The GAZ-3102 Volga is an automobile manufactured by the Gorkovsky Avtomobilny Zavod ( GAZ , Gorky Automobile Plant) from 1982 to 2009 as a generation of its Volga marque.
62-457: In 1976, the first prototypes were shown and under the new Soviet automobile numbering system , the car was christened as the GAZ-3101. Visually the vehicle included a completely new fascia, reminiscent of the more muscular fashion of North America, framed by East German built square headlights with water jet washers, a more angular chromed bumper with resin lining, fog lamps suspended below and
124-512: A 1.6L SOHC engine and deluxe trim. The car's name is formed from 'VAZ- index model name . The classic Fiat 124-derived models were known on the domestic market as Zhiguli (Жигули) until the late-1990s, when the name was dropped; thus, the 2104-2107 range, as well as 110-series, actually lack a model name. The restyled Sputnik range was renamed Samara, but the Niva and the Oka retained their names. By
186-480: A 5-speed gearbox, fuel-injected ZMZ-406 engine, ventilated Lucas disc brakes, a single rear axle, power steering, new electric dashboard and trim. In fact, all these features would be first tested on the GAZ-3102, before being introduced to the mass-produced Volga. This final arrangement would enter into a pattern, that would hold until 2009. Any novelty would first be introduced in the 3102, would be then fitted to
248-418: A certain export market. Instead, it is advisable to refer solely to the model number as these are the same for all markets. The future of the standard is unclear. Some Russian auto manufacturers keep following it and others do not. AutoVAZ still loosely follows the standard, using it to internally identify model platforms. However, it did not adhere to the standard with its newer Lada Kalina models, dropping
310-765: A committee of the Australian Senate claimed that "there is hardly a medal winner at the Moscow Games, certainly not a gold medal winner...who is not on one sort of drug or another: usually several kinds. The Moscow Games might well have been called the Chemists' Games". A member of the IOC Medical Commission, Manfred Donike, privately ran additional tests with a new technique for identifying abnormal levels of testosterone by measuring its ratio to epitestosterone in urine . Twenty percent of
372-584: Is used in the People's Republic of China . The old numbering system was used from 1945 until the new system replaced it later (one model numbered by old system, LAZ-695 N bus, is still produced [1] ). According to the old system, the vehicle model consisted of the manufacturer 's name and up to three digits. Each manufacturer received a range of numbers it used to pick model numbers. The ranges were assigned as follows: The modern numbering system, documented as отраслевая нормаль (industry standard) ОН 025270-66,
434-548: Is used to specify different versions or modifications of the same model. The sixth digit was sometimes used to specify export variants. Also, several digits separated by dash were sometimes used to specify option packages. The system had multiple drawbacks. For example, there were vehicles that could not be correctly indexed because their engine capacity and dry weight fell into different categories. This problem often appeared when extra low- or large-displacement modifications were created. Usually, these were indexed according to
496-929: The 1976 Summer Olympics in Montreal. This was in part due to state-run doping programs that had been developed in the Eastern Bloc countries. As a form of protest against the Soviet intervention in Afghanistan, fifteen countries marched in the Opening Ceremony with the Olympic Flag instead of their national flags, and the Olympic Flag and Olympic Hymn were used at medal ceremonies when athletes from these countries won medals. Competitors from New Zealand , Portugal , and Spain competed under
558-583: The GAZ-14 Chaika . Unlike the 3101, GAZ was able to secure the necessary go-ahead and funding for this limited vehicle. It also kept its original upsize design philosophy and compared to its predecessor, the GAZ-13 Chaika , the GAZ-14 turned out to be a much bigger and more prestigious car. Though the country's economy was stagnating at an alarming rate, its ageing ruling class (the nomenklatura )
620-683: The Islamic Conference condemned the invasion. Neither the People's Republic of China nor Taiwan (Republic of China) participated in the games, the former as a consequence of the Sino-Soviet split . Many of the boycotting nations participated instead in the Liberty Bell Classic , also known as the "Olympic Boycott Games", in Philadelphia . Those that competed had won 71 percent of all medals and gold medals at
