2D computer graphics is the computer-based generation of digital images —mostly from two-dimensional models (such as 2D geometric models , text, and digital images) and by techniques specific to them. It may refer to the branch of computer science that comprises such techniques or to the models themselves.
52-607: GML may refer to: Computing [ edit ] Game Maker Language , the scripting language of Game Maker Generalized Markup Language , a set of macros for the IBM text formatter, SCRIPT Generative Modelling Language , an extension of PostScript used for the concise description of complex 3D shapes Geography Markup Language , an XML grammar to express geographical features Graffiti Markup Language , an XML-based file format that stores graffiti motion data Graph Modelling Language ,
104-598: A rigid motion : other rigid motions include rotations and reflections. A translation can also be interpreted as the addition of a constant vector to every point, or as shifting the origin of the coordinate system . A translation operator is an operator T δ {\displaystyle T_{\mathbf {\delta } }} such that T δ f ( v ) = f ( v + δ ) . {\displaystyle T_{\mathbf {\delta } }f(\mathbf {v} )=f(\mathbf {v} +\mathbf {\delta } ).} If v
156-572: A rotation in Euclidean space . rotates points in the xy - Cartesian plane counterclockwise through an angle θ about the origin of the Cartesian coordinate system . To perform the rotation using a rotation matrix R , the position of each point must be represented by a column vector v , containing the coordinates of the point. A rotated vector is obtained by using the matrix multiplication R v . Since matrix multiplication has no effect on
208-413: A scale factor that is the same in all directions. The result of uniform scaling is similar (in the geometric sense) to the original. A scale factor of 1 is normally allowed, so that congruent shapes are also classed as similar. (Some school text books specifically exclude this possibility, just as some exclude squares from being rectangles or circles from being ellipses.) More general is scaling with
260-614: A vector v = ( v x , v y , v z ), each homogeneous coordinate vector p = ( p x , p y , p z , 1) would need to be multiplied with this projective transformation matrix: As shown below, the multiplication will give the expected result: Since the last component of a homogeneous coordinate can be viewed as the denominator of the other three components, a uniform scaling by a common factor s (uniform scaling) can be accomplished by using this scaling matrix: For each vector p = ( p x , p y , p z , 1) we would have which would be homogenized to A convenient way to create
312-599: A Trinidadian media company Middle Low German (ISO 639-3 code), a formerly used European language Glycerol monolaurate , a naturally occurring antimicrobial agent Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title GML . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=GML&oldid=1078915194 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description
364-430: A complex image is to start with a blank "canvas" raster map (an array of pixels , also known as a bitmap ) filled with some uniform background color and then "draw", "paint" or "paste" simple patches of color onto it, in an appropriate order. In particular the canvas may be the frame buffer for a computer display . Some programs will set the pixel colors directly, but most will rely on some 2D graphics library or
416-537: A free version of the GameMaker engine. In January 2022, YoYo Games changed GameMaker Studio 2's numbering scheme so the version corresponds to the year and the month it was released (For example, 2022.1 for January 2022) . In April 2022, YoYo Games dropped the GameMaker Studio 2 name in order to match its new version numbering scheme, changing it to simply GameMaker . The program currently holds
468-642: A hierarchical ASCII-based file format for describing graphs Other uses [ edit ] Canadian Gold Maple Leaf , a gold bullion coin Gilmala Halt railway station (station code), in Pakistan GML Heritage , an Australian heritage consultancy firm Hostomel Airport (IATA code), in Ukraine Gradient multilayer nanofilm , a nanomaterial Grand Medal of Lotus Flower , an honour of Macau Guardian Media Limited ,
520-574: A new version of software with capability to export games for web browsers along with desktop. GameMaker: Studio entered public beta in March 2012 and enjoyed a full release in May 2012. Initial supported platforms included Windows, Mac, HTML5, Android, and iOS. Additional platforms and features were introduced over the years following; Late 2012 there was an accident with anti-piracy measures misfiring for some legitimate users. In February 2015, GameMaker
