Misplaced Pages

#182817

73-1954: (Redirected from GMTC ) [REDACTED] This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Find sources:   "Gloria Material Technology Corp."  –  news   · newspapers   · books   · scholar   · JSTOR ( April 2023 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message ) Gloria Material Technology Corp. 榮剛材料科技 [REDACTED] Company type Public ( OTC ) ( TPEx : 5009 ) Industry Steelmaking Founded March, 1993 Headquarters Liouying , Tainan , Taiwan Area served Worldwide Key people Dr. Robert Chen ( Chairman & CEO ) Dr. Charlie Chang ( President ) Products Superalloy Titanium alloy ESR & VAR steel High speed steel Stainless steel Quenched-tempered steel Tool steel Special steel profile Precision parts machining Revenue US$ 291 million (2013) Number of employees 1,200 (November, 2014) Subsidiaries S-Tech Corp. Homkom Precision Industry Corp. Golden Win Steel Industrial Corp. (Taiwan) Golden Win Steel Industrial Corp. (Vietnam) Goldway Special Metal Co., Ltd. (Guangzhou ) Goldway Special Metal Co., Ltd. (Tianjin) Goldway Special Metal Co., Ltd. ( Jiaxing ) Goldway Special Metal Co., Ltd. (Xi'an) Alloy Tool Steel, Inc. Website www .gmtc .com .tw Gloria Material Technology Corp. Traditional Chinese 榮剛材料科技股份有限公司 Transcriptions Gloria Material Technology Corp. ( GMTC ; Chinese : 榮剛材料科技 ; pinyin : Rónggāng Cáiliào Kējì )

146-402: A certain size must be listed on an exchange. In most cases, public companies are private enterprises in the private sector, and "public" emphasizes their reporting and trading on the public markets. Public companies are formed within the legal systems of particular states and so have associations and formal designations, which are distinct and separate in the polity in which they reside. In

219-440: A company they perceive as possibly lacking liquidity. For example, if all shareholders were to simultaneously try to sell their shares in the open market, this would immediately create downward pressure on the price for which the share is traded unless there were an equal number of buyers willing to purchase the security at the price the sellers demand. So, sellers would have to either reduce their price or choose not to sell. Thus,

292-422: A component requires high strength ; such forgings usually require further processing (such as machining ) to achieve a finished part. Today, forging is a major worldwide industry. Forging is one of the oldest known metalworking processes. Traditionally, forging was performed by a smith using hammer and anvil , though introducing water power to the production and working of iron in the 12th century allowed

365-420: A distinctly different flow pattern. Both of these machines can be used for open-die or closed-die forging. A forging press , often just called a press, is used for press forging. There are two main types: mechanical and hydraulic presses. Mechanical presses function by using cams, cranks and/or toggles to produce a preset (a predetermined force at a certain location in the stroke) and reproducible stroke. Due to

438-588: A few disadvantages to this process, most stemming from the workpiece being in contact with the dies for such an extended period of time. The operation is a time-consuming process due to the amount and length of steps. The workpiece will cool faster because the dies are in contact with workpiece; the dies facilitate drastically more heat transfer than the surrounding atmosphere. As the workpiece cools it becomes stronger and less ductile, which may induce cracking if deformation continues. Therefore, heated dies are usually used to reduce heat loss, promote surface flow, and enable

511-425: A hammer strikes and deforms the workpiece, which is placed on a stationary anvil . Open-die forging gets its name from the fact that the dies (the surfaces that are in contact with the workpiece) do not enclose the workpiece, allowing it to flow except where contacted by the dies. The operator therefore needs to orient and position the workpiece to get the desired shape. The dies are usually flat in shape, but some have

584-401: A long period of time after maturity into a profitable company. However, from 1997 to 2012, the number of corporations publicly traded on US stock exchanges dropped 45%. According to one observer ( Gerald F. Davis ), "public corporations have become less concentrated, less integrated, less interconnected at the top, shorter lived, less remunerative for average investors, and less prevalent since