682-504: The 2000s (decade), the VAZ designation was dropped from market names in favour of Lada and simplified export naming conventions were adopted, so VAZ-2104 effectively became Lada 2104, VAZ-2110 became Lada 110, VAZ-2114 became Lada Samara hatchback or Lada 114 and so on, though model indices continue to be used in both technical and marketing materials. The model names varied from market to market and as such should not be used except to indicate
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#1732791817807744-523: The 3102L with longer wheelbase , from 1987. Automobile model numbering system in USSR and Russia A standardized automobile model numbering system has been used in the Soviet Union and Russia . Using the modern version of the system it is possible to determine a vehicle's type and engine capacity. The modern version of the numbering system was introduced in the mid-1970s. A similar system
806-526: The 3110 (and 31105 after 2005). Changes would include body-coloured door handles, electronically regulated door mirrors with indicator lights and twin-torsion beam rear suspension, removal of the archaic kingpins from front suspension, and new engines such as the ZMZ-405 or licence built Chrysler DOHC and Steyr Diesels. In early 2009, after nearly 26 and a half years in assembly, the GAZ-3102 would be finally retired. A total of 155,850 cars were hand built over
868-615: The 5000 m and 10,000 m. Major broadcasters of the 1980 Games were USSR State TV and Radio (1,370 accreditation cards), Eurovision (31 countries, 818 cards) and Intervision (11 countries, 342 cards). TV Asahi with 68 cards provided coverage for Japan, while OTI , representing Latin America, received 59 cards, and the Seven Network provided coverage for Australia (48 cards). NBC , which had intended to be another major broadcaster, canceled its coverage in response to
930-590: The GAZ-24) and the top speed also rose from 145 to 152 km/h. Whilst not exactly impressive dynamics by the turn of the decade, its fuel economy figures were: from 10.5 litres per 100 km on the GAZ-24 to 8.5. With the new engine, and in simplified trim, the new car was re-christened as GAZ-3102. Still hoping to introduce the V6 powerplant at a later date, the GAZ-3101 designation was retained for it (and will be used for
992-493: The GAZ-3102 could not compete. No longer tied to the state, in 1993 GAZ made the 3102 available to the public. Again this was a temporary measure, as the small-volume unit anticipated a new car (in the form of GAZ-3105 and GAZ-3111, see below), but "temporarily" lacking one would leave a sizeable workforce unemployed. Without a stablemate (the GAZ-14 Chaika was forcibly retired in 1988, again see GAZ-3105 section) GAZ now had
1054-518: The Games. The cost for Moscow 1980 compares with costs of US$ 4.6 billion for Rio 2016 (projected), US$ 40–44 billion for Beijing 2008 and US$ 51 billion for Sochi 2014, the most expensive Olympics in history. Average cost for the Summer Games since 1960 is US$ 5.2 billion. Because of the U.S. boycott, changes were made to the traditional elements of the closing ceremony that represent the handover to
1116-727: The Soviet numbering system, which were used for documentation purposes. By the late-Soviet period, model names were also used domestically along with standardized indexes, like - Lada Sputnik for VAZ-2108, VAZ-2109 and their modifications. VAZ-21063 : A vehicle produced by VAZ , with an engine capacity between 1200 cc and 1800 cc (2), which is a passenger vehicle (1), sixth model of the plant (06), this model's third modification (3). GAZ-31029-51 : A middle-class (3) passenger (1) vehicle produced by GAZ , with engine displacement between 1800 cc and 3500 cc, second model (02), ninth modification (9), with option package #51 factory installed (-51). Each AvtoVAZ model has an internal index that reflects
1178-561: The U.S. boycott of the 1980 Games, and became a minor broadcaster with 56 accreditation cards, although they did air highlights and recaps of the Games on a regular basis. ABC aired scenes of the opening ceremony during its Nightline program, and promised highlights each night, but later announced that they could not air any highlights as NBC still had exclusive broadcast rights in the US. The Canadian Broadcasting Corporation (CBC) almost canceled their plans for coverage after Canada took part in
1240-693: The United States in protest of the 1979 Soviet–Afghan War . The Soviet invasion spurred President Jimmy Carter to issue an ultimatum on 20 January 1980, which stated that the U.S. would boycott the Moscow Olympics if Soviet troops did not withdraw from Afghanistan within one month. 66 countries and regions invited did not participate in the 1980 Olympics. Many of these followed the United States' boycott initiative, while others cited economic reasons for not participating. Iran , under Ayatollah Khomeini hostile to both superpowers, boycotted when
