Ginna Brelsford (current co-executive director)
85-665: GSA Network is a nonprofit organization that assists students with starting gay–straight alliances (GSA) to fight homophobia and transphobia in schools. GSA Network originally focused on supporting youth in California, and still has its headquarters in Oakland, California, but is now active nationwide. GSA Network was founded by Carolyn Laub in 1998 working with 40 GSA clubs in the San Francisco Bay Area . The organization expanded and in 2001 GSA Network became
170-652: A GSA at school is guaranteed by both the First Amendment to the United States Constitution (with regard to every level of schooling) and the federal Equal Access Act (with regard to secondary schools where other student clubs are allowed, with the definition of secondary school for purposes of the federal law including middle schools and high schools). Since 1998, there have been at least 17 federal court cases in which high school and middle school students have conclusively prevailed in defending
255-695: A GSA group called Ardhek Akash, which also produces a magazine of the same name. In recent months the group has formed new chapters at Jadavpur University and St. Xavier's College —also in Calcutta—and is looking to expand further. The first GSA in Mexico was begun by a group of students in 2004 at the American School Foundation , a private American school in Mexico City. The GSA was initially opposed by several school board members and
340-645: A GSA, but the school board met and publicly stated they wanted to prevent the formation of "gay clubs" in the school district. They then created a policy requiring parents to provide written permission before a student can join any club. Students then protested with support from the ACLU . Students at West Carteret High School in Morehead City, North Carolina tried to start a GSA but the Carteret County Board of Education turned it down. In 1999,
425-705: A SUD without additional symptoms also being present. A physician trained to evaluate and treat substance use disorders will take these nuances into account during a diagnostic evaluation. Symptoms for a substance use disorder include behavioral, physical and social changes. Changes in behavior include being absent from school or work; changes in appetite or sleep patterns; personality and attitude changes; mood swings, and anxiety. Signs include physical changes such as weight gain or loss; tremors, and bloodshot eyes. Different substances used can give different signs and symptoms. Substance use disorders can range widely in severity, and there are numerous methods to monitor and qualify
510-414: A SUD. Consequently, prevention strategies that target social risk factors can improve outcomes and, when deployed in childhood and adolescence, can decrease the risk for these disorders. This section divides substance use disorder causes into categories consistent with the biopsychosocial model . However, it is important to bear in mind that these categories are used by scientists partly for convenience;
595-570: A combination of cocaine and an opioid. Deaths from alcohol consumption account for the loss of over 88,000 lives per year. Tobacco remains the leading cause of preventable death, responsible for greater than 480,000 deaths in the United States each year. These harms are significant financially with total costs of more than $ 420 billion annually and more than $ 120 billion in healthcare. According to Statistics Canada (2018), approximately one in five Canadians aged 15 years and older experience
680-516: A group of student requested to start a GSA at Vanier Catholic Secondary in Whitehorse . The school initially denied this request as it conflicted with the school's Catholic, anti-gay policies. Students of the school protested the denial by wearing pink shirts and holding a sit-in at the Yukon legislative building and wearing rainbow socks to their graduation ceremony. Following the protests,
765-406: A history teacher at the school who had just come out as gay, was approached by Meredith Sterling , a student at the school who was straight, but was upset by the treatment of gay students and others. Jennings recruited some other teachers at the school, thus forming the first gay–straight alliance. One of the first to join was Sterling's classmate S. Bear Bergman . Jennings credits students for both
850-399: A job leads to stress and sometimes depression which in turn can cause an individual to increase substance use. This leads to a cycle of substance abuse and unemployment. The likelihood of substance abuse can increase during childhood. Through a study conducted in 2021 about the effect childhood experiences have on future substance use, researchers found that there is a direct connection between
935-579: A large toll on individuals' health, well-being, and social functioning. Long-lasting changes in brain networks involved in reward, executive function, stress reactivity, mood, and self-awareness underlie the intense drive to consume substances and the inability to control this urge in a person who suffers from addiction (moderate or severe SUD). Biological (including genetics and developmental life stages) and social (including adverse childhood experiences) determinants of health are recognized factors that contribute to vulnerability for or resilience against developing
SECTION 10
