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51-541: GERAN is the radio part of GSM/ EDGE together with the network that joins the base stations (the Ater and Abis interfaces) and the base station controllers (A interfaces, etc.) The network represents the core of a GSM network, through which phone calls and packet data are routed from and to the PSTN and Internet to and from subscriber handsets. A mobile phone operator's network comprises one or more GERANs, coupled with UTRANs in

102-519: A bitmap of blocks not received is included in normal data blocks. Using the PAN field, the receiver may report missing data blocks immediately, rather than waiting to send a dedicated PAN message. A final enhancement is RLC-non persistent mode. With EDGE, the RLC interface could operate in either acknowledged mode, or unacknowledged mode. In unacknowledged mode, there is no retransmission of missing data blocks, so

153-616: A convolutional code of rate 1/3 is used, and puncturing is used to achieve the desired code rate. In contrast to GPRS, the Radio Link Control (RLC) and medium access control (MAC) headers and the payload data are coded separately in EGPRS. The headers are coded more robustly than the data. Evolved EDGE , also called EDGE Evolution and 2.875G , is a bolt-on extension to the GSM mobile telephony standard, which improves on EDGE in

204-402: A daily, weekly, monthly, quarterly, or season-long schedule. Modern broadcasters use broadcast automation to regularly change the scheduling of their shows to build an audience for a new show, retain that audience , or compete with other broadcasters' shows. Most broadcast television shows are presented weekly in prime time or daily in other dayparts, though there are many exceptions. At

255-406: A lead-in for The X-Files (such as Sliders and VR.5 ), but they were similarly unsuccessful. A weak lead-in can have an impact on the viewership of programs that follow; NBC's 2009 attempt to strip the talk show The Jay Leno Show (a spiritual successor to Leno's tenure of The Tonight Show after Conan O'Brien succeeded him) in a 10:00 p.m. ET/PT timeslot proved detrimental to

306-441: A lead-out for its sci-fi western The Adventures of Brisco County Jr. , with the expectation that Brisco County Jr. would serve as the anchor of its Friday-night lineup. However, The X-Files proved to be significantly more successful, and would eventually run for nine seasons. By contrast, viewership for Brisco County Jr. declined throughout the season, and the show was cancelled. Fox attempted to use other sci-fi shows as

357-566: A live environment. With the introduction for more advanced wireless technologies like UMTS and LTE, which also focus on a network coverage layer on low frequencies and the upcoming phase-out and shutdown of 2G mobile networks, it is very unlikely that Evolved EDGE will ever see any deployment on live networks. Up to now (as of 2016) there are no commercial networks which support the Evolved EDGE standard (3GPP Rel-7). With Evolved EDGE come three major features designed to reduce latency over

408-424: A marathon of The Golden Girls , and Buzzr and Game Show Network airing marathons of game show episodes that featured White as a celebrity guest. While longer marathons are typically reserved for major events, the popularization of binge-watching via streaming services in the 2010s led to many U.S. cable networks adopting marathon-like blocks of programs as part of their regular schedules. To compete with

459-411: A micro level, scheduling is the minute planning of the transmission; what to broadcast and when, ensuring an adequate or maximum utilization of airtime. Television scheduling strategies are employed to give shows the best possible chance of attracting and retaining an audience. They are used to deliver shows to audiences when they are most likely to want to watch them and deliver audiences to advertisers in

510-473: A minute-by-minute Nielsen ratings report, which showed that the majority of viewers from Roseanne had been retained during the premiere. Owing to both programs' news comedy formats, the Comedy Central program The Daily Show used newscast-style toss segments to promote its new spin-off and lead-out, The Colbert Report , in which host Jon Stewart would engage in a comedic conversation with

561-469: A new or lower-profile series. Sometimes, a lower-profile program may be scheduled between two tentpole programs, a technique known as hammocking . Lead-outs can sometimes help to launch new programs and talent; in 1982, NBC premiered Late Night with David Letterman as a lead-out for its long-running late-night talk show The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson . Characterized by an off-beat style appealing to young adults, Late Night helped launch

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612-558: A new technology not found in GPRS, incremental redundancy , which, instead of retransmitting disturbed packets, sends more redundancy information to be combined in the receiver. This increases the probability of correct decoding. EDGE can carry a bandwidth up to 236 kbit/s (with end-to-end latency of less than 150 ms) for 4 timeslots (theoretical maximum is 473.6 kbit/s for 8 timeslots) in packet mode. This means it can handle four times as much traffic as standard GPRS. EDGE meets

663-510: A number of ways. Latencies are reduced by lowering the Transmission Time Interval by half (from 20 ms to 10 ms). Bit rates are increased up to 1 Mbit/s peak bandwidth and latencies down to 80 ms using dual carrier, higher symbol rate and higher-order modulation (32QAM and 16QAM instead of 8PSK), and turbo codes to improve error correction. This results in real world downlink speeds of up to 600 kbit/s. Further