657-437: A more complex die design and the need for better lubrication and workpiece placement. There are other variations of part formation that integrate impression-die forging. One method incorporates casting a forging preform from liquid metal. The casting is removed after it has solidified, but while still hot. It is then finished in a single cavity die. The flash is trimmed, then the part is quench hardened. Another variation follows

730-437: A particular process window. To provide good forming conditions a homogeneous temperature distribution in the entire workpiece is necessary. Therefore, the control of the tool temperature has a major influence to the process. For example, by optimizing the preform geometries the local effective strains can be influenced to reduce local overheating for a more homogeneous temperature distribution. High-strength aluminium alloys have

803-553: A separate entity, its former shareholders receiving compensation in the form of either cash, shares in the purchasing company or a combination of both. When the compensation is primarily shares then the deal is often considered a merger . Subsidiaries and joint ventures can also be created de novo . That often happens in the financial sector. Subsidiaries and joint ventures of publicly traded companies are not generally considered to be privately held companies (even though they themselves are not publicly traded) and are generally subject to

SECTION 10

#1732797450183

876-417: A specially shaped surface for specialized operations. For example, a die may have a round, concave, or convex surface or be a tool to form holes or be a cut-off tool. Open-die forgings can be worked into shapes which include discs, hubs, blocks, shafts (including step shafts or with flanges), sleeves, cylinders, flats, hexes, rounds, plate, and some custom shapes. Open-die forging lends itself to short runs and

949-728: Is a company headquartered in Liouying industrial zone, Tainan , Taiwan . It is the only specialty alloy professional manufacturer in Taiwan which owns melting , forging , rolling , heat treating and finishing processes. GMTC provides more than 500 steel grades such as superalloy , titanium alloy , ESR & VAR steel , high speed steel , stainless steel , quenched - tempered steel, tool steel , special steel profile and precision parts machining. The main product shapes are focused on round bars and square bars. Products [ edit ] [REDACTED] Gloria Group Headquarters

1022-451: Is a forging process where a hammer is raised and then "dropped" into the workpiece to deform it according to the shape of the die. There are two types of drop forging: open-die drop forging and impression-die (or closed-die) drop forging. As the names imply, the difference is in the shape of the die, with the former not fully enclosing the workpiece, while the latter does. Open-die forging is also known as smith forging . In open-die forging,

1095-412: Is appropriate for art smithing and custom work. In some cases, open-die forging may be employed to rough-shape ingots to prepare them for subsequent operations. Open-die forging may also orient the grain to increase strength in the required direction. " Cogging " is the successive deformation of a bar along its length using an open-die drop forge. It is commonly used to work a piece of raw material to

1168-401: Is deemed warm forging ; if below 30% of the recrystallization temperature (usually room temperature) then it is deemed cold forging . The main advantage of hot forging is that it can be done more quickly and precisely, and as the metal is deformed work hardening effects are negated by the recrystallization process. Cold forging typically results in work hardening of the piece. Drop forging

1241-456: Is forming of a work piece in a single step in several directions. The multidirectional forming takes place through constructive measures of the tool. The vertical movement of the press ram is redirected using wedges which distributes and redirects the force of the forging press in horizontal directions. Isothermal forging is a process by which the materials and the die are heated to the same temperature ( iso- meaning "equal"). Adiabatic heating

1314-427: Is its ability to deform the complete workpiece. Drop-hammer forging usually only deforms the surfaces of the work piece in contact with the hammer and anvil; the interior of the workpiece will stay relatively undeformed. Another advantage to the process includes the knowledge of the new part's strain rate. By controlling the compression rate of the press forging operation, the internal strain can be controlled. There are