572-496: A rating of 8.5/10 on Mod DB based on 223 user reviews; many cite its flexibility and ease of use as positives and instability, crashes, project corruption and outdated features as negatives. Douglas Clements of Indie Game Magazine wrote that the program "[s]implifies and streamlines game development" and is "easy for beginners yet powerful enough to grow as you develop", though noting that "resource objects have to be gathered if unable to create" and that licensing between Steam and
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#1732783346215624-406: A separate scale factor for each axis direction. Non-uniform scaling ( anisotropic scaling , inhomogeneous dilation ) is obtained when at least one of the scaling factors is different from the others; a special case is directional scaling or stretching (in one direction). Non-uniform scaling changes the shape of the object; e.g. a square may change into a rectangle, or into a parallelogram if
676-474: A sound model for certain techniques such as mitered joints and the even–odd rule . Layered models are also used to allow the user to suppress unwanted information when viewing or printing a document, e.g. roads or railways from a map , certain process layers from an integrated circuit diagram, or hand annotations from a business letter. In a layer-based model, the target image is produced by "painting" or "pasting" each layer, in order of decreasing depth, on
728-546: A specific order. The ordering is usually defined by a single number (the layer's depth , or distance from the viewer). Layered models are sometimes called "2 1 ⁄ 2 -D computer graphics". They make it possible to mimic traditional drafting and printing techniques based on film and paper, such as cutting and pasting; and allow the user to edit any layer without affecting the others. For these reasons, they are used in most graphics editors . Layered models also allow better spatial anti-aliasing of complex drawings and provide
780-406: A translation matrix can be obtained by reversing the direction of the vector: Similarly, the product of translation matrices is given by adding the vectors: Because addition of vectors is commutative , multiplication of translation matrices is therefore also commutative (unlike multiplication of arbitrary matrices). In linear algebra , a rotation matrix is a matrix that is used to perform
832-405: Is a fixed vector, then the translation T v will work as T v ( p ) = p + v . If T is a translation, then the image of a subset A under the function T is the translation of A by T . The translation of A by T v is often written A + v . In a Euclidean space , any translation is an isometry . The set of all translations forms the translation group T , which
884-415: Is an IDE with built-in editors for raster graphics, level design , scripting, paths , and shaders ( GLSL or HLSL ). Additional functionality can be implemented in software's scripting language or platform-specific native extensions. In GameMaker Studio 2, users can choose whether to export the game as an NSIS installer, or a .zip file containing the game, the data.win file, and any files added under
936-422: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Game Maker Language GameMaker (originally Animo , Game Maker (until 2011) and GameMaker Studio ) is a series of cross-platform game engines created by Mark Overmars in 1999 and developed by YoYo Games since 2007. The latest iteration of GameMaker was released in 2022. GameMaker accommodates
988-407: Is isomorphic to the space itself, and a normal subgroup of Euclidean group E ( n ). The quotient group of E ( n ) by T is isomorphic to the orthogonal group O ( n ): Since a translation is an affine transformation but not a linear transformation , homogeneous coordinates are normally used to represent the translation operator by a matrix and thus to make it linear. Thus we write
1040-610: Is known as inverting color or color inversion , and is often used in graphical user interfaces for highlighting, rubber-band drawing, and other volatile painting—since re-painting the same shapes with the same color will restore the original pixel values. The models used in 2D computer graphics usually do not provide for three-dimensional shapes, or three-dimensional optical phenomena such as lighting, shadows , reflection , refraction , etc. However, they usually can model multiple layers (conceptually of ink, paper, or film; opaque, translucent , or transparent —stacked in
1092-415: Is not commonly used in dimensions higher than 3; there is a notion of a rotational displacement , which can be represented by a matrix, but no associated single axis or angle. Rotation matrices are square matrices , with real entries. More specifically they can be characterized as orthogonal matrices with determinant 1: The set of all such matrices of size n forms a group , known as