714-399: A practice of dividing its programming into themed seasons year-round, which are accompanied by thematically appropriate original made-for-TV films and series. This strategy is part of an effort to position the channel as "a year-round destination for celebrations", and is synergistic with Hallmark Cards ' core greeting card and collectibles businesses. A show's time slot or place in

765-424: A previous toss segment) as normal. In some cases, a channel may intentionally allow a program to overrun into the next half-hour timeslot rather than end exactly on the half-hour, in order to discourage viewers from "surfing" away at traditional junction periods (since they had missed the beginnings of programs on other channels already). This can, however, cause disruptions with recorders if they are not aware of

816-531: A program to air before or after a widely viewed tent-pole program, such as a popular series, or a special such as a high-profile sporting event (such as, in the United States, the Super Bowl ), in the hope that audience flow will encourage the audience to tune-in early or stay for the second program. The second program is usually one that the broadcaster wants to promote to a wider audience, such as

867-473: A single corrupt block would cause an entire upper-layer IP packet to be lost. With non-persistent mode, an RLC data block may be retransmitted if it is less than a certain age. Once this time expires, it is considered lost, and subsequent data blocks may then be forwarded to upper layers. Both uplink and downlink throughput is improved by using 16 or 32 QAM (quadrature amplitude modulation), along with turbo codes and higher symbol rates. A lesser-known version of

918-447: A single storyline is extended across episodes of two or more separate programs. Typically, these involve programs that form a single franchise or shared universe , such as NBC's Chicago franchise and Law & Order: Special Victims Unit (all created by Dick Wolf ), and the ABC dramas Grey's Anatomy and Station 19 (both created by Shonda Rhimes ). Counterprogramming is

969-424: A slightly earlier time slot (in the hope that once viewers have become committed to a show they will not switch channels), scheduling the competing program on a different night, or moving it to a different portion of the television season to avoid competition altogether. Dayparting is the practice of dividing the day into several parts, during each of which a different type program is appropriate for that time

1020-510: A software upgrade and a new device compliant with Evolved EDGE (like an Evolved EDGE smartphone ) for the user, these data rates can be boosted to speeds approaching 1 Mbit/s (i.e. 98.6 kbit/s per timeslot for 32QAM). Many service providers may not invest in a completely new technology like 3G networks. Considerable research and development happened throughout the world for this new technology. A successful trial by Nokia Siemens and "one of China's leading operators" has been achieved in

1071-499: A strip format. Outside of serial drama formats such as telenovelas where popular, strips are rarely used for first-run entertainment programming outside of limited events . Syndicated reruns of network programs that originally aired on a weekly basis are often aired as strips. Shows that are syndicated in this way generally have to have run for several seasons (the rule of thumb is usually 100 episodes ) in order to have enough episodes to run without significant repeats . A marathon

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1122-677: A themed lineup is Discovery Channel 's annual " Shark Week ". Themed schedules are a common practice around major holidays —such as Valentine's Day , Halloween , and Christmas —where channels may air episodes of programs, specials , and films that relate to the holiday. Channels may also air marathons of their signature programs and film rights to target viewers who are on vacation. The U.S. basic cable networks Freeform ( 25 Days of Christmas , 31 Days of Halloween) and Hallmark Channel are known for broadcasting long-term holiday programming events. After experiencing success with holiday events such as Countdown to Christmas , Hallmark Channel adopted

1173-531: Is a 2G digital mobile phone technology for data transmission. It is a subset of General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) on the GSM network and improves upon it offering speeds close to 3G technology, hence the name 2.75G. It is also recognized as part of the International Mobile Telecommunications - 2000 (IMT-2000) standard. EDGE was deployed on GSM networks beginning in 2003 – initially by Cingular (now AT&T ) in

1224-399: Is aired. Daytime television shows are most often geared toward a particular demographic , and what the target audience typically engages in at that time. Stripping is the practice of running a single series in a consistent, daily time slot throughout the week, usually on weekdays. Daytime programs such as talk shows, court shows , game shows , and soap operas , are typically aired in

1275-454: Is implemented as a bolt-on enhancement for 2.5G GSM/GPRS networks, making it easier for existing GSM carriers to upgrade to it. EDGE is a superset to GPRS and can function on any network with GPRS deployed on it, provided the carrier implements the necessary upgrade. EDGE requires no hardware or software changes to be made in GSM core networks. EDGE-compatible transceiver units must be installed and

1326-433: Is the practice of scheduling a group of complementary programs together. Blocks are typically built around specific genres (i.e. a block focusing specifically on sitcoms ), target audiences, or other factors, with their programming often promoted collectively under blanket titles (such as ABC 's " TGIF " lineup and NBC 's " Must See TV "). Bridging is the practice of discouraging the audience from changing channels during