1387-2222: Is located in Liuying industrial zone, Tainan City, Taiwan. Superalloy Titanium alloy : ti-bar, ti-sheet, titanium welding coil, ti-tube, forging / machining parts VAR ( vacuum arc remelting ) & ESR ( electro-slag remelting ) steel Stainless steel : 300 series, 400 series, precipitation hardening, duplex Tool steel : cold work tool steel, hot work tool steel, low alloy steel, bearing steel High speed steel Quenched & tempered steel: alloy steel +QT, stainless steel +QT Plastic mold steel: round bar, block Special steel profile Precision parts machining Affiliated companies [ edit ] Taiwan S-Tech Corp.: titanium and nickel alloy, precision finish and engineering integration Homkom Precision Industry Corp.: special steel profile hot rolling, cold drawing, closed die forging and precision part machining Golden Win Steel Industrial Corp.: Gloria group logistic service in Taoyuan , Taichung and Tainan in Taiwan China Mainland Goldway Special Metal Co., Ltd. (Guangzhon): Gloria group logistic service in Guangzhou Goldway Special Metal Co., Ltd. (Tianjin): Gloria group logistic service in Tianjin Goldway Special Metal Co., Ltd. (Zhejiang Jiaxing ): Gloria group logistic service in Zhejiang Jiaxing Goldway Special Metal Co., Ltd. (Xi'an): Gloria group logistic service in Xi'an Southeast Asia Golden Win Steel Industrial Corp. (Vietnam): Gloria group logistic service in Vietnam America Alloy Tool Steel, Inc.: Gloria group logistic service in

1460-472: Is mainly used for aerospace applications. Magnesium alloys are more difficult to forge due to their low plasticity, low sensitivity to strain rates and narrow forming temperature. Using semi-open die hot forging with a three-slide forging press (TSFP) has become a newly developed forging method for Mg-Al alloy AZ31, commonly used in forming aircraft brackets. This forging method has shown to improve tensile properties but lacks uniform grain size. Even though

1533-448: Is most common when parts are forged without heating the slug, bar or billet. Aluminum is a common material that can be cold forged depending on final shape. Lubrication of the parts being formed is critical to increase the life of the mating dies. Unlike the above processes, induction forging is based on the type of heating style used. Many of the above processes can be used in conjunction with this heating method. Multidirectional forging

SECTION 20

#1732797450183

1606-447: Is nearly double that of conventional forging because contact times are on the order of 0.06-second. The downside is that this process is only feasible on smaller symmetric parts and cost; the initial investment can be over $ 10 million, so large quantities are required to justify this process. The process starts by heating the bar to 1,200 to 1,300 °C (2,190 to 2,370 °F) in less than 60 seconds using high-power induction coils. It

1679-435: Is on Wikidata Public company A public company is a company whose ownership is organized via shares of stock which are intended to be freely traded on a stock exchange or in over-the-counter markets. A public (publicly traded) company can be listed on a stock exchange ( listed company ), which facilitates the trade of shares, or not ( unlisted public company ). In some jurisdictions, public companies over

1752-460: Is one of the major reasons closed-die forgings are often used in the automotive and tool industries. Another reason forgings are common in these industrial sectors is that forgings generally have about a 20 percent higher strength-to-weight ratio compared to cast or machined parts of the same material. Forging dies are usually made of high-alloy or tool steel . Dies must be impact- and wear-resistant, maintain strength at high temperatures, and have

1825-408: Is privately held can buy out the shareholders of a public company, taking the company off the public markets. That is typically done through a leveraged buyout and occurs when the buyers believe the securities have been undervalued by investors. In some cases, public companies that are in severe financial distress may also approach a private company or companies to take over ownership and management of

1898-415: Is reduced in thickness and increased in length. Roll forging is performed using two cylindrical or semi-cylindrical rolls, each containing one or more shaped grooves. A heated bar is inserted into the rolls and when it hits a spot the rolls rotate and the bar is progressively shaped as it is rolled through the machine. The piece is then transferred to the next set of grooves or turned around and reinserted into

1971-454: Is required to operate the machinery. There is no flash produced so material savings are between 20 and 30% over conventional forging. The final product is a consistent 1,050 °C (1,920 °F) so air cooling will result in a part that is still easily machinable (the advantage being the lack of annealing required after forging). Tolerances are usually ±0.3 mm (0.012 in), surfaces are clean, and draft angles are 0.5 to 1°. Tool life

2044-403: Is then descaled with rollers, sheared into blanks, and transferred through several successive forming stages, during which it is upset, preformed, final forged, and pierced (if necessary). This process can also be coupled with high-speed cold-forming operations. Generally, the cold forming operation will do the finishing stage so that the advantages of cold-working can be obtained, while maintaining

