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59-548: Robert Louis Geddes (December 7, 1923 – February 13, 2023) was an American architect, planner, writer, educator, past principal of the firm Geddes Brecher Qualls Cunningham (GBQC), and dean emeritus of the Princeton University School of Architecture (1965-1982). As principal of GBQC, select major projects include Pender Labs at the Moore School of Electrical Engineering , University of Pennsylvania ,

118-528: A dozen photographs of factories and grain elevators in North America. A very influential text, this article had a strong influence on other European modernists, including Le Corbusier and Erich Mendelsohn , both of whom reprinted Gropius's grain elevator pictures between 1920 and 1930. Gropius's career was interrupted by the outbreak of World War I in 1914. He was drafted in August 1914 and served as

177-463: A faculty that included Paul Klee , Johannes Itten , Josef Albers , Herbert Bayer , László Moholy-Nagy , Otto Bartning and Wassily Kandinsky . In principle, the Bauhaus represented an opportunity to extend beauty and quality to every home through well designed industrially produced objects. The Bauhaus program was experimental and the emphasis was theoretical. One example product of the Bauhaus

236-734: A manifestation of his lifelong belief in the significance of teamwork, which he had already successfully introduced at the Bauhaus. Based in Cambridge, the original TAC partners included Norman C. Fletcher , Jean B. Fletcher , John C. Harkness , Sarah P. Harkness , Robert S. MacMillan , Louis A. MacMillen, and Benjamin C. Thompson . Among TAC's earliest works were two residential housing developments in Lexington, Massachusetts : Six Moon Hill and Five Fields . Each incorporated contemporary design ideas, reasonable cost, and practical thinking about how to support community life. Another early TAC work

295-472: A particular subfield of technology. The School of Architecture building was dedicated in 1963. In 2007, New York City architecture firm ARO designed the first significant addition to the building since it was first constructed. The Embodied Computation Lab, located off the School of Architecture grounds proper, is a teaching and research facility dedicated to the interface between computation and design and

354-593: A sergeant major at the Western front during the war years (getting wounded and almost killed) and then as a lieutenant in the signal corps . Gropius was awarded the Iron Cross twice ("when it still meant something," he confided to his friend Chester Nagel) after fighting for four years. Gropius then, like his father and his great-uncle Martin Gropius before him, became an architect. Gropius's career advanced in

413-420: A state of the art research environment with digital fabrication equipment for full-scale material prototyping, such as a water jet cutter, large-scale metal laser cutters, multi-use robotic arm platforms for milling, additive fabrication and human machine collaboration for research in construction, and an electronics workbench for the development of sensing and control and physical computing applications. In 2017,

472-559: Is remembered not only by his various buildings but also by the district of Gropiusstadt in Berlin. In the early 1990s, a series of books entitled The Walter Gropius Archive was published covering his entire architectural career. The CD audiobook Bauhaus Reviewed 1919–33 includes a lengthy English Language interview with Gropius. Upon his death his widow, Ise Gropius, arranged to have his collection of papers divided into early and late papers. Both parts were photographed with funds provided by

531-650: Is the Graduate Center of Harvard University in Cambridge (1949/50). TAC would become one of the most well-known and respected architectural firms in the world before it closed its doors amidst financial problems in 1995. In 1967, Gropius was elected into the National Academy of Design as an Associate member and became a full Academician in 1968. Gropius died on July 5, 1969, in Boston , Massachusetts, aged 86. He had been diagnosed with inflammation of

590-548: The Faguswerk in Alfeld-an-der-Leine, Germany , a shoe last factory. Although Gropius and Meyer only designed the facade, the glass curtain walls of this building demonstrated both the modernist principle that form reflects function and Gropius's concern with providing healthful conditions for the working class. The factory is now regarded as one of the crucial founding monuments of European modernism. Gropius

649-666: The Hancock Park, Los Angeles neighborhood of Los Angeles; and graduated from Atlantic City High School in 1941. He started university studies at the University of California, Berkeley , transferring to Yale University in the fall of 1942 due to concerns over transcontinental travel after the start of World War II. His university studies were interrupted by three years in the United States Army Air Forces from 1942 to 1945. He left Yale in 1947 for