#17327938962171020-430: A meeting called by Phillips student Sharon Tentarelli for February 7, 1989, with little advance notice. A dozen people attended, including a mix of student, teachers, and staff. This was the second such group, after Concord Academy. The group was well-received, and some staff and faculty became supporters, both gay, and straight. Athletic director Kathy Henderson was one of the supporters, and she later went on to co-found
1105-480: A month), which is 2.8 times the rate that their non-Indigenous counterparts consumed the same level of alcohol. However, while alcohol and tobacco usage are declining, use of other substances, such as cannabis and opiates, is increasing in Australia. Cannabis is the most widely used illicit drug in Australia, with cannabis usage being 1.9 times higher than non-Indigenous Australians. Prescription opioids have seen
1190-412: A patient function comfortably without illicit opioids or alcohol. Medications can be used in treatment to lessen withdrawal symptoms. Evidence has demonstrated the efficacy of MAT at reducing illicit drug use and overdose deaths, improving retention in treatment, and reducing HIV transmission. Vaccines for addiction have been investigated as a possibility since the early 2000s. The general theory of
1275-489: A person to embrace unhealthy, addictive sources of pleasure or relief from pain. From the applied behavior analysis literature and the behavioral psychology literature, several evidence-based intervention programs have emerged, such as behavioral marital therapy, community reinforcement approach, cue exposure therapy, and contingency management strategies. In addition, the same author suggests that social skills training adjunctive to inpatient treatment of alcohol dependence
1360-506: A policy which mandates that all school principals must establish a GSA if asked for one by students. The same year, the school board assigned a district consultant to provide support for GSAs within the city and host a monthly meeting for GSA members to network. In 2017, the NDP government of Alberta introduced Bill 24, the Act to Support Gay–Straight Alliances , which mandated that all schools within
1445-462: A preliminary injunction ordering the school to allow the GSA to meet. The right of students to establish a GSA at school is guaranteed by both the First Amendment to the United States Constitution (with regard to every level of schooling) and the federal Equal Access Act (with regard to secondary schools as long as other student clubs are allowed, with the definition of secondary school for purposes of
1530-539: A pro-LGBTQ group initiative known as 'Breaking Barriers' which was the first student-led campaign in India to address LGBTQI (lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, queer, intersex) issues. This group was first inspired to care and focus on the lives of oppressed students and hijras, a community of transgender women, intersex individuals, and eunuchs in India who are marginalized both socially and economically. At Presidency University, Kolkata , around 100 students have formed
1615-419: A rough gauge on the severity of illness, but licensed professionals will also take into account a more holistic view when assessing severity which includes specific consequences and behavioral patterns related to an individual's substance use. They will also typically follow frequency of use over time, and assess for substance-specific consequences, such as the occurrence of blackouts, or arrests for driving under
1700-461: A small group of religious conservative parents. But the students eventually won and formed the student club. The GSA's co-advisor, Ian K. Macgillivray, wrote several articles detailing his students' experiences, as well as the book, Gay–Straight Alliances: A Handbook for Students, Educators, and Parents (2007, Harrington Park Press). The first GSAs in the Netherlands were started in 2009. At
1785-507: A statewide organization. In 2005, GSA Network began operating programs nationally. In 2008, GSA Network incorporated as a 501(c)(3) non-profit organization. Prior to that, GSA Network was a fiscally sponsored project of The Tides Center . In 2015, Ginna Brelsford and Geoffrey Winder assumed the roles of co-executive directors of GSA Network. In the spring of 2016, GSA Network changed its name from "Gay Straight-Alliance Network" to "Genders & Sexualities Alliance Network" to better reflect
SECTION 20
#17327938962171870-482: A substance use disorder in their lifetime. In Ontario specifically, the disease burden of mental illness and addiction is 1.5 times higher than all cancers together and over 7 times that of all infectious diseases. Across the country, the ethnic group that is statistically the most impacted by substance use disorders compared to the general population are the Indigenous peoples of Canada. In a 2019 Canadian study, it
1955-442: A substance use disorder. An additional 237 million men and 46 million women have alcohol use disorder as of 2016. In 2017, substance use disorders from illicit substances directly resulted in 585,000 deaths. Direct deaths from drug use, other than alcohol, have increased over 60 percent from 2000 to 2015. Alcohol use resulted in an additional 3 million deaths in 2016. Substance use disorders (SUDs) are highly prevalent and exact
2040-767: A talk on transgender rights and a performance by G.L.A.S.S., a local LGBTQ youth choir. As of 2011, 41% of schools in British Columbia were reported to have a GSA. The first GSA in Alberta was started in 2000 at the Lindsay Thurber Comprehensive High School in Red Deer . While members initially feared backlash, there was little-to-no negative reaction to the club. In 2011, the Edmonton public school board introduced