1377-491: Is the scheduling of a continuous, long-term block of programming as an event, usually devoted to airings of a single program or film franchise. When conducted using television series, a marathon may either consist of episodes aired in sequential order, or focus on episodes sharing specific themes. Marathons are often aired on holidays (such as Syfy 's annual The Twilight Zone marathon on New Year's Day ), as counterprogramming for major events airing on other channels (such as

1428-619: The International Telecommunication Union 's requirement for a 3G network, and has been accepted by the ITU as part of the IMT-2000 family of 3G standards. It also enhances the circuit data mode called HSCSD , increasing the data rate of this service. The channel encoding process in GPRS as well as EGPRS/EDGE consists of two steps: first, a cyclic code is used to add parity bits, which are also referred to as

1479-418: The "junctions" between specific programs. This can be done, primarily, by airing promos for the next program near the end of the preceding program, such as during its credits, or reducing the length of the junction between two programs as much as possible ( hot switching ). The host of the next program may similarly make a brief appearance near the end of the preceding program (sometimes interacting directly with

1530-561: The Block Check Sequence, followed by coding with a possibly punctured convolutional code . In GPRS, the Coding Schemes CS-1 to CS-4 specify the number of parity bits generated by the cyclic code and the puncturing rate of the convolutional code. In GPRS Coding Schemes CS-1 through CS-3, the convolutional code is of rate 1/2, i.e. each input bit is converted into two coded bits. In Coding Schemes CS-2 and CS-3,

1581-511: The EDGE standard is Enhanced Circuit Switched Data (ECSD), which is circuit switched . The Global mobile Suppliers Association (GSA) states that, as of May 2013, there were 604 GSM/EDGE networks in 213 countries, from a total of 606 mobile network operator commitments in 213 countries. Timeslot Broadcast programming is the practice of organizing or ordering ( scheduling ) of broadcast media shows, typically radio and television , in

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1632-444: The GSM family. A variant, so called Compact-EDGE, was developed for use in a portion of Digital AMPS network spectrum. EDGE is part of ITU 's 3G definition. Evolved EDGE continues in release 7 of the 3GPP standard providing reduced latency and more than doubled performance e.g. to complement High-Speed Packet Access ( HSPA ). Peak bit-rates of up to 1 Mbit/s and typical bit-rates of 400 kbit/s can be expected. EDGE/EGPRS

1683-511: The Super Bowl in the U.S.), to lead into new episodes of a series, or to commemorate milestones/events surrounding a specific series or franchise. Some marathons may focus on the roles of a specific entertainer; the death of Betty White resulted in several networks scheduling marathons of programming on or around January 17, 2022 (which would have been White's 100th birthday) featuring her television appearances, with Hallmark Channel airing

1734-440: The United States. Through the introduction of sophisticated methods of coding and transmitting data, EDGE delivers higher bit-rates per radio channel, resulting in a threefold increase in capacity and performance compared with an ordinary GSM/GPRS connection - originally a max speed of 384 kbit/s. EDGE can be used for any packet switched application, such as an Internet connection. EDGE is standardized also by 3GPP as part of

1785-496: The air interface. In EDGE, a single RLC data block (ranging from 23 to 148 bytes of data) is transmitted over four frames, using a single time slot. On average, this requires 20 ms for one way transmission. Under the RTTI scheme, one data block is transmitted over two frames in two timeslots, reducing the latency of the air interface to 10 ms. In addition, Reduced Latency also implies support of Piggy-backed ACK / NACK (PAN), in which

1836-419: The base station subsystem needs to be upgraded to support EDGE. If the operator already has this in place, which is often the case today, the network can be upgraded to EDGE by activating an optional software feature. Today EDGE is supported by all major chip vendors for both GSM and WCDMA / HSPA . In addition to Gaussian minimum-shift keying (GMSK), EDGE uses higher-order PSK/8 phase-shift keying (8PSK) for

1887-543: The career of host David Letterman , and influence later entries into the genre. Despite Carson's endorsement of Letterman as a successor following his 1992 retirement, NBC chose Jay Leno instead, and Letterman departed for CBS to host a spiritual successor— Late Show with David Letterman — beginning in the 1993–94 season. Late Night would continue as a franchise with hosts such as Conan O'Brien and Jimmy Fallon —both of whom would later go on to host The Tonight Show . The same season, Fox scheduled The X-Files as

1938-462: The case of a UMTS/GSM network. A GERAN without EDGE is a GRAN, but is otherwise identical in concept. A GERAN without GSM is an ERAN. This article related to radio is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution ( EDGE ), also known as 2.75G , Enhanced GPRS ( EGPRS ), IMT Single Carrier ( IMT-SC ), and Enhanced Data rates for Global Evolution ,