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708-641: The Harvard Graduate School of Design , where he earned an M. Arch. in 1950. In 1953, he co-founded a collaborative practice, Geddes Brecher Qualls Cunningham: Architects (also known as GBQC Architects), in Philadelphia, later adding an office in Princeton. Prior to founding GBQC, he worked briefly for Hugh Stubbins, Jr. in Cambridge, Massachusetts. GBQC won national and international competitions and awards, starting with being runner-up in

767-595: The New Objectivity movement, including a contribution to the Siemensstadt project in Berlin. Gropius left the Bauhaus in 1928 and moved to Berlin. Hannes Meyer took over the role of Bauhaus director. His work was also part of the architecture event in the art competition at the 1932 Summer Olympics . The rise of Hitler in the 1930s would soon drive Gropius out of Germany. Before that, however, he did accept an invitation in early 1933 to compete for

826-943: The Philadelphia Police Headquarters , the Liberty State Park master plan, the Philadelphia Center City master plan, and his best-known work, the Dining Commons, Birch Garden, and Academic Building at the Institute for Advanced Study . He was a Fellow of the American Institute of Architects ; recipient of honorary doctorates from Princeton University , City College of New York , and the New Jersey School of Architecture/NJIT ; recipient of

885-577: The Royal Air Force in World War II . The research was to discover the most efficient way of setting fire to houses with incendiary bombs during bombing raids. The findings were used in planning raids such as the bombing of Hamburg in July 1943 . In 1945, Gropius was asked by the young founding members of The Architects Collaborative (TAC) to join as their senior partner. TAC represented

944-803: The Thyssen Foundation . The late papers, relating to Gropius's career after 1937, and the photos of the early ones, then went to the Houghton Library at Harvard University; the early papers and photos of the late papers went to the Bauhaus Archiv, then in Darmstadt , since reestablished in Berlin. Mrs. Gropius also deeded the Gropius House in Lincoln to Historic New England in 1980, now a house museum. The Gropius House

1003-528: The Bauhaus philosophy in mind, every aspect of the homes and their surrounding landscapes was planned for maximum efficiency and simplicity. Gropius's house received a huge response and was declared a National Landmark in 2000. Gropius and his Bauhaus protégé Marcel Breuer both moved to Cambridge, Massachusetts , to teach at the Harvard Graduate School of Design (1937–1952) and collaborate on projects including The Alan I W Frank House in Pittsburgh and

1062-644: The Bureau of Urban Research constituting its charter collection. Today, the library, still familiarly referred to as UES, is one of ten libraries within the Princeton University Library system. The collection's strengths include modern and contemporary architecture and urban design , architectural history , theory, and practice. Additionally, the Library supports green design, sustainable architecture, social factors in design, architecture and

1121-768: The Dining Hall and Birch Garden quad at the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton. He was elected a Fellow of the National Academy of Design, and GBQC was awarded the highest professional honor of the American Institute for Architects, the Architecture Firm Award (1979), for "design quality, respect for the environment, and social concern." He was the urban design consultant for the Center City Plan of Philadelphia (1988), and for

1180-716: The Harvard campus that were built in the 1950s. In 1944, he became a naturalized citizen of the United States. Gropius was one of several refugee German architects who provided information to confirm the typical construction of German houses to the RE8 research department set up by the British Air Ministry . This was used to improve the effectiveness of air raids on German cities by the Bomber Command of

1239-530: The Lab won the 2017 Best of Design Awards for Green - Civic from The Architect's Newspaper . The VSL Woodshop, located in the basement of the Architecture Building, is a small but well-equipped 24-hour accessible shop maintained and monitored by the School of Architecture Shop Monitor program. The School of Architecture Library opened in 1964 as the Library for Urban and Environmental Studies, with

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1298-750: The Master Houses (Meisterhäuser) (1925-1926) in Dessau, along with the Törten Housing Estate (Siedlung Dessau-Törten) which was built from 1926 to 1928. In 1927 he designed the Dessau City Employment office (Arbeitsamt), but left the Bauhaus and Dessau before construction began. The City Employment office was completed in 1929. He also designed large-scale housing projects in Berlin , Karlsruhe that were major contributions to