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#17327833462151144-664: Is primarily intended for making games with 2D graphics, allowing out-of-box use of raster graphics , vector graphics (via SWF ), and 2D skeletal animations (via Esoteric Software's Spine) along with a large standard library for drawing graphics and 2D primitives . While the software allows for limited use of 3D graphics , this is in form of vertex buffer and matrix functions, and as such not intended for novice users. The engine uses Direct3D on Windows, UWP, and Xbox One; OpenGL on macOS and Linux; OpenGL ES on Android and iOS, WebGL or 2d canvas on HTML5, and proprietary APIs on consoles . The engine's primary element
1196-582: Is source-to-source compiled to JavaScript with optimizations and minification applied in non-debug builds. GML Visual (originally called "Drag and Drop" ) is GameMaker's visual scripting tool. GML Visual allows developers to perform common tasks (like instantiating objects, calling functions, or working with files and data structures) without having to write a single line of code. It remains to be largely aimed at novice users. While historically GML Visual remained fairly limited in what can be comfortably done with it, GameMaker Studio 2 had seen an overhaul to
1248-406: Is used, with the x axis to the right and the y axis up, the rotation R( θ ) is counterclockwise. If a left-handed Cartesian coordinate system is used, with x directed to the right but y directed down, R( θ ) is clockwise. Such non-standard orientations are rarely used in mathematics but are common in 2D computer graphics, which often have the origin in the top left corner and the y -axis down
1300-446: The special orthogonal group SO( n ) . In two dimensions every rotation matrix has the following form: This rotates column vectors by means of the following matrix multiplication : So the coordinates (x',y') of the point (x,y) after rotation are: The direction of vector rotation is counterclockwise if θ is positive (e.g. 90°), and clockwise if θ is negative (e.g. -90°). If a standard right-handed Cartesian coordinate system
1352-757: The "Included Files" tab in the editor. GameMaker supports building for Microsoft Windows , macOS , Ubuntu , HTML5 , Android , iOS , Amazon Fire TV , Android TV , Raspberry Pi , Microsoft UWP , PlayStation 4 , Nintendo Switch and Xbox One ; support for PlayStation 5 and Xbox Series X|S was announced in February 2021 though an "Enterprise" license is needed to build games for these consoles. In past, GameMaker supported building for Windows Phone (deprecated in favor of UWP), Tizen , PlayStation 3 , and PlayStation Vita (not supported in GMS2 "largely for business reasons"). PlayStation Portable support
1404-693: The 1950s, based on vector graphics devices . These were largely supplanted by raster-based devices in the following decades. The PostScript language and the X Window System protocol were landmark developments in the field. 2D graphics models may combine geometric models (also called vector graphics ), digital images (also called raster graphics ), text to be typeset (defined by content, font style and size, color, position, and orientation), mathematical functions and equations , and more. These components can be modified and manipulated by two-dimensional geometric transformations such as translation , rotation , and scaling . In object-oriented graphics ,
1456-402: The 3-dimensional vector w = ( w x , w y , w z ) using 4 homogeneous coordinates as w = ( w x , w y , w z , 1). To translate an object by a vector v , each homogeneous vector p (written in homogeneous coordinates) would need to be multiplied by this translation matrix : As shown below, the multiplication will give the expected result: The inverse of
1508-426: The 4 entries of a rotation matrix with 2 rows and 2 columns. In 3-dimensional space, every rotation can be interpreted as a rotation by a given angle about a single fixed axis of rotation (see Euler's rotation theorem ), and hence it can be simply described by an angle and a vector with 3 entries. However, it can also be represented by the 9 entries of a rotation matrix with 3 rows and 3 columns. The notion of rotation
1560-598: The YoYo Games website is "convoluted". 2D computer graphics 2D computer graphics are mainly used in applications that were originally developed upon traditional printing and drawing technologies, such as typography , cartography , technical drawing , advertising , etc. In those applications, the two-dimensional image is not just a representation of a real-world object, but an independent artifact with added semantic value; two-dimensional models are therefore preferred, because they give more direct control of
1612-475: The case of one or more negative scale factors. The latter corresponds to a combination of scaling proper and a kind of reflection: along lines in a particular direction we take the reflection in the point of intersection with a plane that need not be perpendicular; therefore it is more general than ordinary reflection in the plane. In projective geometry , often used in computer graphics , points are represented using homogeneous coordinates . To scale an object by