2125-554: A two-fold increased risk in developing a SUD compared to children born to parents without any SUDs. Other factors such as substance use during pregnancy , or the persistent inhalation of secondhand smoke can also influence a person's substance use behaviors in the future. It is important when diagnosing substance use disorder to define the difference between substance use and substance abuse. "Substance use pertains to using select substances such as alcohol, tobacco, illicit drugs, etc. that can cause dependence or harmful side effects."On
2210-575: A vaccine intended to "immunize" against drug addiction or other substance abuse is that it would condition the immune system to attack and consume or otherwise disable the molecules of such substances that cause a reaction in the brain, thus preventing the addict from being able to realize the effect of the drug. Addictions that have been floated as targets for such treatment include nicotine , opioids , and fentanyl . Vaccines have been identified as potentially being more effective than other anti-addiction treatments, due to "the long duration of action,
2295-415: A website focused on GSAs and their role in making Canadian schools safer and more LGBTQ inclusive. Their website includes educational resources for GSAs and information about available bursaries and funding. While MyGSA previously included a directory of registered Canadian GSA, this feature is no longer available on their website. Prior to closing the public directory, more than 283 GSAs had registered with
2380-402: A year. Treatments usually involve planning for specific ways to avoid the addictive stimulus, and therapeutic interventions intended to help a client learn healthier ways to find satisfaction. Clinical leaders in recent years have attempted to tailor intervention approaches to specific influences that affect addictive behavior, using therapeutic interviews in an effort to discover factors that led
2465-500: Is a problem in their community and 25% report they have a problem with alcohol use themselves. However, only 66% of First Nations adults living on reserve drink alcohol compared to 76% of the general population. Further, in an Ontario study on mental health and substance use among Indigenous people, 19% reported the use of cocaine and opiates, higher than the 13% of Canadians in the general population that reported using opioids. Historical and ongoing colonial practices continue to impact
2550-449: Is a student-led or community-based organization, found in middle schools , high schools, colleges , and universities. These are primarily in the United States and Canada. Gay–straight alliance is intended to provide a safe and supportive environment for lesbian , gay , bisexual , transgender , and all LGBTQ+ individuals, children, teenagers, and youth as well as their cisgender heterosexual allies . The first GSAs were established in
2635-400: Is a technique used to help motivate doubtful patients to change their behavior . Lastly combined behavioral intervention (CBI), can be used which involves combining elements of alcohol interventions, motivational interviewing, and functional analysis to help the clinician identify skill deficits and high risk situations that are associated with drinking or drug use. Withdrawal management is
GSA Network - Misplaced Pages Continue
2720-538: Is high. On a global level, men are affected at a much higher rate than women. Younger individuals are also more likely to be affected than older adults. In 2020, 14.5% of Americans aged 12 or older had a SUD in the past year. Rates of alcohol use disorder in the past year were just over 5%. Approximately 3% of people aged 12 or older had an illicit drug use disorder. The highest rates of illicit drug use disorder were among those aged 18 to 25 years old, at roughly 7%. There were over 72,000 deaths from drug overdose in
2805-512: Is probably efficacious. Medication-assisted treatment (MAT) refers to the combination of behavioral interventions and medications to treat substance use disorders. Certain medications can be useful in treating severe substance use disorders. In the United States five medications are approved to treat alcohol and opioid use disorders. There are no approved medications for cocaine, methamphetamine. Medications, such as methadone and disulfiram, can be used as part of broader treatment plans to help
2890-529: Is the persistent use of drugs despite substantial harm and adverse consequences to self and others. Related terms include substance use problems and problematic drug or alcohol use. Substance use disorders vary with regard to the average age of onset. It is not uncommon for those who have SUD to also have other mental health disorders. Substance use disorders are characterized by an array of mental, emotional, physical, and behavioral problems such as chronic guilt ; an inability to reduce or stop consuming
2975-501: The CRAFFT , and with adults, such as CAGE , AUDIT and DALI. Laboratory tests to detect alcohol and other drugs in urine and blood may be useful during the assessment process to confirm a diagnosis, to establish a baseline, and later, to monitor progress. However, since these tests measure recent substance use rather than chronic use or dependence, they are not recommended as screening tools. There are many underlying mechanisms behind
