to lease

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