1302-552: The V8 "Chaser" models). Power steering and automatic gearbox were also removed from the make-up. The "new" Volga was re-submitted to Moscow for the go-ahead to production in early 1980 and was showcased at the Moscow Olympics to the wider public. Despite the general interest in the car, it would take a completely different route for the production order to finally come. Back in late 1976 GAZ launched its third-generation limousine,
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#17327918178071364-522: The boot, and the wheel fixed inside it, occupying a generous cargo volume. For the GAZ-3102, the fuel tank was moved behind the rear seat, and the spare took its place. Not only did this increase safety, but also ease of access at the petrol station (the hatch was located just below and slightly behind the C-pillar). For economical reasons, the GAZ-31029 retained the original configuration and in unifying
1426-673: The boycott, and was represented by nine cards. The television center used 20 television channels, compared to 16 for the Montreal Games, 12 for the Munich Games , and seven for the Mexico City Games . This was also the first time North Korea was watching, as KCTV (Korea Central Television) broadcast it as their first satellite program. A series of commemorative coins was released in the USSR in 1977–1980 to commemorate
1488-579: The city of Minsk , a truck rammed the motorcade killing the First secretary of the Byelorussian Communist Party , Pyotr Masherov . It remains controversial if this was an "accident" given his political ambitions, but he died in a GAZ-13 Chaika (though his status not only allowed him the GAZ-14, but even the flagship ZIL-4104 limousine). In the aftermath, GAZ had to endure criticism that it was producing an archaic vehicle, and in 1981,
1550-643: The competitions and world records were beaten 97 times. Though no athletes were caught doping at the 1980 Summer Olympics, it has been revealed that athletes had begun using testosterone and other drugs for which tests had not been yet developed. According to British journalist Andrew Jennings , a KGB colonel stated that the agency's officers had posed as anti-doping authorities from the International Olympic Committee (IOC) to undermine doping tests and that Soviet athletes were "rescued with [these] tremendous efforts". A 1989 report by
1612-697: The event. It consisted of five platinum coins , six gold coins , 28 silver coins and six copper-nickel coins. According to the Official Report, submitted to the IOC by the NOC of the USSR , total expenditures for the preparations for and staging of the 1980 Games were US$ 1,350,000,000, total revenues being US$ 231,000,000. To obtain additional funds for the competition, the Organizing Committee organized Olympic lotteries. The proceeds from
1674-539: The first to be staged in an Eastern Bloc country, as well as the first Olympic Games and only Summer Olympics to be held in a Slavic language -speaking country. They were also the only Summer Olympic Games to be held in a self-proclaimed communist country until the 2008 Summer Olympics held in China. These were the final Olympic Games under the IOC Presidency of Michael Morris, 3rd Baron Killanin before he
1736-442: The flags of their respective National Olympic Committees . Some of these teams that marched under flags other than their national flags were depleted by boycotts by individual athletes, while some athletes did not participate in the march. The boycott impacted the competitiveness of swimming, track and field, boxing, basketball, diving, field hockey and equestrian sports. Whilst competitors from 36 countries became Olympic medalists,
1798-512: The following 21 sports: This is a list of all nations that won medals at the 1980 Games. * Host nation (Host nation (Soviet Union)) In the following list, the number in parentheses indicates the number of athletes from each nation that competed in Moscow. Nations in italics competed under the Olympic flag (or, in the cases of New Zealand, Portugal and Spain, under
1860-402: The great majority of the medals were taken by the Soviet Union and East Germany in what was the most skewed medal tally since 1904 . There were 203 events – more than at any previous Olympics. 36 world records, 39 European records and 74 Olympic records were set at the games. In total, this was more records than were set at Montreal. New Olympic records were set 241 times over the course of
