200 MHz Host ARM920T
83-551: The GP2X is a Linux -based handheld video game console and portable media player developed by South Korean company GamePark Holdings . It was released on November 10, 2005, in South Korea only. The GP2X is designed for homebrew developers as well as commercial developers. It is commonly used to run emulators for game consoles such as Neo Geo , Mega Drive/Genesis , Master System , Game Gear , Amstrad CPC , Commodore 64 , NES , TurboGrafx-16 , and MAME . The GP2X
166-420: A terminal driver . On 25 August 1991, Torvalds posted the following to comp.os.minix , a newsgroup on Usenet : I'm doing a (free) operating system (just a hobby, won't be big and professional like gnu) for 386(486) AT clones. This has been brewing since April, and is starting to get ready. I'd like any feedback on things people like/dislike in minix, as my OS resembles it somewhat (same physical layout of
249-455: A version control system thus far, in 2002, Linux developers adopted BitKeeper , which was made freely available to them even though it was not free software . In 2005, because of efforts to reverse-engineer it, the company which owned the software revoked its support of the Linux community. In response, Torvalds and others wrote Git . The new system was written within weeks, and in two months
332-581: A Linux Kernel Code of Conflict was introduced on 8 March 2015. It was replaced on 16 September 2018 by a new Code of Conduct based on the Contributor Covenant . This coincided with a public apology by Torvalds and a brief break from kernel development. On 30 November 2018, complying with the Code of Conduct , Jarkko Sakkinen of Intel sent out patches replacing instances of "fuck" appearing in source code comments with suitable versions focused on
415-441: A bit in that more features were made available throughout the series, including support for Bluetooth , Logical Volume Manager (LVM) version 1, RAID support, InterMezzo and ext3 file systems. Version 2.6.0 was released on 17 December 2003. The development for 2.6. x changed further towards including new features throughout the series. Among the changes that have been made in the 2.6 series are: integration of μClinux into
498-474: A charging circuit capable of supplying that voltage. In 2011, AA cells accounted for approximately 60% of alkaline battery sales in the United States. In Japan, 58% of alkaline batteries sold were AA, known in that country as tansan (単三). In Switzerland, AA batteries totaled 55% in both primary and secondary (rechargeable) battery sales. In zinc alkaline AA batteries, a zinc gel slowly turns into
581-456: A lithium iron disulfide battery with an open-circuit voltage below 1.7 volts is entirely discharged. Rechargeable batteries in the AA size are available in multiple chemistries: nickel–cadmium (NiCd) with a capacity of roughly 600–1,000 mAh, nickel–metal hydride (NiMH) in various capacities of 600–2,750 mAh and lithium-ion . NiCd and NiMH provide 1.2 V; lithium-ion chemistry has
664-1206: A minimum 1 mm high and a maximum 5.5 mm in diameter, the flat negative terminal should be a minimum diameter of 7 mm and carry a maximum indent of 0.5 mm. 14500 Lithium Batteries are longer if they feature a protection circuit up to 53 mm. Alkaline AA cells have a weight of roughly 23 g (0.81 oz), lithium AA cells around 15 g (0.53 oz), and rechargeable Ni-MH cells around 31 g (1.1 oz). Primary (non-rechargeable) zinc–carbon ( dry cell ) AA batteries have around 400–900 milliampere hours capacity, with measured capacity highly dependent on test conditions, duty cycle, and cut-off voltage. Zinc–carbon batteries are usually marketed as "general purpose" batteries. Zinc-chloride batteries store around 1,000 to 1,500 mAh are often sold as "heavy duty" or "super heavy duty". Alkaline batteries from 1,700 mAh to 2,850 mAh cost more than zinc-chloride batteries, but hold additional charge. AA size alkaline batteries are termed as LR6 by IEC, and AM-3 by JIS. Non-rechargeable lithium iron disulfide batteries are manufactured for devices that draw more current, such as digital cameras , where their high cost
747-439: A nominal voltage of 3.6–3.7 volts, and AA-sized cells of this voltage are coded 14500 rather than AA. AA-sized lithium-ion cells with circuitry to reduce the voltage to the 1.5V of standard replaceable cells are also made. NiMH and lithium-ion AA/14500 cells can supply most of their capacity even when under a high current drain (0.5A and higher), unlike alkaline and zinc-chloride ("Heavy Duty"/"Super Heavy Duty") cells which drop to
830-483: A roadmap, there are technical guidelines. Instead of a central resource allocation, there are persons and companies who all have a stake in the further development of the Linux kernel, quite independently from one another: People like Linus Torvalds and I don’t plan the kernel evolution. We don’t sit there and think up the roadmap for the next two years, then assign resources to the various new features. That's because we don’t have any resources. The resources are all owned by