2117-507: Is traded on a major stock exchange, it is not uncommon when shares are traded over-the-counter (OTC). Since individual buyers and sellers need to incorporate news about the company into their purchasing decisions, a security with an imbalance of buyers or sellers may not feel the full effect of recent news. Forging Since the Industrial Revolution , forged parts are widely used in mechanisms and machines wherever

2190-407: Is used to assist in the deformation of the material, meaning the strain rates are highly controlled. This technique is commonly used for forging aluminium, which has a lower forging temperature than steels. Forging temperatures for aluminum are around 430 °C (806 °F), while steels and super alloys can be 930 to 1,260 °C (1,710 to 2,300 °F). Benefits: Disadvantages: Depending on

2263-404: Is when a company has little or no trading activity and the market price is simply the price at which the most recent trade took place, which could be days or weeks ago. This occurs when there are no buyers willing to purchase the securities at the price being offered by the sellers and there are no sellers willing to sell at the price the buyers are willing to pay. While this is rare when the company

Gloria Material Technology Corp. - Misplaced Pages Continue

2336-1108: The United States See also [ edit ] List of companies of Taiwan References [ edit ] ^ "GMTC Insvestors" . External links [ edit ] [REDACTED] Wikimedia Commons has media related to Gloria Material Technology Corp. . Gloria Material Technology Corp. S-Tech Corp. Homkom Precision Industry Corp. Golden Win Steel Industrial Corp. Goldway Special Metal Co., Ltd Alloy Tool Steel, Inc. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gloria_Material_Technology_Corp.&oldid=1237830141 " Categories : Taiwan Steel Group Taiwanese companies established in 1993 Steel companies of Taiwan Manufacturing companies established in 1993 Hidden categories: Articles needing additional references from April 2023 All articles needing additional references Articles containing Chinese-language text Articles using infobox templates with no data rows Commons category link

2409-536: The United States , for example, a public company is usually a type of corporation though a corporation need not be a public company. In the United Kingdom , it is usually a public limited company (plc). In France , it is a société anonyme (SA). In Germany , it is an Aktiengesellschaft (AG). While the general idea of a public company may be similar, differences are meaningful and are at

2482-403: The die sooner than if there were no friction present, creating a much greater increase in the pressure required for the punch to finish the forging. The dimensional tolerances of a steel part produced using the impression-die forging method are outlined in the table below. The dimensions across the parting plane are affected by the closure of the dies, and are therefore dependent on die wear and

2555-574: The United States, companies with over 500 shareholders in some instances are required to report under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 ; companies that report under the 1934 Act are generally deemed public companies. A public company possess some advantages over privately held businesses. Many stock exchanges require that publicly traded companies have their accounts regularly audited by outside auditors and then publish

2628-408: The ability to withstand cycles of rapid heating and cooling. In order to produce a better, more economical die the following standards are maintained: Barrelling occurs when, due to friction between the work piece and the die or punch , the work piece bulges at its centre in such a way as to resemble a barrel . This leads to the central part of the work piece to come in contact with the sides of

2701-470: The accounts to their shareholders. Besides the cost, that may make useful information available to competitors. Various other annual and quarterly reports are also required by law. In the United States, the Sarbanes–Oxley Act imposes additional requirements. The requirement for audited books is not imposed by the exchange known as OTC Pink. The shares may be maliciously held by outside shareholders and

2774-488: The application of magnesium alloys increases by 15–20% each year in the aerospace and automotive industry, forging magnesium alloys with specialized dies is expensive and an unfeasible method to produce parts for a mass market. Instead, most magnesium alloy parts for industry are produced by casting methods. The most common type of forging equipment is the hammer and anvil. Principles behind the hammer and anvil are still used today in drop-hammer equipment. The principle behind

2847-432: The company. One way of doing so would be to make a rights issue designed to enable the new investor to acquire a supermajority . With a supermajority, the company could then be relisted, or privatized. Alternatively, a publicly traded company may be purchased by one or more other publicly traded companies, with the target company becoming either a subsidiary or joint venture of the purchaser(s), or ceasing to exist as