1922-424: The host city and country or private investors to build, e.g., the competition venues, the Olympic village, international broadcast center, and media and press center, which are required to host the Games. Indirect capital costs are not included, such as for road, rail, or airport infrastructure, or for hotel upgrades or other business investment incurred in preparation for the Games but not directly related to staging
GAZ-3102 - Misplaced Pages Continue
1984-582: The host city of the next Summer Olympics in Los Angeles. Among them, the flag of the city of Los Angeles instead of the United States flag was raised, and the Olympic Anthem instead of the national anthem of the United States was played. There was also no "Antwerp Ceremony", where the ceremonial Olympic flag was transferred from the Mayor of Moscow to the Mayor of Los Angeles; instead the flag
2046-508: The index of the base model. For example, 5.5-liter V8-powered Volga GAZ-31011 was indexed so because its base model was 2,99-liter GAZ-3101; instead, it should have been indexed with "4" first digit according to its engine displacement. Moskvitch-214145 Svyatogor (based on Moskvitch 2141 ) was powered by 2.0-liter Renault F3R engine, so it fell into "Middle" class according to its engine displacement (more than 1800 cc), but into "Small" class according to its dry weight. However, for most purposes,
2108-414: The last GAZ-13 departed Gorky. Such turn of events left the Soviet third-ranking nomenklatura without a status car, for whom the standard GAZ-24 Volga was no longer acceptable. It was here that the GAZ-3102 finally found its role, never to be sold to the public or be available to it as taxi or ambulance. An estate version, though developed, never saw assembly. In April 1982 hand-assembly of this car began at
2170-567: The level of modifications, based on the engine and other options installed. For example, the VAZ-21103 variant has the 1.5 L 16V engine, while the VAZ-21104 uses the latest 1.6 L 16V fuel injection engine. Since 2001, trim levels are also indicated by including a number after the main index: '-00' means base trim level, '-01' means standard trim and '-02' designates deluxe version; for example, VAZ-21121-02 means Lada 112 hatchback with
2232-490: The list of 66 countries that boycotted the games entirely) participated in the games under the Olympic Flag . The Soviet Union later boycotted the 1984 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles . The Soviet Union won the most gold and overall medals, with the USSR and East Germany winning 127 out of 203 available golds. The only two cities to bid for the 1980 Summer Olympics were Moscow and Los Angeles. The choice between them
2294-521: The lotteries covered 25% of the cost of holding the competition. The Oxford Olympics Study established the outturn cost of the Moscow 1980 Summer Olympics at US$ 6.3 billion in 2015 dollars. This includes sports-related costs only, that is, (i) operational costs incurred by the organizing committee for the purpose of staging the Games, e.g., expenditures for technology, transportation, workforce, administration, security, catering, ceremonies, and medical services, and (ii) direct capital costs incurred by
2356-412: The manufacturers. According to this system the full model designation is a combination of the manufacturer's name (e.g. VAZ) and at least 4-digit number (e.g. 2108): in which: For passenger cars the engine displacement and dry weight are used to determine the class, also sub-classes (Groups) are defined: For trucks, full weight is used: For buses length is used: The fifth digit is optional, and
2418-477: The market economy froze these ambitions permanently. In 1992, the stampings of the GAZ-24 would completely deteriorate, and using the 3102s press forms, the GAZ-31029 would result on the conveyor (effectively the anticipated end-result, more than a decade late). At the same time, hand assembly of the GAZ-3102 has all but ceased as the target market, the mid-level officials, now had access to foreign cars, with whom
2480-493: The other hand, had the more powerful twin carburettor 220 hp ZMZ 505.10 based on the V8 from the newer GAZ-14. No more than 300 such cars were produced for the 9th Directorate and its successor, the Federal Protective Service until 1996. There were also a number of prototypes built: the 1983 31025 with 70 hp (52 kW ; 71 PS ) 2,112 cc (129 cu in) Indenor diesel; and
2542-791: The period, including 27 thousand original Volgas with the ZMZ-4022 engines. Like the GAZ-23 and the GAZ-24-24, specialised V8 "Chasers" also existed, and these retained the original GAZ-3101 designation. The GAZ-31011 carried the ZMZ 503.10, a modernized version of the GAZ 24-34's closed crankcase ventilation engine that is itself based on the Chaika's original engine, the ZMZ-13 with 195 hp. The GAZ-31013, on
GAZ-3102 - Misplaced Pages Continue