913-504: A small fraction of their low current capacity before even reaching 1 C . A Li-ion 1.5V AA-size battery, sold by the Chinese company Kentli as "Kentli PH5" since 2014 and with similar batteries later available from other suppliers is a AA-sized battery housing containing a rechargeable 3.7 V Li-ion cell with an internal buck converter at the positive terminal to reduce the output voltage to 1.5 V. The Kentli batteries expose
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#1732791942326996-514: A study issued by the Linux Foundation, covering the commits for the releases 4.8 to 4.13, about 1500 developers were contributing from about 200–250 companies on average. The top 30 developers contributed a little more than 16% of the code. For companies, the top contributors are Intel (13.1%) and Red Hat (7.2%), Linaro (5.6%), IBM (4.1%), the second and fifth places are held by the 'none' (8.2%) and 'unknown' (4.1%) categories. Instead of
1079-586: A touchscreen, among other changes. By August 23, 2006 the GP2X was available to buy through an online distributor in the United States of America. As of October 16, 2006, the GP2X had sold 30,000 units. On August 31, 2008, the CEO of Gamepark Holdings told German GP2X distributor Michael Mrozek (aka. EvilDragon) that 60,000 GP2X units had been sold. The Korea Times reported in 2009 that over 60,000 GP2X units had been sold. On 26 August 2008, GamePark Holdings announced
1162-584: A video game of another system on the GP2X. Shortly after the release of the GP32 in 2001, its maker Game Park began to design their next handheld. A disagreement within the company about the general direction of this system prompted many of the staff to leave and create their own company, GamePark Holdings, to produce a 2D -based handheld system which they saw as the sequel to the GP32. GamePark Holdings spoke to previous GP32 distributors and developers to determine
1245-469: Is 266 MHz.) Because the tools required for development on the GP2X are freely available, there is a wealth of software available for the GP2X, much of which is free. Types of software available includes emulators, games, PDA applications and multimedia players. The GP2X has several pieces of software built directly into the firmware. There is a version of MPlayer which is used to play music and video, an image viewer, an e-book reader (which can display
1328-495: Is a monolithic kernel rather than a microkernel was the topic of a debate between Andrew S. Tanenbaum , the creator of MINIX, and Torvalds. The Tanenbaum–Torvalds debate started in 1992 on the Usenet group comp.os.minix as a general discussion about kernel architectures. Version 0.95 was the first capable of running the X Window System . In March 1994, Linux 1.0.0 was released with 176,250 lines of code. As indicated by
1411-542: Is currently shipped with new GP2Xs. There are many emulators available for the GP2X which allow you to run software from other systems on the GP2X. Many emulators will run most software perfectly and at the intended speed, but some others may have various issues (often to do with speed or sound). Popular emulators include GnGeo which emulates the Neo Geo ; GNUboy2x , Game Boy and Game Boy Color emulators; MAME , an emulator of various arcade machines; DrMD, which emulates
1494-539: Is done by launching a background process. The GP2X requires 2 AA -sized batteries if not running from an external power supply. Due to the high current drain, standard alkaline batteries will not function for very long in the GP2X; NiMH or lithium batteries are recommended. Battery life varies depending on the type of activity being performed and can last anywhere from 10 minutes (using alkaline batteries) to over 6 hours (using high-capacity NiMH batteries). When listening to music, power can be conserved by turning off
1577-725: Is more reliable), or ext2 . The GP2X also has 64 MB of internal flash memory storage, of which 32MB can be used for user data. From firmware release version 4.0 the GP2X F200 is capable of addressing the new SDHC standard and thus now works with SDHC cards up to 64GB in size. The two ARM processors in the GP2X can be overclocked beyond their rated speed in software. The maximum speed one can reach through overclocking varies from system to system, with about 1 in 50 reaching over 300 MHz and others barely reaching 240 MHz (many systems can be overclocked beyond 240 MHz with no problems. The highest they are advertised to overclock to
1660-437: Is offset by longer running time between battery changes and more constant voltage during discharge. The capacity of alkaline batteries is greatly reduced as the discharge current increases, however the capacity of a Li-FeS2 battery is not affected by high discharge currents nearly as much as alkaline batteries. Another advantage of lithium disulfide batteries compared to alkaline batteries is that they are less prone to leak . This