3060-755: The Justice Centre for Constitutional Freedoms (JCCF) filed a Court of Queen's Bench challenge application claiming that prohibiting school officials from notifying parents when their child joins a GSA violates their constitutional rights. The New Democratic Party of Alberta filibustered for changes to the Bill 8 (The Education Amendment Act) since the United Conservative Party (UCP) defeated all amendments that would protect LGBTQ teachers and staff over their sexual orientation and gender identity. The UCP have removed protections that were in
3145-724: The Orange Unified School District in Orange County, California moved to prohibit the formation of a GSA at El Modena High School . The students then sued the school board, claiming that their rights under the First Amendment and the 1984 Equal Access Act had been violated. In the first-ever ruling of its kind, Judge David O. Carter of the United States District Court for the Central District of California issued
3230-596: The United States Secretary of Education , Arne Duncan , released a video on YouTube commemorating GSA Day and endorsing GSA clubs in schools. Approximately 28 per cent of participants at GSA Network identify as heterosexual. Some students face opposition from school administrations, elected school boards, or local communities in starting a school GSA. In 2015, students at Brandon High School in Rankin County, Mississippi , attempted to start
3315-847: The University of Canberra , Macquarie University , University of Western Sydney , Curtin University , various family planning and HIV prevention groups, government bodies and Uniting Church organizations. In 2016, Bulgaria became the first country in the Balkans to open a gay–straight alliance in Sofia American College . As Canada has two official languages , LGBTQ student clubs may be referred to as gay–straight alliances (GSA), queer-straight alliances (QSA), alliance allosexuelle-hétérosexuelle (AAH), or alliance gaie-hétéro (AGH). In May 2010 Egale Canada launched MyGSA.ca,
3400-658: The 1980s. Scientific studies show that GSAs have positive academic, health, and social impacts on schoolchildren of a minority sexual orientation and/or gender identity . Numerous judicial decisions in United States federal and state court jurisdictions have upheld the establishment of GSAs in schools, and the right to use that name for them. The first gay–straight alliance was formed in November 1988 at Concord Academy in Concord, Massachusetts , when Kevin Jennings ,
3485-429: The 2017 Bill 24, Bill 8 allows for students to be outed by school teachers, administration or staff if a student asks for there to be a GSA or QSA. Albertan schools are no longer compelled to act in an urgent manner in the student's request for a GSA or QSA, allowing the school to take as much time as desired without facing penalties that were in Bill 24. In Saskatchewan , Carlton Comprehensive High School houses one of
GSA Network - Misplaced Pages Continue
3570-531: The B.C. Safe Schools Task Force on anti-bullying, and delivering workshops to students and educators about LGBT-sensitive inclusive language and how to start GSAs. In early 2002, the Pinetree GSA held the first Pride Day at a high school in Canada. The Pride Day included an information fair with booths from various local LGBTQ organizations, PrideTalk workshops delivered in numerous classes, and an assembly with
3655-804: The DSM-IV diagnoses of substance abuse and substance dependence were merged into the category of substance use disorders. The severity of substance use disorders can vary widely; in the DSM-5 diagnosis of a SUD, the severity of an individual's SUD is qualified as mild , moderate , or severe on the basis of how many of the 11 diagnostic criteria are met. The International Classification of Diseases 11th revision ( ICD-11 ) divides substance use disorders into two categories: (1) harmful pattern of substance use; and (2) substance dependence. In 2017, globally 271 million people (5.5% of adults) were estimated to have used one or more illicit drugs. Of these, 35 million had
3740-652: The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5). There are 11 diagnostic criteria which can be broadly categorized into issues arising from substance use related to loss of control, strain to one's interpersonal life, hazardous use, and pharmacologic effects. There are additional qualifiers and exceptions outlined in the DSM. For instance, if an individual is taking opiates as prescribed, they may experience physiologic effects of tolerance and withdrawal, but this would not cause an individual to meet criteria for
3825-670: The Federal Court ruling in Utah–East High Gay/Straight Alliance v. Board of Education of Salt Lake City School District . This ruling found that denying access to a school-based gay–straight alliance was a violation of the Federal Equal Access Act giving students the right to use facilities for extra curricular activities at any school that receives public funding—regardless of private standing or religious affiliation. On January 24, 2012,
3910-475: The GLSEN two years later, along with Kevin Jennings of Concord Academy. Described as "perhaps the most important precursor of the GSA movement," Los Angeles' Project 10 is seen as the start of the GSA movement. Founded in 1984, Project 10 was widely recognized as the first organized effort to provide support for LGBTQ youth in schools across the United States. The majority of its facilitators were heterosexual, and