2604-435: The prototypes took part in much publicised tours of the USSR, and GAZ was ready to begin its pre-conveyor batches in 1978. For the next two years, GAZ was left with a car approved for production, but without the necessary go-ahead from Moscow. Several reasons played a role, but most of all was the same administration of USSR's planned economy that forced the third generation Volga into a GAZ-24-derived replacement. Polyakov, who
2666-780: The required first digit "2" and numbering them as 1117, 1118 and 1119, despite having a 1.6 L engine. Moscow Olympics The 1980 Summer Olympics ( Russian : Летние Олимпийские игры 1980 , romanized : Letnije Olimpijskije igry 1980 ), officially known as the Games of the XXII Olympiad ( Russian : Игры XXII Олимпиады , romanized : Igry XXII Olimpiady ) and officially branded as Moscow 1980 (Russian: Москва 1980 ), were an international multi-sport event held from 19 July to 3 August 1980 in Moscow , Soviet Union, in present-day Russia. The games were
2728-437: The resources to increase volumes to ten thousand per annum (which it reached in 1996). Adoption for greater volume assembly would require several modifications (or simplifications) to be performed. The novel, but ultimately troublesome in maintenance stratified charge ignition was removed, replaced by a standard ZMZ-402 engine. Another change was the location of the fuel tank and spare wheel. The original GAZ-24 had its tank under
2790-495: The specialised unit on the factory that built the Chaikas, with an annual production of about 3000 cars. Despite its status and assembly quality, by the mid-1980s it was clearly an out-of-date automobile compared to its western counterparts ( Mercedes-Benz W124 , Volvo 760 , Renault 25 , Nissan Cedric etc.). It was planned that both the GAZ-3102 and GAZ-24 be retired by the end of the decade. With ascendancy of Mikhail Gorbachev ,
2852-473: The specimens he tested, including those from sixteen gold medalists would have resulted in disciplinary proceedings had the tests been official. The results of Donike's unofficial tests later convinced the IOC to add his new technique to their testing protocols. The first documented case of " blood doping " occurred at the 1980 Summer Olympics as a runner was transfused with two pints of blood before winning medals in
2914-483: The stamping forms, the 3102 was fitted with the older layout. Despite a higher price, the GAZ-3102 enjoyed relatively good sales, and remained in demand. Compared to the GAZ-31029, it had a notably higher reputation for build quality. When the former was to be retired, and replaced with the GAZ-3110, the 3102 was fitted with 3110 upgrades, but not upgraded externally, as its look had become classic. The upgrades included
2976-506: The start of perestroika and the appointment of Nikolay Pugin, former administrator of GAZ as Minister of Automobile Production, headway was made into development of their replacements by the new 3103/3104/3105 family. As a temporary measure, GAZ was able to use most of the mechanical upgrades of the 3102 and retrofit them to the GAZ-24 (see GAZ-24-10) in 1986. However the collapse of the Soviet Union , and Russia's difficult entry into
3038-530: The system worked just fine for its time, mostly because new models were specifically created to fit into its classes and sub-classes, and extra low- or high-power modifications were quite rare. This system usually was not used for export markets, where different indexes (usually directly based on engine displacement, like "Moskvitch 1500" for the car that was known domestically as Moskvitch 2140 ), or names (like "Moskvitch Aleko" for Moskvitch 2141 ) were in use. However, all exported models anyway had indexes based on
3100-506: The trademark "Baleen" grille. At the same time, conservative European influence can also be traced in the new rear panels, with a large tail-light cluster. As a measure of additional security, the fuel tank migrated behind the rear seat from its position under the boot, allowing the spare wheel to occupy its space. From the side, GAZ-24's profile remained, but doors now void of quarter glasses and featured sunken door handles in accordance to new standards of passive safety to pedestrians. Although
3162-401: The traditional chrome door mounted mirrors were retained, a provision was made for internal adjustment. Inside, the vehicle had a completely new interior, with headrests on all seats, a new polyurethane coated dashboard with integrated instrument clusters and steering column controls for windscreen wipers/washers and indicator/high beam lights, rear window heater and other features. Chassis-wise