1357-726: The Prussian politician Georg Scharnweber  [ de ] (1816–1894). Walter's great-uncle Martin Gropius (1824–1880) was the architect of the Kunstgewerbemuseum in Berlin and a follower of Karl Friedrich Schinkel , with whom Walter's great-grandfather Carl Gropius, who fought under Field Marshal Gebhard Leberecht von Blücher at the Battle of Waterloo, had shared a flat as a bachelor. In 1915, Gropius married Alma Mahler (1879–1964), widow of Gustav Mahler . Walter and Alma's daughter, named Manon after Walter's mother,

1416-608: The School admitted women for the first time in 1968, advanced academic research was conducted on this historic threshold by Dr. Meral Ekincioglu with MIT-Architecture Department's academic sponsorship. ( https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=P-Bcie-0p8Q&t=253s ). By the end of the twentieth century, it reorganized the A.B. degree around multiple fields of study and conducted renovations of the Architecture Building. It also promoted several members to its tenure-track faculty including Beatriz Colomina , Elizabeth Diller , and Guy Nordenson . The following individuals have served as deans of

1475-576: The School launched the new architectural technology Ph.D. track for computation and energy. The track focuses on new techniques in computation and energy/environmental performance. The program is supported by Princeton's School of Engineering and Applied Science . While the first two years of coursework are similar to the Ph.D. in History and Theory, the Ph.D. in Technology requires students to concentrate in

1534-547: The School of Architecture: The School of Architecture offers a rigorous, interdisciplinary curriculum in the study of architecture . The degree conferred to students is an A.B. degree . Undergraduate students study a range of disciplines including architectural design , history of architecture , architectural analysis , computing , and others. Students may also enroll in the Program in Urban Studies which focuses on

1593-554: The Search for Alternatives." After studying at the Harvard Graduate School of Design in the post-war Walter Gropius and Joseph Hudnut era, he taught architecture and civic design at the University of Pennsylvania School of Design (formerly University of Pennsylvania Graduate School of Fine Arts) from 1951 to 1965. He moved to Princeton University in 1965 to become the first Dean of the School of Architecture, and

1652-1122: The Sydney Opera House design competition (1955). He was GBQC design partner or co-partner for the Pender Labs at the Moore School of Electrical Engineering at the University of Pennsylvania; the Police Headquarters of the City of Philadelphia; Richard Stockton College in New Jersey; Hill Hall at Rutgers University-Newark; the College of Liberal Arts of Southern Illinois University; the Architects Housing in Trenton, New Jersey; Princeton Community Housing's Griggs Farm neighborhood; and probably best known,

1711-796: The Third Regional Plan of New York for the Regional Plan Association (1996). GBQC won first prize in the international design competition for Vienna-South urban extension (1972), and the GBQC master plan for Liberty State Park was exhibited in the Museum of Modern Art (1979). He worked with the City University of New York's Newman Institute on alternatives for the Hudson Yards in midtown Manhattan. He co-founded

1770-992: The Topaz Award from the American Institute of Architects and the Association of Collegiate Schools of Architecture, and, along with his firm, was the recipient of the Architecture Firm Award . Geddes was born Robert Leon Goldberg on December 7, 1923, in Philadelphia , the only child of Louis J. Geddes (born Goldberg) and Kate Geddes (born Malmed), both of Ukrainian-Jewish families settled in Woodbine, New Jersey , by Maurice de Hirsch . He grew up and attended elementary school in Ventnor City, New Jersey ; John Burroughs Middle School in

1829-509: The approach developed at the Bauhaus. The Gropiuses believed their house could embody architectural qualities similar to those practiced today, such as simplicity, economy, and aesthetic beauty. Helen Storrow, a banker's wife and philanthropist, became Gropius's benefactor when she invested a portion of her land and wealth for the architect's home. She was so satisfied with the result that she gave more land and financial support to four other professors, two of whom Gropius designed homes for. With