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1664-468: The case where v x = v y = v z = k , the scaling is also called an enlargement or dilation by a factor k, increasing the area by a factor of k and the volume by a factor of k . Scaling in the most general sense is any affine transformation with a diagonalizable matrix . It includes the case that the three directions of scaling are not perpendicular. It includes also the case that one or more scale factors are equal to zero ( projection ), and
1716-561: The creation of cross-platform and multi-genre video games using a custom drag-and-drop visual programming language or a scripting language known as Game Maker Language (GML), which can be used to develop more advanced games that could not be created just by using the visual programming features. GameMaker was originally designed to allow novice computer programmers to be able to make computer games without much programming knowledge by use of these actions. Recent versions of software also focus on appealing to advanced developers. GameMaker
1768-434: The current subscription system would be replaced by a one-time license. GameMaker Language (GML) is GameMaker's scripting language. It is an imperative , dynamically typed language commonly likened to JavaScript and C-like languages. The language's default mode of operation on native platforms is via a stack machine ; it can also be source-to-source compiled to C++ via LLVM for higher performance. On HTML5, GML
1820-439: The expected result: Such a scaling changes the diameter of an object by a factor between the scale factors, the area by a factor between the smallest and the largest product of two scale factors, and the volume by the product of all three. The scaling is uniform if and only if the scaling factors are equal ( v x = v y = v z ). If all except one of the scale factors are equal to 1, we have directional scaling. In
1872-406: The fabled checker paint which used to be available only in cartoons ). Painting a pixel with a given color usually replaces its previous color. However, many systems support painting with transparent and translucent colors, which only modify the previous pixel values. The two colors may also be combined in more complex ways, e.g. by computing their bitwise exclusive or . This technique
1924-442: The image is described indirectly by an object endowed with a self- rendering method —a procedure that assigns colors to the image pixels by an arbitrary algorithm. Complex models can be built by combining simpler objects, in the paradigms of object-oriented programming . In Euclidean geometry , a translation (geometry) moves every point a constant distance in a specified direction. A translation can be described as
1976-623: The image than 3D computer graphics (whose approach is more akin to photography than to typography). In many domains, such as desktop publishing , engineering , and business , a description of a document based on 2D computer graphics techniques can be much smaller than the corresponding digital image—often by a factor of 1/1000 or more. This representation is also more flexible since it can be rendered at different resolutions to suit different output devices . For these reasons, documents and illustrations are often stored or transmitted as 2D graphic files . 2D computer graphics started in
2028-465: The license scheme to only two tiers, one that supported publishing on all non-console platforms, and a higher tier that added in console platform publishing support at a lower rate than the prior Ultimate license. These changes were aided by the financial investment of Opera into YoYo Games to help reduce costs for GameMaker users. On 22 November 2023, GameMaker announced that it would be "free for non-commercial use on all platforms (excluding console)," and
2080-436: The machine's graphics card , which usually implement the following operations: Text, shapes and lines are rendered with a client-specified color. Many libraries and cards provide color gradients , which are handy for the generation of smoothly-varying backgrounds, shadow effects, etc. (See also Gouraud shading ). The pixel colors can also be taken from a texture, e.g. a digital image (thus emulating rub-on screentones and
2132-604: The program were being developed in Delphi . Subsequent releases saw the name changed to Game Maker and software moving towards more general-purpose 2D game development. Versions 5.0 and below have been freeware ; version 5.1 introduced an optional registration fee; version 5.3 (January 2004) introduced a number of new features for registered users, including particle systems , networking, and possibility to extend games using DLLs. Version 6.0 (October 2004) introduced limited functionality for use of 3D graphics, as well as migrating