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#17327918178073224-539: The vehicle featured a vacuum servo assisted split-contour braking system, front disc brakes , radial tyres and "aerodynamic" hub caps. The prototypes were powered by a 2990 cc GAZ-24-14 V6 with a cast iron cylinder block originally developed for the GAZ-24, and the identical GAZ-24-18, with an aluminium block. Both engines produced 136 hp, but the latter was much lighter in weight. The shown GAZ-3101 prototypes also featured automatic transmission, power steering, electric windows and air conditioning. Like its predecessors,
3286-422: Was a source for much needed foreign currency. Faced with these constraints, GAZ continued to modify and alter (read simplify) the make-up of the car. One such result was the ZMZ-4022 motor with a stratified charge or in original terms—"prechambered—torch ignition". Similar to Honda CVCC design, GAZ experimented with such technology in the early 1950s, and its patent dates to 1968. Now that it had time to spare, it
3348-534: Was also the first time Vietnam participated after the end of the Vietnam War and the Reunification of Vietnam. None of these nations won a medal. 29 countries boycotted the previous 1976 Summer Olympics in protest against the IOC for not expelling New Zealand, which had sanctioned a rugby tour of apartheid South Africa. The 1980 Summer Olympics were disrupted by another, even larger, boycott led by
3410-399: Was decided to introduce this novelty. To keep production costs low, the new engine retained all of ZMZ-24Ds key features: 4 cylinders, OHV, displacement etc. However the material of both cylinder block and head was now aluminium. The big novelty was four additional inlet valves that charged the combustion prechambers. Feeding this was a three barrel carburettor, where the draft from third barrel
3472-461: Was directed into the four prechambers. The spark plugs were located inside these chambers, and lean fuel-air mixture in main cylinders was ignited by conical jets (the "torches") from these prechambers. Compared to the ZMZ-24D, power rose by 10 hp to 105 at 4750 rpm. Though the car was 50 kg heavier in weight, it could now do 0–100 km/h acceleration in 16.2 seconds (compared to the 22 on
3534-470: Was first introduced in 1966 (but did not become effective immediately, so many vehicles that entered production before the mid-1970s still used the old numbering system; the first vehicle to use it was the all-new VAZ-2101 , other plants switched to the new system later: Moskvitch - in 1976, Moskvitch 2140 ; GAZ - in 1982, GAZ-3102 ; and so on) and is still used in Russia, although not strictly adhered to by
3596-428: Was increasing, as were its appetites, and in the semi-official hierarchy, not everyone was entitled to upgrade from the old Chaika to the new one. As a result, GAZ-13's assembly, a car developed largely from the 1956 Packard Patrician and built since 1959, was continued alongside the new Chaika, despite its obvious archaism for the time. It would take a tragedy to break this paradox situation. On 4 October 1980, outside
3658-598: Was keen to see the VAZ giant producing newer cars secured a hefty investment sum for Porsche to assist in development the new front-wheel drive Lada Samara family. Other reasons included the inability for client producers, namely the Zavolzhye engine plant to begin production of the V6 unit. Autoexport was also cautious of such engine, as fuel economy became a major issue following the 1973 oil crisis in Europe, export to which
3720-586: Was kept by the Moscow city authorities until 1984. Furthermore, there was no next host city presentation. Both the opening and closing ceremonies were shown in Yuri Ozerov 's 1981 film Oh, Sport – You Are The World! (Russian: О спорт, ты – мир! ). New facilities constructed in preparation for the Olympic Games. Existing facilities modified or refurbished in preparation for the Olympic Games. The 1980 Summer Olympic programme featured 203 events in
3782-484: Was made at the 75th IOC Session in Vienna, Austria on 23 October 1974. Los Angeles would eventually host the 1984 Summer Olympics . Eighty nations were represented at the Moscow Olympics, the smallest number since 1956 . Of the eighty participating nations, seven National Olympic Committees made their first appearance at these Games: Angola , Botswana , Cyprus , Jordan , Laos , Mozambique and Seychelles . It
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#17327918178073844-466: Was succeeded by Juan Antonio Samaranch , a Spaniard, shortly afterward. Eighty nations were represented at the Moscow Games, the smallest number since 1956 . Led by the United States, 66 countries boycotted the games entirely, because of the Soviet–Afghan War . Several alternative events were held outside of the Soviet Union. Some athletes from some of the boycotting countries (not included in
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