1743-590: Is particularly important in expensive equipment, where a leaking alkaline battery can damage the equipment due to the corrosive electrolyte coming into contact with sensitive electronics. Lithium iron disulfide batteries are intended for use in equipment compatible with alkaline zinc batteries. Lithium-iron disulfide batteries can have an open-circuit voltage as high as 1.8 volts, but the closed-circuit voltage decreases, making this chemistry compatible with equipment intended for zinc-based batteries. A fresh alkaline zinc battery can have an open-circuit voltage of 1.6 volts, but
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#17327919423261826-552: Is significantly responsible for rising use of Linux overall. The cost to redevelop version 2.6.0 of the Linux kernel in a traditional proprietary development setting has been estimated to be US$ 612 million (€467M, £394M) in 2004 prices using the COCOMO person-month estimation model. In 2006, a study funded by the European Union put the redevelopment cost of kernel version 2.6.8 higher, at €882M ($ 1.14bn, £744M). This topic
1909-634: The Master System , Game Gear and Mega Drive/Genesis ; SquidgeSNES and PocketSNES, which emulate Super NES games; and Picodrive , which emulates Mega Drive and Sega CD games; psx4all which emulates PlayStation games. Stella , an emulator for the Atari 2600 has also been ported to the GP2X Since the GP2X has a much smaller following than other handheld consoles, such as the Sony PSP or
1992-605: The Native POSIX Thread Library (NPTL), User-mode Linux integration into the mainline kernel sources, SELinux integration into the mainline kernel sources, InfiniBand support, and considerably more. Starting with 2.6.x releases, the kernel supported a large number of file systems; some designed for Linux, like ext3 , ext4 , FUSE , Btrfs , and others native to other operating systems like JFS , XFS , Minix, Xenix , Irix , Solaris , System V , Windows and MS-DOS . Though development had not used
2075-525: The Nintendo DS , there are very few commercial games available for it. Vektar , Payback , Quartz² , retrovirus RTS , Wind and Water: Puzzle Battles and Blazar have been released as commercial games for the GP2X, and the games Odonata and Elsewhere were released in October 2006 for Korean distribution only. However, there are many ports of games from other platforms, mostly Linux, to
2158-1066: The atomic CMPXCHG instruction introduced with the i486 to allow reliable mutexes —making the 3.7 kernel series the last one still supporting the original processor. The same series unified support for the ARM processor. The numbering change from 2.6.39 to 3.0, and from 3.19 to 4.0, involved no meaningful technical differentiation; the major version number was increased simply to avoid large minor numbers. Stable 3.x.y kernels were released until 3.19 in February 2015. Version 3.11, released on 2 September 2013, added many new features such as new O_TMPFILE flag for open(2) to reduce temporary file vulnerabilities, experimental AMD Radeon dynamic power management, low-latency network polling, and zswap (compressed swap cache). In April 2015, Torvalds released kernel version 4.0. By February 2015, Linux had received contributions from nearly 12,000 programmers from more than 1,200 companies, including some of
2241-515: The "core," including architecture-specific code, kernel code, and mm code, while 60% is drivers. Contributions are submitted as patches, in the form of text messages on the Linux kernel mailing list (LKML) (and often also on other mailing lists dedicated to particular subsystems). The patches must conform to a set of rules and to a formal language that, among other things, describes which lines of code are to be deleted and what others are to be added to
2324-576: The "ftp.funet.fi" – FTP server of the Finnish University and Research Network ( FUNET ). It was not even executable since its code still needed Minix to compile and test it. On 5 October 1991, Torvalds announced the first "official" version of Linux, version 0.02. [As] I mentioned a month ago, I'm working on a free version of a Minix-lookalike for AT-386 computers. It has finally reached the stage where it's even usable (though may not be depending on what you want), and I am willing to put out
2407-494: The 940T core in Linux for other tasks apart from video processing is difficult but possible. Accessing the hardware directly makes it easier to use both CPUs. The F-200 version of the GP2X hardware replaced the joystick with a directional pad and added a touchscreen . The GP2X had an expansion "EXT" port on the base of the unit into which a range of special cables (for USB host, TV-out etc.) or break out box could be plugged, allowing four USB devices to be connected to and used with
