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44-419: GPUOpen was announced on December 15, 2015, and released on January 26, 2016. Nicolas Thibieroz, AMD's Senior Manager of Worldwide Gaming Engineering, argues that "it can be difficult for developers to leverage their R&D investment on both consoles and PC because of the disparity between the two platforms" and that "proprietary libraries or tools chains with " black box " APIs prevent developers from accessing

88-460: A black box can be written in a table, in which, at each of a sequence of times, the states of the box's various parts, input and output, are recorded. Thus, using an example from Ashby , examining a box that has fallen from a flying saucer might lead to this protocol: Thus, every system, fundamentally, is investigated by the collection of a long protocol, drawn out in time, showing the sequence of input and output states. From this there follows

132-408: A black box is a system which can be viewed in terms of its inputs and outputs (or transfer characteristics ), without any knowledge of its internal workings. Its implementation is "opaque" (black). The term can be used to refer to many inner workings, such as those of a transistor , an engine , an algorithm , the human brain , or an institution or government . To analyze an open system with

176-408: A black box is based on the "explanatory principle", the hypothesis of a causal relation between the input and the output . This principle states that input and output are distinct, that the system has observable (and relatable) inputs and outputs and that the system is black to the observer (non-openable). An observer makes observations over time. All observations of inputs and outputs of

220-546: A "clear box" or a "glass box"). The modern meaning of the term "black box" seems to have entered the English language around 1945. In electronic circuit theory the process of network synthesis from transfer functions , which led to electronic circuits being regarded as "black boxes" characterized by their response to signals applied to their ports , can be traced to Wilhelm Cauer who published his ideas in their most developed form in 1941. Although Cauer did not himself use

264-678: A ROCm backend: ROCm is gaining significant traction in the top 500 . ROCm is used with the Exascale supercomputers El Capitan and Frontier . Some related software is to be found at AMD Infinity hub . As of version 3.0, Blender can now use HIP compute kernels for its renderer cycles. Julia has the AMDGPU.jl package, which integrates with LLVM and selects components of the ROCm stack. Instead of compiling code through HIP, AMDGPU.jl uses Julia's compiler to generate LLVM IR directly, which

308-541: A technique that creates new frames in between existing ones by using motion interpolation . Launching in September 2023, FSR 3 uses a combination of FSR 2 and optical flow analysis, which runs using asynchronous compute (as opposed to Nvidia's DLSS 3 which uses dedicated hardware). Because FSR 3 uses a software-based solution, it is compatible with GPUs from AMD, Nvidia, and Intel as well as the ninth generation of video game consoles . To combat additional latency inherent to

352-478: A tool to port CUDA source-code to portable (HIP) source-code which can be compiled on both HCC and NVCC . GPUOpen are available under the MIT license to the general public through GitHub starting on January 26, 2016. There is interlocking between GPUOpen and well established and widespread free software projects, e.g. Linux kernel , Mesa 3D and LLVM . Black box In science, computing, and engineering,

396-410: A typical "black box approach", only the behavior of the stimulus/response will be accounted for, to infer the (unknown) box . The usual representation of this "black box system" is a data flow diagram centered in the box. The opposite of a black box is a system where the inner components or logic are available for inspection, which is most commonly referred to as a white box (sometimes also known as

440-596: Is a tool compiling source code into other third-generation-language sources, allowing users to migrate from CUDA Fortran to HIP Fortran. It is also in the repertoire of research projects, even more so. ROCm high-level libraries are usually consumed directly by application software, such as machine learning frameworks. Most of the following libraries are in the General Matrix Multiply (GEMM) category, which GPU architecture excels at. The majority of these user-facing libraries comes in dual-form: hip for

484-439: Is always used when testing the black box model. Data has to be written down before it is pulled for black box inputs. Black box theories are those theories defined only in terms of their function. The term can be applied in any field where some inquiry is made into the relations between aspects of the appearance of a system (exterior of the black box), with no attempt made to explain why those relations should exist (interior of