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1888-564: The civic association, Princeton Future, which created the concept design for the new plaza, housing and parking in downtown Princeton, New Jersey. For the United Nations Center for Human Settlements, he directed the "UNCHS Conference on Cities in North America", produced its report "Cities in Our Future", published by Island Press, and wrote for the journal American Prospect, "Metropolis Unbound: The Sprawling American City and

1947-672: The company-town Aluminum City Terrace project in New Kensington , Pennsylvania, before their professional split. In 1938 he was appointed Chair of the Department of Architecture, a post he held until his retirement in 1952. Gropius also sat on the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) Visiting Committee at the end of his career. The well-known architect designed the Richards and Child residence halls on

2006-460: The construction of full-scale mock-ups. Also housed within the Lab are facilities for building in wood, plastic, metal, and concrete that enable students to learn general model theory, build and test models of actual buildings, and study current building systems and technology. The Lab serves a project space for developing and testing large-scale architecture and engineering prototypes inside and outside or as facade elements. Additionally, it serves as

2065-407: The design of the new Reichsbank building and submitted a detailed plan. He also designed furniture, cars, high-rise housing developments Siedlung and an unrealized Palace of the Soviets in Moscow . Gropius was able to leave Nazi Germany in 1934 with the help of Maxwell Fry on the pretext of making a temporary visit to Italy for a film propaganda festival; he then fled to Britain to avoid

2124-455: The development of knowledge in the fields of digital fabrication and remote sensing. It combines architectural and engineering experimentation to utilize computation design, digital fabrication, and sophisticated sensing, actuation, and control electronics that make the Lab a center for interdisciplinary design exploration and prototyping. Over 5,000 square feet of space is available for heavier fabrication work, hands-on material experiments, and

2183-561: The establishment of a school of architecture. Arrangements for a new program were planned for 1917, but were delayed until 1919 when the School of Architecture formally opened. During its formative years, the School of Architecture's pedagogy was guided by architectural educators such as Howard Crosby Butler , E. Raymond Bossange, Frederick D'Amato, Sherley Warner Morgan, and Jean Labatut. Visitors and teachers often included figures such as Frank Lloyd Wright , Le Corbusier , Richard Neutra , and R. Buckminster Fuller . In 1965, Robert Geddes

2242-419: The fascist powers of Europe. Although not Jewish, his association with "degenerate" modern art despised by the Nazis meant he was obliged to emigrate when commissions dried up. He lived and worked in the artists' community associated with Herbert Read in Hampstead , London, as part of the Isokon group. Gropius arrived in the United States in February 1937, while their twelve-year-old daughter, Ati, finished

2301-443: The first secretary of the Smithsonian Institution , taught the first course in architecture at Princeton University. The course focused on the classification of architectural styles and designs. Additional courses and programs for architecture began in 1882 when Princeton University's Department of Art and Archaeology began courses on architecture and historical drawing in 1902. By 1915, the first academic committee convened to consider

2360-412: The glands, and was admitted to hospital on 7 June. After an operation was performed successfully on 15 June, there was hope of a full recovery. Gropius described himself as a "tough old bird", and continued to make progress for about a week. However, his lungs became congested and could not supply proper amounts of oxygen to the blood and brain. He lost consciousness, and died in his sleep. Today, Gropius

2419-428: The most influential designs to emerge from Bauhaus. Facing political and financial difficulties in Weimar, Gropius and the Bauhaus moved to Dessau in 1925 following an offer from the city. Gropius designed the new Bauhaus Dessau school building in 1925–26 on commission from the city of Dessau. He collaborated with Carl Fieger , Ernst Neufert and others within his private architectural practice. Gropius also designed

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2478-455: The office of the renowned architect and industrial designer Peter Behrens , one of the first members of the utilitarian school. His fellow employees at this time included Ludwig Mies van der Rohe , Le Corbusier , and Dietrich Marcks. Gropius left the firm of Behrens in 1910 and established a practice in Berlin with fellow employee Adolf Meyer . Together they share credit for one of the pioneering modernist buildings created during this period:

2537-435: The orphaned daughter of Ise's sister Hertha. Ise Gropius died on 9 June 1983 in Lexington, Massachusetts. Walter's sister Manon Burchard (1880–1975) is the great-grandmother of the German film and theater actresses Marie Burchard and Bettina Burchard  [ de ] , and of the curator and art historian Wolf Burchard . In 1908, after studying architecture in Munich and Berlin for four semesters, Gropius joined

2596-732: The post-professional two year program requires a Bachelor of Architecture ( B.Arch. ) degree. The rigorous program requires students to take 25 courses from a list of prerequisites and electives. The Ph.D. program has two tracks: (1) history and theory and (2) technology. The history and theory track is an interdisciplinary program that focuses on the relationship between architecture and related fields, such as urbanism , landscape , and building technology . The degree requires students to take two years of coursework and independent study , after which they begin their dissertation . Students must pass two foreign language exams, which generally include French , German , Spanish , or Italian . In 2014,

2655-421: The postwar period. Henry van de Velde , the master of the Grand-Ducal Saxon School of Arts and Crafts in Weimar was asked to step down in 1915 due to his Belgian nationality. His recommendation for Gropius to succeed him led eventually to Gropius's appointment as master of the school in 1919. It was this academy which Gropius transformed into the world-famous Bauhaus (a.k.a. Gropius School of Arts), attracting

2714-465: The rest of his life teaching at the Harvard Graduate School of Design . In the United States he worked on several projects with Marcel Breuer and with the firm The Architects Collaborative , of which he was a founding partner. In 1959, he won the AIA Gold Medal , one of the most prestigious awards in architecture. Born in Berlin , Walter Gropius was the third child of Walter Adolph Gropius and Manon Auguste Pauline Scharnweber (1855–1933), daughter of

2773-424: The school year in England. The house the Gropiuses built for themselves in 1938 in Lincoln, Massachusetts (now known as Gropius House ) was influential in bringing International Modernism to the US, but Gropius disliked the term: "I made it a point to absorb into my own conception those features of the New England architectural tradition that I found still alive and adequate." In designing his house, Gropius used

2832-533: The study of cities , metropolitan regions , and urban and suburban landscapes. The degree requirements also include junior independent work, which involves a written exam supervised by a faculty adviser, and a senior thesis, demonstrating a research paper based on visual materials. The School of Architecture offers two graduate degrees: a professional degree ( M.Arch. ) and an academic degree ( Ph.D. ). The professional master's degree takes three years to complete and does not require an architecture background while

2891-639: The visual arts, architecture in developing countries, landscape architecture and building technology. Together, with the resources housed throughout the Princeton University Libraries , the School of Architecture Library provides access to a comprehensive collection supporting the fields of architecture, architectural research and theory, urban planning and design. The following list contains both current and former faculty: 40°20′52″N 74°39′22″W  /  40.347897°N 74.656171°W  / 40.347897; -74.656171 Walter Gropius Walter Adolph Georg Gropius (18 May 1883 – 5 July 1969)

2950-560: Was William Kennan Professor Emeritus. Under his leadership over 17 years, the School of Architecture emerged as a major center for the exchange of architectural ideas, while retaining its small size and close connections with the rest of the university. During his time as Dean, the School admitted women for the first time in 1968, advanced academic research was conducted on this historic threshold by Dr. Meral Ekincioglu with MIT-Architecture Department's academic sponsorship. ( https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=P-Bcie-0p8Q&t=253s ). In 1990, he

3009-418: Was a German-American architect and founder of the Bauhaus School , who is widely regarded as one of the pioneering masters of modernist architecture . He was a founder of Bauhaus in Weimar and taught there for several years, becoming known as a leading proponent of the International Style . Gropius emigrated from Germany to England in 1934 and from England to the United States in 1937, where he spent much of

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3068-525: Was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1988 and is now available to the public for tours. Bauhaus Center Tel Aviv in the White City recognizes the greatest concentration of Bauhaus buildings in the world. In 1959, he received the AIA Gold Medal . On May 17, 2008, Google Doodle commemorated Walter Gropius' 125th birthday. In 1996, the Bauhaus Building and the Master Houses were added to list of UNESCO World Heritage Sites . NB: The building in Niederkirchnerstraße , Berlin known as