2490-762: The AMD Radeon FreeSync and NVIDIA Xavier display, fixes for F2FS , EXT4 and XFS , restored support for swap files on the Btrfs file system and continued work on the Intel Icelake Gen11 graphics and on the NXP i.MX8 SoCs. This release was noticeably larger than the rest, Torvalds mentioning that "The overall changes for all of the 5.0 release are much bigger." A total of 1,991 developers, of whom 334 were first-time collaborators, added more than 553,000 lines of code to version 5.8, breaking
2573-420: The European Union. As of 7 March 2011 , using then-current LOC (lines of code) of a 2.6.x Linux kernel and wage numbers with David A. Wheeler's calculations it would cost approximately $ 3bn (about €2.2bn) to redevelop the Linux kernel as it keeps getting bigger. An updated calculation as of 26 September 2018 , using then-current 20,088,609 LOC (lines of code) for the 4.14.14 Linux kernel and
GP2X - Misplaced Pages Continue
2656-566: The GP2X Linux environment, and sdk2x a set of libraries and a program which allows you to leave Linux completely for total control of all the hardware with no operating system to interfere. Currently in development is gpu940, a soft 3D renderer that can do many rendering types, including true perspective texture mapping/lighting. It utilizes the ARM940T CPU of the GP2X, and allows for the GP2X to run basic OpenGL functions. In January 2007,
2739-646: The GP2X allowing anybody with the required skills to write an application or game. Most SDKs are based around a gcc cross-compiler toolchain and SDL . SDL is available for many systems, allowing for cross-compatibility of code with other platforms such as Microsoft Windows and GNU/Linux. A port of the Allegro game programming library is also available for the GP2X, as are ports of the Fenix and BennuGD game toolkits. Other libraries under development include Minimal Library SDK, which allows for direct hardware access inside
2822-407: The GP2X directly. The only thing limiting what can be used through this interface is the availability of drivers. The connector used to expand the GP2X is hard to come by on its own but it is used with a few other devices. The Samsung e810/e730 and LG U8110/20/30/36/38 mobile telephone data cables, along with the official GP2X TV-Out adapter are suitable connectors. This connector isn't proprietary;
2905-509: The GP2X, intended to support more formats than the built-in music and video players can handle. One such program is a port of FFPlay that allows you to play several RealMedia and Windows Media formats. Since the release of the MPlayer source code, several unofficial builds have been released for various purposes. One of these adds support for playing music in the AAC format. The GP2X natively runs
2988-468: The GP2X. Popular ports include SuperTux and Frozen Bubble as well as the Duke Nukem 3D , Quake , and Doom engines (which can run the original games if the user owns a copy with the correct data files). There are also hundreds of original freeware games such as Tilematch and Beat2X, made by GP2X programmers in their spare time. There are several unofficial multimedia players available for
3071-549: The Linux 2.2.13 code for the support of the S/390 architecture. Version 2.4.0, released on 4 January 2001, contained support for ISA Plug and Play , USB , and PC Cards . Linux 2.4 added support for the Pentium 4 and Itanium (the latter introduced the ia64 ISA that was jointly developed by Intel and Hewlett-Packard to supersede the older PA-RISC ), and for the newer 64-bit MIPS processor. Development for 2.4. x changed
3154-752: The Linux kernel for its OS. Torvalds labeled the kernel with major version 0 to indicate that it was not yet intended for general use. Version 0.11, released in December 1991, was the first version to be self-hosted ; compiled on a computer running the Linux kernel. When Torvalds released version 0.12 in February 1992, he adopted the GNU General Public License version 2 (GPLv2) over his previous self-drafted license, which had not permitted commercial redistribution. In contrast to Unix , all source files of Linux are freely available, including device drivers . The initial success of Linux
3237-584: The PSP, Dingoo, Windows, OS X, and other platforms. Two popular PDA desktop environments have been ported to the GP2X: Qtopia and GPE . Both contain a range of programs such as a web browser, word processor, etc. and can be controlled with either the GP2X controls or a USB mouse and keyboard connected through a USB cable attached to the EXT port. SDKs (software development kits) are freely and easily available for
3320-553: The United Kingdom, or a pen cell . AA batteries are common in portable electronic devices . An AA battery is composed of a single electrochemical cell that may be either a primary battery (disposable) or a rechargeable battery. Several different chemistries are used in their construction. The exact terminal voltage , capacity and practical discharge rates depend on cell chemistry; however, devices designed for AA cells will usually only take 1.2–1.5 V unless specified by