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2184-426: The runtime's drawing pipeline from VCL to DirectX . Growing public interest led Overmars to seek help in expanding the program, which led to partnership with YoYo Games in 2007. From this point onward, development was handled by YoYo Games while Overmars retained a position as one of the company's directors. Version 7.0 was the first to emerge under this partnership. The first macOS compatible version of program
2236-408: The screen or page. See below for other alternative conventions which may change the sense of the rotation produced by a rotation matrix . Particularly useful are the matrices for 90° and 180° rotations: In Euclidean geometry , uniform scaling ( isotropic scaling , homogeneous dilation , homothety ) is a linear transformation that enlarges (increases) or shrinks (diminishes) objects by
2288-410: The sides of the square are not parallel to the scaling axes (the angles between lines parallel to the axes are preserved, but not all angles). A scaling can be represented by a scaling matrix. To scale an object by a vector v = ( v x , v y , v z ), each point p = ( p x , p y , p z ) would need to be multiplied with this scaling matrix : As shown below, the multiplication will give
2340-411: The system, allowing more tasks to be done with GML Visual, and having it translate directly to code (with an in-IDE preview for users interested in migrating to code). GameMaker was originally developed by Mark Overmars . The program was first released on 15 November 1999 under the name of Animo (at the time, it was just a graphics tool with limited visual scripting capabilities). The first versions of
2392-482: The target platform they wanted to publish on (such as desktop or mobile). An annual license was required to publish for consoles, which was also contained in an all-encompassing annual Ultimate license that covered all supported platforms. Yoyo Games announced a change to the licensing approach in August 2021, allowing GameMaker to be used for free to learn, and eliminating the single-purchase options. Instead, it simplified
2444-743: The virtual canvas. Conceptually, each layer is first rendered on its own, yielding a digital image with the desired resolution which is then painted over the canvas, pixel by pixel. Fully transparent parts of a layer need not be rendered, of course. The rendering and painting may be done in parallel, i.e., each layer pixel may be painted on the canvas as soon as it is produced by the rendering procedure. Layers that consist of complex geometric objects (such as text or polylines ) may be broken down into simpler elements ( characters or line segments , respectively), which are then painted as separate layers, in some order. However, this solution may create undesirable aliasing artifacts wherever two elements overlap
2496-452: The zero vector (i.e., on the coordinates of the origin), rotation matrices can only be used to describe rotations about the origin of the coordinate system. Rotation matrices provide a simple algebraic description of such rotations, and are used extensively for computations in geometry , physics , and computer graphics . In 2-dimensional space, a rotation can be simply described by an angle θ of rotation , but it can be also represented by
2548-504: Was acquired by Playtech together with YoYo Games. Announcement reassured that GameMaker will be further improved and states plans to appeal to broader demographic, including more advanced developers. November 2016 saw the initial release of GameMaker Studio 2 beta, with full release in March 2017. This version spots a completely redesigned IDE (rewritten in C# ) and a number of new editor and runtime features. In August 2020, major update 2.3
2600-445: Was demonstrated in May 2010, but never made publicly available (with only a small selection of titles using it). Between 2007 and 2011, YoYo Games maintained a custom web player plugin for GameMaker games before releasing it as open-source mid-2011 and finally deprecating in favor of HTML5 export. Prior to August 2021, users had to obtain a single-purchase license for one of five different platforms, excluding consoles, depending on
2652-462: Was released in 2009, allowing games to be made for two operating systems with minimal changes. Version 8.1 (April 2011) sees the name changed to GameMaker (lacking a space) to avoid any confusion with the 1991 software Game-Maker . This version also had the runtime rewritten in C++ to address performance concerns with previous versions. September 2011 sees the initial release of "GameMaker: HTML5" -
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#17327833462152704-399: Was released, bringing a host of new features to IDE, runtime, and the scripting language. In January 2021, YoYo Games was sold to Opera Software for roughly 10 million USD . The development team of GameMaker remains the same, and has not caused any major development changes to GameMaker Studio. In August 2021, YoYo Games announced that they are changing their licenses and will offer
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