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528-525: Is an indirection layer adapting calls to ROCr on Linux and PAL on windows. It used to be able to route between different compilers, like the HSAIL-compiler. It is now being absorbed by the upper indirection layers (HIP and OpenCL). ROCm ships its installable client driver (ICD) loader and an OpenCL implementation bundled together . As of January 2022, ROCm 4.5.2 ships OpenCL 2.2, and is lagging behind competition. The AMD implementation for its GPUs

572-459: Is called HIPAMD . There is also a CPU implementation mostly for demonstration purposes. HIP builds a `HIPCC` compiler that either wraps Clang and compiles with LLVM open AMDGPU backend, or redirects to the NVIDIA compiler . HIPIFY is a source-to-source compiling tool. It translates CUDA to HIP and reverse, either using a Clang-based tool, or a sed-like Perl script. Like HIPIFY, GPUFORT

616-523: Is closed-source, whereas AMD ROCm is open source. There is open-source software built on top of the closed-source CUDA, for instance RAPIDS . CUDA is able run on consumer GPUs, whereas ROCm support is mostly offered for professional hardware such as AMD Instinct and AMD Radeon Pro . Nvidia provides a C/C++-centered frontend and its Parallel Thread Execution (PTX) LLVM GPU backend as the Nvidia CUDA Compiler (NVCC). Like ROCm, oneAPI

660-473: Is even wider in application than professional studies: The child who tries to open a door has to manipulate the handle (the input) so as to produce the desired movement at the latch (the output); and he has to learn how to control the one by the other without being able to see the internal mechanism that links them. In our daily lives we are confronted at every turn with systems whose internal mechanisms are not fully open to inspection, and which must be treated by

704-482: Is free, libre and open-source software (except the GPU firmware blobs ), and it is distributed under various licenses. ROCm initially stood for Radeon Open Compute platfor m ; however, due to Open Compute being a registered trademark, ROCm is no longer an acronym — it is simply AMD's open-source stack designed for GPU compute. The first GPGPU software stack from ATI /AMD was Close to Metal , which became Stream . ROCm

748-565: Is going on to understand the mechanism of the brain, progress in treatment is also being made by observing patients' responses to stimuli. ROCm ROCm is an Advanced Micro Devices (AMD) software stack for graphics processing unit (GPU) programming. ROCm spans several domains: general-purpose computing on graphics processing units (GPGPU), high performance computing (HPC), heterogeneous computing . It offers several programming models: HIP ( GPU-kernel-based programming ), OpenMP ( directive-based programming ), and OpenCL . ROCm

792-547: Is held in an inner situation away from facile investigations. The black box element of the definition is shown as being characterised by a system where observable elements enter a perhaps imaginary box with a set of different outputs emerging which are also observable. In humanities disciplines such as philosophy of mind and behaviorism , one of the uses of black box theory is to describe and understand psychological factors in fields such as marketing when applied to an analysis of consumer behaviour . Black Box theory

836-429: Is later consumed by LLVM to generate native device code. AMDGPU.jl uses ROCr's HSA implementation to upload native code onto the device and execute it, similar to how HIP loads its own generated device code. AMDGPU.jl also supports integration with ROCm's rocBLAS (for BLAS), rocRAND (for random number generation), and rocFFT (for FFTs). Future integration with rocALUTION, rocSOLVER, MIOpen, and certain other ROCm libraries

880-411: Is made up of several main components, tools, and SDKs. Software for computer-generated imagery (CGI) used in development of computer games and movies alike. FidelityFX Super Resolution ( FSR ) is used to upsample an input image into a higher resolution. There are multiple versions of FSR with distinctive upscaling technique and image quality: The standard presets for FSR by AMD can be found in

924-638: Is not compatible with VSYNC. The official AMD directory lists: Having been released by ATI Technologies under the BSD license in 2006 HLSL2GLSL is not part of GPUOpen. Whether similar tools for SPIR-V will be available remains to be seen, as is the official release of the Vulkan (API) itself. Source-code that has been defined as being part of GPUOpen is also part of the Linux kernel (e.g. amdgpu and amdkfd), Mesa 3D and LLVM. As of 2022, AMD compute software ecosystem