3403-478: The Utilities section of the menu; in firmware 3.0.0 they appear along with the games. There was debate before launch over the implied inclusion of DRM in the GP2X. However, since release, the GP2X platform was shown to be clear of any form of DRM. XGP Linux kernel The Linux kernel is a free and open source , UNIX-like kernel that is used in many computer systems worldwide. The kernel
GP2X - Misplaced Pages Continue
3486-571: The backlight and display. The GP2X has a socket for an external power supply. It must be rated 3.3V DC at 1A with a standard center-grounded (negative center) connector. The power supply should be regulated, as voltage spikes can permanently damage the unit. The GP2X's primary storage device is the Secure Digital card , which can be placed into a socket at the top of the unit. Older firmware only supported SD cards up to 4 GB in capacity. SD cards must be formatted as either FAT16, FAT32 (32
3569-459: The change will either be submitted as a single patch or in multiple patches of source code . In case of a single subsystem that is maintained by a single maintainer, these patches are sent as e-mails to the maintainer of the subsystem with the appropriate mailing list in Cc. The maintainer and the readers of the mailing list will review the patches and provide feedback. Once the review process has finished
3652-589: The competition was Matt Bakse who chose the title GP2X . For this he was awarded a free GP2X console, although delivery of his prize was rather delayed. The GP2X has seen several minor hardware updates, most notably the changes from the First Edition to Normal Edition and the Normal Edition to the MK2. Also, a new version called the "F200" was released earlier then expected on October 30, 2007 and features
3735-548: The contents of standard text documents on-screen) and a utility to adjust the LCD update frequency to eliminate any flickering. Other applications available (though not accessible directly through the menu) were a Samba server, for transferring files to the machine using the default Windows network file sharing protocol; an HTTP server, for providing web pages; an FTP server, a different way of transferring files; and telnet access allowing for direct command line access from outside
3818-413: The current US national average programmer salary of $ 75,506 show that it would cost approximately $ 14,725,449,000 (£11,191,341,000) to rewrite the existing code. Most who use Linux do so via a Linux distribution . Some distributions ship the vanilla or stable kernel. However, several vendors (such as Red Hat and Debian ) maintain a customized source tree. These are usually updated at a slower pace than
3901-542: The entire OS runs in kernel space . Linux is provided under the GNU General Public License version 2 , although it contains files under other compatible licenses . In April 1991, Linus Torvalds, a 21-year-old computer science student at the University of Helsinki started working on an operating system, inspired by UNIX, for a personal computer. He started with a task switcher in Intel 80386 assembly language and
3984-530: The file-system (due to practical reasons) among other things). I've currently ported bash (1.08) and gcc (1.40), and things seem to work. This implies that I'll get something practical within a few months [...] Yes - it's free of any minix code, and it has a multi-threaded fs. It is NOT protable [ sic ] (uses 386 task switching etc), and it probably never will support anything other than AT-harddisks, as that's all I have :-(. On 17 September 1991, Torvalds prepared version 0.01 of Linux and put on
4067-416: The first official kernel made using it was released. In 2005 the stable team was formed as a response to the lack of a kernel tree where people could work on bug fixes , and it would keep updating stable versions. In February 2008 the linux-next tree was created to serve as a place where patches aimed to be merged during the next development cycle gathered. Several subsystem maintainers also adopted
4150-414: The free homebrew application Little Game Park Tracker, a music tracker program which was created by chip musician M-.-n specifically for the GP2X. Little Game Park Tracker, also known as LGPT or Little Piggy Tracker, allows for sample-based music production with a myriad of sample tweaking abilities. LGPT borrows the interface of the popular Game Boy music tracker Little Sound DJ. It has since been ported to
4233-485: The kernel code is written in C as supported by the GNU compiler collection (GCC) which has extensions beyond standard C. The code also contains assembly code for architecture-specific logic such as optimizing memory use and task execution. The kernel has a modular design such that modules can be integrated as software components – including dynamically loaded. The kernel is monolithic in an architectural sense since