2920-422: The core of international law disputes with regard to industry and trade. Usually, the securities of a publicly traded company are owned by many investors while the shares of a privately held company are owned by relatively few shareholders. A company with many shareholders is not necessarily a publicly traded company. Conversely, a publicly traded company typically (but not necessarily) has many shareholders. In

2993-475: The dies, allowing for easy automation. Upset forging increases the diameter of the workpiece by compressing its length. Based on number of pieces produced, this is the most widely used forging process. A few examples of common parts produced using the upset forging process are engine valves, couplings, bolts, screws, and other fasteners. Upset forging is usually done in special high-speed machines called crank presses . The machines are usually set up to work in

Gloria Material Technology Corp. - Misplaced Pages Continue

3066-434: The dies. Press forging works by slowly applying a continuous pressure or force, which differs from the near-instantaneous impact of drop-hammer forging. The amount of time the dies are in contact with the workpiece is measured in seconds (as compared to the milliseconds of drop-hammer forges). The press forging operation can be done either cold or hot. The main advantage of press forging, as compared to drop-hammer forging,

3139-458: The direct heat treatment of parts after forging. One variation of impression-die forging is called "flashless forging", or "true closed-die forging". In this type of forging, the die cavities are completely closed, which keeps the workpiece from forming flash. The major advantage to this process is that less metal is lost to flash. Flash can account for 20 to 45% of the starting material. The disadvantages of this process include additional cost due to

3212-445: The final product from a precision forging needs little or no final machining. Cost savings are gained from the use of less material, and thus less scrap, the overall decrease in energy used, and the reduction or elimination of machining. Precision forging also requires less of a draft, 1° to 0°. The downside of this process is its cost, therefore it is only implemented if significant cost reduction can be achieved. Near net shape forging

3285-444: The firm's stock. For many years, newly-created companies were privately held but held initial public offering to become publicly traded company or to be acquired by another company if they became larger and more profitable or had promising prospects. More infrequently, some companies such as the investment banking firm Goldman Sachs and the logistics services provider United Parcel Service (UPS) chose to remain privately held for

3358-450: The following forging processes can be performed at various temperatures; however, they are generally classified by whether the metal temperature is above or below the recrystallization temperature. If the temperature is above the material's recrystallization temperature it is deemed hot forging ; if the temperature is below the material's recrystallization temperature but above 30% of the recrystallization temperature (on an absolute scale) it

3431-402: The forming temperature steel forging can be divided into: For industrial processes steel alloys are primarily forged in hot condition. Brass, bronze, copper, precious metals and their alloys are manufactured by cold forging processes; each metal requires a different forging temperature. Due to the narrow temperature range and high thermal conductivity, aluminium forging can only be realized in

3504-456: The foundation. Moreover, a large machine base is needed to absorb the impacts. To overcome some shortcomings of the drop-hammer, the counterblow machine or impactor is used. In a counterblow machine both the hammer and anvil move and the workpiece is held between them. Here excess energy becomes recoil. This allows the machine to work horizontally and have a smaller base. Other advantages include less noise, heat and vibration. It also produces

3577-415: The high speed of automatic hot forging. Examples of parts made by this process are: wheel hub unit bearings, transmission gears, tapered roller bearing races, stainless steel coupling flanges, and neck rings for liquid propane (LP) gas cylinders. Manual transmission gears are an example of automatic hot forging used in conjunction with cold working. Roll forging is a process where round or flat bar stock

3650-446: The horizontal plane, to facilitate the quick exchange of workpieces from one station to the next, but upsetting can also be done in a vertical crank press or a hydraulic press. The initial workpiece is usually wire or rod, but some machines can accept bars up to 25 cm (9.8 in) in diameter and a capacity of over 1000 tons. The standard upsetting machine employs split dies that contain multiple cavities. The dies open enough to allow

3723-465: The machine at room temperature and hot forged products emerge from the other end. This all occurs rapidly; small parts can be made at a rate of 180 parts per minute (ppm) and larger can be made at a rate of 90 ppm. The parts can be solid or hollow, round or symmetrical, up to 6 kg (13 lb), and up to 18 cm (7.1 in) in diameter. The main advantages to this process are its high output rate and ability to accept low-cost materials. Little labor