3127-476: Was an influence on him at that time. In 1920, the Bauhaus was given its first major commission that would utilize almost all of the workshops in the school. This commission was for a house for Adolf Sommerfeld made from wood. The architectural designs for the house came from Gropius and Adolf Meyer. The Sommerfeld House was completed in 1921. In 1923, Gropius designed his famous door handles, now considered an icon of 20th-century design and often listed as one of

3186-422: Was appointed the Henry Luce Professor of Architecture, Urbanism, and History at New York University, and was elected a Fellow of the New York Institute for the Humanities. He pioneered in connecting architecture with the humanities and social sciences, and with public affairs and urban design, and is best known for his undergraduate course at Princeton and NYU, Architecture 101, "Buildings, Landscapes, and Cities." He

3245-525: Was appointed the first dean of the School of Architecture. Under his direction, the School of Architecture grew in size and in prestige, while also collaborating with other departments at Princeton University . As the School of Architecture expanded, it began attracting notable architects as teachers, including Louis I. Kahn , Mario Salvadori , Michael Graves , Kenneth Frampton , Peter Eisenman , Diana Agrest , Robert Geddes, Alan Colquhoun, Michael Hays, Scott Cohen, and Anthony Vidler. During his time as Dean,

3304-469: Was born in 1916. When Manon died of polio at age 18, in 1935, composer Alban Berg wrote his Violin Concerto in memory of her (it is inscribed "to the memory of an angel"). Gropius and Mahler divorced in 1920 (She had by that time established a relationship with Franz Werfel , whom she later married). Gropius married Ilse Frank, known as Ise, on 16 October 1923; they remained together until his death in 1969. The couple adopted Beate Frank known as Ati ,

3363-1728: Was co-author of the Princeton Report on Architectural Education for the American Institute of Architects (1967). Geddes and his wife, Evelyn, had two children and were married for 73 years until her death in 2020. Geddes died at his home near Princeton, New Jersey , on February 13, 2023, at the age of 99. • Pender Labs, Moore School of Electrical Engineering , University of Pennsylvania (1958, demolished 2003) • Sydney Opera House , Sydney, Australia. Second place in an international design competition (1955) • Philadelphia Police Headquarters (1960) • Caesar Rodney Residence Hall Complex , University of Delaware (1966) • Hill Hall , Rutgers University–Newark (1967) • Institute for Advanced Study . Dining Commons, Birch Garden, and Academic Building. Princeton, New Jersey (1970–72) • Corning, New York Main Street Renewal (1972) • Stockton University (then Rickard Stockton College). Master plan and building design (1970–76) • Architects Housing Company, Trenton, New Jersey . Affordable senior housing (1975) • Rutgers University–New Brunswick , Piscataway campus. Psychology building (1975) • Rutgers University–New Brunswick , Livingston campus. Student Center (1985) • Trexler Library, Muhlenberg College . Allentown, Pennsylvania (1988) • Princeton Community Housing. Affordable housing (1989) • Environmental and Health Science Laboratory, Mobile Oil Corporation Technical Center, Hopewell, New Jersey (1989) • Vienna-South urban expansion (1972) • Liberty State Park , Jersey City, New Jersey (1974–84) • Philadelphia City Center. Master plan (1988) Princeton University School of Architecture In 1832, Joseph Henry , who later became

3422-423: Was commissioned in 1913 to design a car for the Prussian Railroad Locomotive Works in Königsberg . This locomotive was unique and the first of its kind in Germany and perhaps in Europe. Other works of this early period include the office and factory building for the Werkbund Exhibition (1914) in Cologne . Gropius published an article about "The Development of Industrial Buildings" in 1913, which included about

3481-442: Was the armchair F 51, designed for the Bauhaus's directors room in 1920 – nowadays a re-edition in the market, manufactured by the German company TECTA/Lauenfoerde. In 1919, Gropius was involved in the Glass Chain utopian expressionist correspondence under the pseudonym "Mass." Usually more notable for his functionalist approach, the Monument to the March Dead , designed in 1919 and executed in 1920, indicates that expressionism

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