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#17327919423264316-589: The kernel community at the 2017 Embedded Linux Conference Europe. The issues brought up were discussed a few days later at the Maintainers Summit. Concerns over the lack of consistency in how maintainers responded to patches submitted by developers were echoed by Shuah Khan , the maintainer of the kernel self-test framework. Torvalds contended that there would never be consistency in the handling of patches because different kernel subsystems have, over time, adopted different development processes. Therefore, it
4399-570: The kernel so that old programs would work. Version 3.0 was released on 22 July 2011. On 30 May 2011, Torvalds announced that the big change was "NOTHING. Absolutely nothing." and asked, "...let's make sure we really make the next release not just an all new shiny number, but a good kernel too." After the expected 6–7 weeks of the development process, it would be released near the 20th anniversary of Linux. On 11 December 2012, Torvalds decided to reduce kernel complexity by removing support for i386 processors—specifically by not having to emulate
4482-406: The kernel with system software (e.g., the GNU C Library , systemd , and other Unix utilities and daemons ) and a wide selection of application software , but their usage share in desktops is low in comparison to other operating systems. Since Android , which is Linux, accounts for the majority of mobile device operating systems, and due to its rising use in embedded devices , Android
4565-471: The linux.conf.au (LCA) conference in 2018, developers expressed the view that the culture of the community has gotten much better in the past few years. Daniel Vetter, the maintainer of the Intel drm/i915 graphics kernel driver, commented that the "rather violent language and discussion" in the kernel community has decreased or disappeared. Laurent Pinchart asked developers for feedback on their experiences with
4648-437: The low efficiency of the step-down converter. Some later Li-ion AA batteries advertise their capacity in milliwatt-hours (mWh) instead of the usual milliampere-hours (mAh), so a customer's attention is drawn to the figure, typically a claimed 3,000 or more, which is in reality 2,000 mAh. By 2023, several brands of 1.5 V Li-ion rechargeable batteries in both AA and AAA sizes (with voltage converting circuitry in even
4731-464: The machine. These servers operate over the included USB networking functionality, allowing one to connect the GP2X to a wider network through a PC. The new GP2X-F200 supports none of these network programs. Version 3.0.0 of the firmware comes with 5 games pre-installed in the NAND memory. The games are Payback (demo), Noiz2sa , Flobopuyo , SuperTux , and Vektar (freeware version). This firmware
4814-537: The mainline kernel sources, PAE support, support for several new lines of CPUs , integration of Advanced Linux Sound Architecture (ALSA) into the mainline kernel sources, support for up to 2 users (up from 2 ), support for up to 2 process IDs (64-bit only, 32-bit architectures still limited to 2 ), substantially increased the number of device types and the number of devices of each type, improved 64-bit support, support for file systems which support file sizes of up to 16 terabytes , in-kernel preemption , support for
4897-572: The manufacturer. Introduced in 1907 by The American Ever Ready Company , the AA battery size was standardized by the American National Standards Institute (ANSI) in 1947, but it had been in use in flashlights and electrical novelties before formal standardization. ANSI and IEC battery nomenclature gives several designations for cells in this size, depending on cell features and chemistry. Before being called AA batteries, they were commonly called Z batteries, as
4980-466: The normal 3.7 V Li-ion electrode in a ring around the AA electrode to allow charging by a special charger. It supplies the same 1.5 V as a fresh disposable alkaline AA cell, but with virtually no drop over the discharge cycle, unlike other disposable or rechargeable cells. Its lithium-ion chemistry provides a low self-discharge of 3% per month. Its capacity at 250 mA drain is 1,700 mAh at 1.5 V, less than other chemistries, limited by
5063-547: The ones produced by the Burgess Battery Company were sold as "Number Z" (meant to indicate them being smaller than the "Number 1", which was similar in size to a modern C battery). Due to their popularity in small flashlights, they are often called "penlight batteries". An AA cell measures 49.5–50.5 mm (1.95–1.99 in) in length, including the button terminal —and 13.7–14.5 mm (0.54–0.57 in) in diameter. The positive terminal button should be
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#17327919423265146-547: The previous kernel version. The Git kernel source tree names all developers who have contributed to the Linux kernel in the Credits directory and all subsystem maintainers are listed in Maintainers . As with many large open-source software projects, developers are required to adhere to the Contributor Covenant , a code of conduct intended to address harassment of minority contributors. Additionally, to prevent offense