SECTION 50

#1732797450183

3796-444: The machine is simple: raise the hammer and drop it or propel it into the workpiece, which rests on the anvil. The main variations between drop-hammers are in the way the hammer is powered; the most common being air and steam hammers. Drop-hammers usually operate in a vertical position. The main reason for this is excess energy (energy that is not used to deform the workpiece) that is not released as heat or sound needs to be transmitted to

3869-493: The metal to completely fill the die cavity. After forging, the flash is removed. In commercial impression-die forging, the workpiece is usually moved through a series of cavities in a die to get from an ingot to the final form. The first impression is used to distribute the metal into the rough shape in accordance to the needs of later cavities; this impression is called an "edging", "fullering", or "bending" impression. The following cavities are called "blocking" cavities, in which

3942-407: The nature of this type of system, different forces are available at different stroke positions. Mechanical presses are faster than their hydraulic counterparts (up to 50 strokes per minute). Their capacities range from 3 to 160 MN (300 to 18,000 short tons-force). Hydraulic presses, such as the four-die device , use fluid pressure and a piston to generate force. The advantages of a hydraulic press over

4015-425: The number of trades in a given period of time, commonly referred to as the "volume" is important when determining how well a company's market capitalization reflects true fair market value of the company as a whole. The higher the volume, the more the fair market value of the company is likely to be reflected by its market capitalization. Another example of the impact of volume on the accuracy of market capitalization

4088-630: The operation can be used to create any size part because there is no limit to the size of the press forging machine. New press forging techniques have been able to create a higher degree of mechanical and orientation integrity. By the constraint of oxidation to the outer layers of the part, reduced levels of microcracking occur in the finished part. Press forging can be used to perform all types of forging, including open-die and impression-die forging. Impression-die press forging usually requires less draft than drop forging and has better dimensional accuracy. Also, press forgings can often be done in one closing of

4161-793: The original founders or owners may lose benefits and control. The principal–agent problem , or the agency problem is a key weakness of public companies. The separation of a company's ownership and control is especially prevalent in such countries as the United Kingdom and the United States. In the United States, the Securities and Exchange Commission requires firms whose stock is traded publicly to report their major shareholders each year. The reports identify all institutional shareholders (primarily firms that own stock in other companies), all company officials who own shares in their firm, and all individuals or institutions owning more than 5% of

4234-579: The piece is working into a shape that more closely resembles the final product. These stages usually impart the workpiece with generous bends and large fillets . The final shape is forged in a "final" or "finisher" impression cavity. If there is only a short run of parts to be done, then it may be more economical for the die to lack a final impression cavity and instead machine the final features. Impression-die forging has been improved in recent years through increased automation which includes induction heating, mechanical feeding, positioning and manipulation, and

4307-497: The price per share. For example, a company with two million shares outstanding and a price per share of US$ 40 has a market capitalization of US$ 80 million. However, a company's market capitalization should not be confused with the fair market value of the company as a whole since the price per share are influenced by other factors such as the volume of shares traded. Low trading volume can cause artificially low prices for securities, due to investors being apprehensive of investing in

4380-405: The production of finer details and closer tolerances. The workpiece may also need to be reheated. When done in high productivity, press forging is more economical than hammer forging. The operation also creates closer tolerances. In hammer forging a lot of the work is absorbed by the machinery; when in press forging, the greater percentage of work is used in the work piece. Another advantage is that

4453-414: The proper thickness. Once the proper thickness is achieved the proper width is achieved via "edging". " Edging " is the process of concentrating material using a concave shaped open-die. The process is called "edging" because it is usually carried out on the ends of the workpiece. " Fullering " is a similar process that thins out sections of the forging using a convex shaped die. These processes prepare

SECTION 60

#1732797450183

4526-444: The same grooves. This continues until the desired shape and size is achieved. The advantage of this process is there is no flash and it imparts a favorable grain structure into the workpiece. Examples of products produced using this method include axles , tapered levers and leaf springs . This process is also known as precision forging . It was developed to minimize cost and waste associated with post-forging operations. Therefore,