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968-478: Is one kernel-space component, ROCk, and the rest - there is roughly a hundred components in the stack - is made of user-space modules. The unofficial typographic policy is to use: uppercase ROC lowercase following for low-level libraries, i.e. ROCt, and the contrary for user-facing libraries, i.e. rocBLAS. AMD is active developing with the LLVM community, but upstreaming is not instantaneous, and as of January 2022,

1012-400: Is planned. Installation instructions are provided for Linux and Windows in the official AMD ROCm documentation . ROCm software is currently spread across several public GitHub repositories. Within the main public meta-repository , there is an XML manifest for each official release: using git-repo , a version control tool built on top of Git , is the recommended way to synchronize with

1056-698: Is regrouped under the ROCm metaproject. Software around Heterogeneous System Architecture (HSA), General-Purpose computing on Graphics Processing Units (GPGPU) and High-Performance Computing (HPC) AMD's "Boltzmann Initiative" (named after Ludwig Boltzmann ) was announced in November 2015 at the SuperComputing15 and productized as the Radeon Open Compute platform (ROCm). It aims to provide an alternative to Nvidia's CUDA which includes

1100-549: Is responsible for all the thinking and queuing that goes into the stack. The ROC runtime is a set of APIs/libraries that allows the launch of compute kernels by host applications. It is AMD's implementation of the HSA runtime API. It is different from the ROC Common Language Runtime. ROCm code object manager is in charge of interacting with LLVM intermediate representation . The common language runtime

1144-405: Is still lagging. AMD still officially packages various LLVM forks for parts that are not yet upstreamed – compiler optimizations destined to remain proprietary, debug support, OpenMP offloading, etc. Support libraries implemented as LLVM bitcode. These provide various utilities and functions for math operations, atomics, queries for launch parameters, on-device kernel launch, etc. The thunk

1188-410: The black box is an abstraction representing a class of concrete open system which can be viewed solely in terms of its stimuli inputs and output reactions : The constitution and structure of the box are altogether irrelevant to the approach under consideration, which is purely external or phenomenological. In other words, only the behavior of the system will be accounted for. The understanding of

1232-460: The prosumer Radeon Pro GPU series : they mostly see full support. The only consumer-grade GPU that has relatively equal support is, as of January 2022, the Radeon VII (GCN 5 - Vega). AMD ROCm product manager Terry Deem gave a tour of the stack. The main consumers of the stack are machine learning and high-performance computing/GPGPU applications. Various deep learning frameworks have

1276-622: The MIT License. GPUOpen also makes it easy for developers to get low-level GPU access. Additionally AMD wants to grant interested developers the kind of low-level "direct access" to their GCN -based GPUs, that surpasses the possibilities of Direct3D 12 or Vulkan . AMD mentioned e.g. a low-level access to the Asynchronous Compute Engines (ACEs). The ACE implement "Asynchronous Compute", but they cannot be freely configured under either Vulkan or Direct3D 12. GPUOpen

1320-401: The black box). In this context, Newton's theory of gravitation can be described as a black box theory. Specifically, the inquiry is focused upon a system that has no immediately apparent characteristics and therefore has only factors for consideration held within itself hidden from immediate observation. The observer is assumed ignorant in the first instance as the majority of available data

1364-458: The box, there is active feedback in the box/observer relation, promoting what in control theory is called a feed forward architecture. The modeling process is the construction of a predictive mathematical model , using existing historic data (observation table). A developed black box model is a validated model when black-box testing methods ensures that it is, based solely on observable elements. With back testing, out of time data

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1408-664: The code for maintenance, porting or optimizations purposes". He says that upcoming architectures, such as AMD's RX 400 series "include many features not exposed today in PC graphics APIs". AMD designed GPUOpen to be a competing open-source middleware stack released under the MIT License . The libraries are intended to increase software portability between video game consoles , PCs and also high-performance computing . GPUOpen unifies many of AMD's previously separate tools and solutions into one package, also fully open-sourcing them under

1452-512: The frame generation process, AMD has a driver-level feature called Anti-Lag, which only runs on AMD GPUs. AMD Fluid Motion Frames (AFMF) is a driver-level frame generation technology launching in Q1 2024 which is compatible with all DirectX 11 and DirectX 12 games, however it runs on RDNA 2 and RDNA 3 GPUs. AFMF uses optical flow analysis but not motion vectors, so it can only interpolate a new frame between two traditionally rendered frames. AFMF currently