5229-532: The record previously held by version 4.9. According to the Stack Overflow's annual Developer Survey of 2019, more than the 53% of all respondents have developed software for Linux and about 27% for Android , although only about 25% develop with Linux-based operating systems. Most websites run on Linux-based operating systems , and all of the world's 500 most powerful supercomputers use some form of OS based on Linux. Linux distributions bundle
5312-466: The renderer's OpenGL functions allowed for the 3D roleplaying game Egoboo to be ported to the GP2X at a playable speed, and a month later updated with increased speed and added lighting effects. GP2X executable files have one of two 3 letters file extensions. For games, the .gpe extension is used. These are listed in the Games section of the menu. Utilities have the extension .gpu , and appear in
5395-427: The small AAA casing) were available. They use various charging methods, without the special Kentli ring third electrode. Some have special chargers—a charger for a 1.2 V cell will not provide sufficient voltage—but do not use a third electrode. Others have a USB port built into the cell itself. Nickel-zinc cell (NiZn) rechargeable 1.65 V AA and AAA cells are also available, but not widely used. They require
5478-576: The sources for wider distribution. It is just version 0.02...but I've successfully run bash, gcc, gnu-make, gnu-sed, compress, etc. under it. Linux grew rapidly as many developers, including the MINIX community, contributed to the project. At the time, the GNU Project had completed many components for its free UNIX replacement, the GNU OS , but its kernel, GNU Hurd , was incomplete. The project adopted
5561-608: The specifications for the new machine and how it should be promoted. Meetings were held in Seoul, Korea, where the final design of the new console was agreed upon. The first name of this console was the GPX2 . However, it couldn't be used as a final name due to a possible trademark violation with the name of a Japanese printer, the GPX. A contest for a new name was announced on August 3, 2005. Around 1500 names were submitted in total. The winner of
5644-509: The specifications of this connector are fully open, encouraging home cable construction. The GP2X also supported TV-out with a special cable that plugs into the EXT port. This allows videos that are normally scaled down to fit the GP2X's screen to be played at native resolution on a TV. It also lets software be displayed on the higher resolution TV rather than the screen. Not all software supports this natively, but 3rd party software exists that enables TV-out functionality in all applications. This
5727-437: The specified files. These patches can be automatically processed so that system administrators can apply them in order to make just some changes to the code or to incrementally upgrade to the next version. Linux is distributed also in GNU zip (gzip) and bzip2 formats. A developer who wants to change the Linux kernel writes and tests a code change. Depending on how significant the change is and how many subsystems it modifies,
5810-407: The subsystem maintainer accepts the patches in the relevant Git kernel tree. If the changes to the Linux kernel are bug fixes that are considered important enough, a pull request for the patches will be sent to Torvalds within a few days. Otherwise, a pull request will be sent to Torvalds during the next merge window. The merge window usually lasts two weeks and starts immediately after the release of
5893-558: The successor to the GP2X, the " Wiz ". As of September 1, 2008 a version of the GP2X is still being sold in Korea by Vocamaster that is geared toward Koreans who wish to learn English. In fact, according to the official GP2X distributor for the UK, Craig Rothwell, most GP2X units sold to date have been sold through Vocamaster as English-learning tools. Source: The ARM940T was used by GPH's implementation of Linux to control video processing. Using
5976-507: The suffix -next for trees containing code which they mean to submit for inclusion in the next release cycle. As of January 2014 , the in-development version of Linux is held in an unstable branch named linux-next . The 20th anniversary of Linux was celebrated by Torvalds in July 2011 with the release of version 3.0.0. As 2.6 had been the version number for 8 years, a new uname26 personality that reports 3.x as 2.6.40+x had to be added to
6059-480: The use of inclusive terminology within the source code is mandated. AA battery The AA battery (or double-A battery ) is a standard size single cell cylindrical dry battery . The IEC 60086 system calls the size R6 , and ANSI C18 calls it 15 . It is named UM-3 by JIS of Japan. Historically, it is known as D14 (hearing aid battery), U12 – later U7 (standard cell), or HP7 (for zinc chloride 'high power' version) in official documentation in