1989-409: The composition that makes their advertising most likely to be effective. With the growth of digital platforms and services allowing non-linear , on-demand access to television content, this approach to broadcasting has since been referred to using the retronym linear (such as linear television and linear channels ). With the beginning of scheduled television in 1936, television programming

2040-564: The host) to provide a preview; in news broadcasting , this is typically referred to as a "throw" or "toss". A bridge was used by ABC between Roseanne and the December 1992 series premiere of The Jackie Thomas Show , a new sitcom co-created by Roseanne and Tom Arnold of Roseanne fame. A scene of the Connor family watching its opening on TV seamlessly transitioned into the program itself, with no junction in between. ABC commissioned

2091-483: The latter's host, Stephen Colbert , via split-screen . On the December 18, 2014 episode of The Daily Show , this segment was used to seamlessly segue into the series finale of The Colbert Report . At its conclusion, the show transitioned back to Stewart (giving the impression that the entire Colbert Report episode was merely a segment of The Daily Show) , who concluded his show with its traditional closing segment " Your Moment of Zen " (which featured an outtake from

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2142-502: The output of the convolutional code is punctured to achieve the desired code rate. In GPRS Coding Scheme CS-4, no convolutional coding is applied. In EGPRS/EDGE, the modulation and coding schemes MCS-1 to MCS-9 take the place of the coding schemes of GPRS, and additionally specify which modulation scheme is used, GMSK or 8PSK. MCS-1 through MCS-4 use GMSK and have performance similar (but not equal) to GPRS, while MCS-5 through MCS-9 use 8PSK. In all EGPRS modulation and coding schemes,

2193-464: The practice of deliberately scheduling programming to attract viewers away from another, major program. Counterprogramming efforts often involve scheduling a contrasting program of a different genre or demographic, targeting viewers who may not be interested in the major program (such as a sporting event, which typically draws a predominantly-male audience, against an awards show that attracts a predominantly-female audience). Despite frequently being among

2244-440: The release practices of streaming services, TBS premiered entire seasons of its police comedy Angie Tribeca in a marathon format. Similarly, free ad-supported streaming television (FAST) services often feature narrowly-focused linear channels devoted to specific programs or franchises. A broadcaster may temporarily dedicate all or parts of its schedule over a period of time to a specific theme. A well-known instance of

2295-525: The scheduling (typically, digital video recorders can be configured to automatically record for a set length of time before and after a schedule's given timeslot in program guide data to account for possible variances). For a period, TBS intentionally scheduled all of its programs at 5 and 35 minutes past the hour rather than exactly on the half hour (a practice it marketed as "Turner Time"), to attract viewers tuning away from other channels. Crossovers can be organized between multiple programs, in which

2346-444: The signal quality is improved using dual antennas improving average bit-rates and spectrum efficiency. The main intention of increasing the existing EDGE throughput is that many operators would like to upgrade their existing infrastructure rather than invest on new network infrastructure. Mobile operators have invested billions in GSM networks, many of which are already capable of supporting EDGE data speeds up to 236.8 kbit/s. With

2397-408: The top U.S. television broadcasts of all time, the Super Bowl has had a prominent history of being counterprogrammed in this manner. One of the most prominent examples of this practice was Fox 's 1992 airing of a special live episode of In Living Color against the game's halftime show . Programs can also be counterprogrammed by a direct competitor in the same time slot, often resulting in

2448-487: The two programs attempting to attract viewers away from each other through publicity stunts and other tactics; these tactics have most notably been seen in counterprogramming efforts surrounding professional wrestling , including the Monday Night War and Wednesday Night Wars . In some cases, broadcasters may attempt to adjust their schedules in order to avert attempts at counterprogramming, such as getting

2499-403: The upper five of its nine modulation and coding schemes. EDGE produces a 3-bit word for every change in carrier phase. This effectively triples the gross data rate offered by GSM. EDGE, like GPRS , uses a rate adaptation algorithm that adapts the modulation and coding scheme (MCS) according to the quality of the radio channel, and thus the bit rate and robustness of data transmission. It introduces

2550-472: The viewership of late local newscasts on its affiliates. NBC subsequently announced plans to shorten The Jay Leno Show to a half hour and move it to 11:35 p.m. ET/PT in late-February 2010, displacing The Tonight Show from its traditional timeslot. This proposal led to a public conflict between O'Brien and NBC , and ultimately resulted in his departure from the network, and the reinstatement of Jay Leno as host of The Tonight Show . Block programming

2601-401: Was initially only concerned with filling a few hours each evening – the hours now known as prime time . Over time, though, television began to be seen during the daytime and late at night, as well on the weekends. As air time increased, so did the demand for new material. With the exception of sports television , variety shows became much more important in prime time. Broadcasters may schedule

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