1496-426: The fundamental deduction that all knowledge obtainable from a Black Box (of given input and output) is such as can be obtained by re-coding the protocol (the observation table ); all that, and nothing more. If the observer also controls input, the investigation turns into an experiment (illustration), and hypotheses about cause and effect can be tested directly. When the experimenter is also motivated to control

1540-578: The indirection layer that can route to Nvidia hardware, and roc for the AMD implementation. rocBLAS and hipBLAS are central in high-level libraries, it is the AMD implementation for Basic Linear Algebra Subprograms . It uses the library Tensile privately. This pair of libraries constitutes the LAPACK implementation for ROCm and is strongly coupled to rocBLAS. ROCm competes with other GPU computing stacks: Nvidia CUDA and Intel OneAPI . Nvidia's CUDA

1584-472: The methods appropriate to the Black Box. (...) This simple rule proved very effective and is an illustration of how the Black Box principle in cybernetics can be used to control situations that, if gone into deeply, may seem very complex. A further example of the Black Box principle is the treatment of mental patients. The human brain is certainly a Black Box, and while a great deal of neurological research

1628-466: The stack and ROCm/HIP programming, remains, to date, to be found on Reddit. ROCm is primarily targeted at discrete professional GPUs, but unofficial support includes the Vega family and RDNA 2 consumer GPUs. Accelerated Processor Units (APU) are "enabled", but not officially supported. Having ROCm functional there is involved. AMD Instinct accelerators are the first-class ROCm citizens, alongside

1672-506: The stack locally. AMD starts distributing containerized applications for ROCm, notably scientific research applications gathered under AMD Infinity Hub . AMD distributes itself packages tailored to various Linux distributions. There is a growing third-party ecosystem packaging ROCm . Linux distributions are officially packaging (natively) ROCm, with various degrees of advancement: Arch Linux , Gentoo, Debian , Fedora , GNU Guix , and NixOS . There are spack packages. There

1716-449: The table below. Note that these presets are not the only way in which the algorithm can be used, they are simply presets for input/output resolutions. Certain titles, such as Dota 2 have offered resolution sliders to fine tune the scaling percentage or dynamically scaling the internal render resolution depending on the FPS cap. AMD has also created a command line interface tool which allows

1760-426: The term, others who followed him certainly did describe the method as black-box analysis. Vitold Belevitch puts the concept of black-boxes even earlier, attributing the explicit use of two-port networks as black boxes to Franz Breisig in 1921 and argues that 2-terminal components were implicitly treated as black-boxes before that. In cybernetics , a full treatment was given by Ross Ashby in 1956. A black box

1804-581: The user to upscale any image using FSR1/EASU as in addition to other upsampling methods such as Bilinear Interpolation . It also allows the user to run various stages of the FSR pipeline, such as RCAS independently. FSR 2 can also be modded into nearly any game supporting DLSS by swapping the DLSS DLL with a translation layer DLL that maps the DLSS API calls to FSR 2 API calls. FSR 3 adds frame generation,

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1848-404: Was described by Norbert Wiener in 1961 as an unknown system that was to be identified using the techniques of system identification . He saw the first step in self-organization as being to be able to copy the output behavior of a black box. Many other engineers, scientists and epistemologists, such as Mario Bunge , used and perfected the black box theory in the 1960s. In systems theory ,

1892-416: Was dropped for ROCm: now it builds only GPU code, using LLVM , and its AMDGPU backend that was upstreamed, although there is still research on such enhanced modularity with LLVM MLIR. ROCm as a stack ranges from the kernel driver to the end-user applications. AMD has introductory videos about AMD GCN hardware, and ROCm programming via its learning portal. One of the best technical introductions about

1936-570: Was launched around 2016 with the Boltzmann Initiative . ROCm stack builds upon previous AMD GPU stacks; some tools trace back to GPUOpen and others to the Heterogeneous System Architecture (HSA). HSAIL was aimed at producing a middle-level, hardware-agnostic intermediate representation that could be JIT-compiled to the eventual hardware (GPU, FPGA...) using the appropriate finalizer. This approach

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