6142-407: The vanilla branch, and they usually include all fixes from the relevant stable branch, but at the same time they can also add support for drivers or features which had not been released in the vanilla version the distribution vendor started basing its branch from. The community of Linux kernel developers comprises about 5000–6000 members. According to the "2017 State of Linux Kernel Development",
6225-444: The various corporations who use and contribute to Linux, as well as by the various independent contributors out there. It's those people who own the resources who decide... Notable conflicts among Linux kernel developers: Prominent Linux kernel developers have been aware of the importance of avoiding conflicts between developers. For a long time there was no code of conduct for kernel developers due to opposition by Torvalds. However,
6308-949: The version number, it was the first version considered suitable for a production environment . In June 1996, after release 1.3, Torvalds decided that Linux had evolved enough to warrant a new major number, and so labeled the next release as version 2.0.0. Significant features of 2.0 included symmetric multiprocessing (SMP), support for more processors types and support for selecting specific hardware targets and for enabling architecture-specific features and optimizations. The make *config family of commands of kbuild enable and configure options for building ad hoc kernel executables ( vmlinux ) and loadable modules. Version 2.2, released on 20 January 1999, improved locking granularity and SMP management, added m68k , PowerPC , Sparc64 , Alpha , and other 64-bit platforms support. Furthermore, it added new file systems including Microsoft 's NTFS read-only capability. In 1999, IBM published its patches to
6391-719: The word 'hug'. Developers who feel treated unfairly can report this to the Linux Foundation Technical Advisory Board. In July 2013, the maintainer of the USB 3.0 driver Sage Sharp asked Torvalds to address the abusive commentary in the kernel development community. In 2014, Sharp backed out of Linux kernel development, saying that "The focus on technical excellence, in combination with overloaded maintainers, and people with different cultural and social norms, means that Linux kernel maintainers are often blunt, rude, or brutal to get their job done". At
6474-571: The world's largest software and hardware vendors. Version 4.1 of Linux, released in June 2015, contains over 19.5 million lines of code contributed by almost 14,000 programmers. Linus Torvalds announced that kernel version 4.22 would instead be numbered 5.0 in March 2019, stating that "'5.0' doesn't mean anything more than that the 4.x numbers started getting big enough that I ran out of fingers and toes." It featured many major additions such as support for
6557-448: Was agreed upon that each kernel subsystem maintainer would document the rules for patch acceptance. Linux is evolution, not intelligent design ! The kernel source code, a.k.a. source tree, is managed in the Git version control system – also created by Torvalds. As of 2021 , the 5.11 release of the Linux kernel had around 30.34 million lines of code. Roughly 14% of the code is part of
6640-401: Was created by Linus Torvalds in 1991 and was soon adopted as the kernel for the GNU operating system (OS) which was created to be a free replacement for Unix . Since the late 1990s, it has been included in many operating system distributions , many of which are called Linux . One such Linux kernel operating system is Android which is used in many mobile and embedded devices. Most of
6723-405: Was designed to play music and videos, view photos, and play games. It had an open architecture (Linux based), allowing anybody to develop and run software. Also, there was the possibility for additional features (such as support for new media formats) to be added in the future due to the upgradeable firmware . A popular use of the GP2X was to run emulators , which allows one to use software from
6806-493: Was driven by programmers and testers across the world. With the support of the POSIX APIs, through the libC that, whether needed, acts as an entry point to the kernel address space, Linux could run software and applications that had been developed for Unix. On 19 January 1992, the first post to the new newsgroup alt.os.linux was submitted. On 31 March 1992, the newsgroup was renamed comp.os.linux . The fact that Linux
6889-509: Was revisited in October 2008 by Amanda McPherson, Brian Proffitt, and Ron Hale-Evans. Using David A. Wheeler's methodology, they estimated redevelopment of the 2.6.25 kernel now costs $ 1.3bn (part of a total $ 10.8bn to redevelop Fedora 9). Again, Garcia-Garcia and Alonso de Magdaleno from University of Oviedo (Spain) estimate that the value annually added to kernel was about €100M between 2005 and 2007 and €225M in 2008, it would cost also more than €1bn (about $ 1.4bn as of February 2010) to develop in
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