4599-475: The same process as outlined above, except the preform is produced by the spraying deposition of metal droplets into shaped collectors (similar to the Osprey process ). Closed-die forging has a high initial cost due to the creation of dies and required design work to make working die cavities. However, it has low recurring costs for each part, thus forgings become more economical with greater production volume. This

4672-446: The same reporting requirements as publicly traded companies. Finally, shares in subsidiaries and joint ventures can be (re)-offered to the public at any time. Firms that are sold in this manner are called spin-outs . Most industrialized jurisdictions have enacted laws and regulations that detail the steps that prospective owners (public or private) must undertake if they wish to take over a publicly traded corporation. That often entails

4745-407: The scale of milliseconds. Depending on the size and complexity of the part, the hammer may be dropped multiple times in quick succession. Excess metal is squeezed out of the die cavities, forming what is referred to as " flash ". The flash cools more rapidly than the rest of the material; this cool metal is stronger than the metal in the die, so it helps prevent more flash from forming. This also forces

4818-616: The tensile strength of medium strong steel alloys while providing significant weight advantages. Therefore, aluminium forged parts are mainly used in aerospace, automotive industry and many other fields of engineering especially in those fields, where highest safety standards against failure by abuse, by shock or vibratory stresses are needed. Such parts are for example pistons, chassis parts, steering components and brake parts. Commonly used alloys are AlSi1MgMn ( EN AW-6082 ) and AlZnMgCu1,5 ( EN AW-7075 ). About 80% of all aluminium forged parts are made of AlSi1MgMn. The high-strength alloy AlZnMgCu1,5

4891-422: The thickness of the final flash. Dimensions that are completely contained within a single die segment or half can be maintained at a significantly greater level of accuracy. A lubricant is used when forging to reduce friction and wear. It is also used as a thermal barrier to restrict heat transfer from the workpiece to the die. Finally, the lubricant acts as a parting compound to prevent the part from sticking in

4964-622: The thousands of pounds. Smaller power hammers , 500 lb (230 kg) or less reciprocating weight, and hydraulic presses are common in art smithies as well. Some steam hammers remain in use, but they became obsolete with the availability of the other, more convenient, power sources. There are many different kinds of forging processes available; however, they can be grouped into three main classes: Common forging processes include: roll forging, swaging , cogging , open-die forging, impression-die forging (closed die forging), press forging, cold forging, automatic hot forging and upsetting. All of

5037-428: The turn of the 21st century". Davis argues that technological changes such as the decline in price and increasing power, quality and flexibility of computer numerical control machines and newer digitally enabled tools such as 3D printing will lead to smaller and more local organization of production. In corporate privatization, more often called " going private ," a group of private investors or another company that

5110-514: The use of large trip hammers or power hammers that increased the amount and size of iron that could be produced and forged. The smithy or forge has evolved over centuries to become a facility with engineered processes, production equipment, tooling, raw materials and products to meet the demands of modern industry. In modern times, industrial forging is done either with presses or with hammers powered by compressed air, electricity, hydraulics or steam. These hammers may have reciprocating weights in

5183-545: The workpiece to move from one cavity to the next; the dies then close and the heading tool, or ram, then moves longitudinally against the bar, upsetting it into the cavity. If all of the cavities are utilized on every cycle, then a finished part will be produced with every cycle, which makes this process advantageous for mass production. These rules must be followed when designing parts to be upset forged: The automatic hot forging process involves feeding mill-length steel bars (typically 7 m (23 ft) long) into one end of

5256-412: The workpieces for further forging processes. Impression-die forging is also called "closed-die forging". In impression-die forging, the metal is placed in a die resembling a mold, which is attached to an anvil. Usually, the hammer die is shaped as well. The hammer is then dropped on the workpiece, causing the metal to flow and fill the die cavities. The hammer is generally in contact with the workpiece on

5329-409: The would-be buyer(s) making a formal offer for each share of the company to shareholders. The shares of a publicly traded company are often traded on a stock exchange . The value or "size" of a company is called its market capitalization , a term which is often shortened to "market cap". This is calculated as the number of shares outstanding (as opposed to authorized but not necessarily issued) times

#182817