3995-654: The Manitoba government introduced Bill 18, The Public Schools Amendment Act (Safe and Inclusive Schools) . This act required school board to accommodate all student requests to form GSAs. The first elementary school GSA in Ontario was started in 2008 at the Sunnyside Public School in Kitchener . In Ontario , Arnprior District High school, a small rural Ottawa Valley town started a GSA created by
4080-680: The OUTShine GSA National Summit in 2013, they funded the Triangle Program at OASIS Alternative School, designed for gay, lesbian, bisexual and transgender students who are at risk of dropping out or committing self-harm because of harassment in regular schools. As of 2011, 37% of schools in Ontario were reported to have a GSA. In 2008, the non-profit organization Pride in Education was founded to protect
4165-514: The United States in 2017, which is a threefold increase from 2002. However the CDC calculates alcohol overdose deaths separately; thus, this 72,000 number does not include the 2,366 alcohol overdose deaths in 2017. Overdose fatalities from synthetic opioids, which typically involve fentanyl, have risen sharply in the past several years to contribute to nearly 30,000 deaths per year. Death rates from synthetic opioids like fentanyl have increased 22-fold in
4250-590: The Yukon Department of Education overturned the school's policy regarding GSAs as it did not meet the mandates outlines in the department's Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity Policy The only GSA in Nunavut is at Inuksuk High School in Iqaluit . In 2008, students at The University of Hong Kong founded Queer Straight Alliance (QSA), a registered society under Hong Kong laws. For several years it
4335-580: The beginning of 2011, a nationwide campaign was started on television to promote GSAs in Dutch schools, featuring several well-known young actors and singers. A number of GSAs already exist in a wide variety of Dutch schools throughout the country, most of them at the university level, but increasingly popular on secondary school level. Nelson College , the Nelson College for Girls , Nayland College and other schools have had GSAs set up, often with
SECTION 50
#17327938962174420-423: The categories often overlap (for example, adolescents and adults whose parents had (or have) an alcohol use disorder display higher rates of alcohol problems, a phenomenon that can be due to genetic, observational learning , socioeconomic, and other causal factors); and these categories are not the only ways to classify substance use disorder etiology . Similarly, most researchers in this and related areas (such as
4505-410: The certainty of administration and a potential reduction of toxicity to important organs". Specific addiction vaccines in development include: As of September 2023, it was further reported that a vaccine "has been tested against heroin and fentanyl and is on its way to being tested against oxycontin ". Rates of substance use disorders vary by nation and by substance, but the overall prevalence
4590-564: The diverse range of identities of the youth participating in its programming. At the same time, the organization adopted its current tagline of "trans and queer youth uniting for racial and gender justice." GSA Network currently has staff based in Oakland, Fresno, and Los Angeles, California, as well as New Orleans, Louisiana, and Chicago, Illinois. GSA Network activities and programs currently active include: Gay%E2%80%93straight alliance A gay–straight alliance , gender–sexuality alliance ( GSA ) or queer–straight alliance ( QSA )
4675-512: The establishment of the club, as well as for setting the agenda of struggling against homophobia, and for changes to CA's nondiscrimination policy. Jennings would go on to co-found the Gay, Lesbian & Straight Education Network (GLSEN) in Boston in 1990. According to a thirty-year retrospective about the history of the group, Concord Academy reported in 2018 that students at the academy had renamed
4760-558: The etiology of psychopathology generally), emphasize that various causal factors interact and influence each other in complex and multifaceted ways. Among older adults, being divorced, separated, or single; having more financial resources; lack of religious affiliation; bereavement; involuntary retirement; and homelessness are all associated with alcohol problems, including alcohol use disorder. Many times, issues may be interconnected, people without jobs are most likely to abuse substances which then makes them unable to work. Not having
4845-562: The federal law including middle schools and high schools). GSAs cannot be banned if other non-curricular student clubs are allowed to exist at the school. The Federal Equal Access Act and the First Amendment of the US Constitution establish the requirement of equal treatment for all non-curriculum related clubs regardless of the content of speech at the club meetings. In the United States, the right of students to establish
4930-568: The first GSA movements in the city of Prince Albert . The first GSA in the city of Saskatoon first met on March 18, 2003, at Mount Royal Collegiate . Since then, GSAs have been established at Nutana, Walter Murray , Evan Hardy , Marion Graham , Bedford Road and Aden Bowman Collegiates. The city of North Battleford Saskatchewan, had their first GSA in 2004 at Sakewew High School, a First Nations school. Saskatchewan's first GSA summit took place on April 15, 2016, in Saskatoon. In 2013,
5015-492: The formation of "tolerance clubs" and student associations. Gay–straight clubs were to be specifically mentioned in that act. The main focus of that Bill 14 would be to counterattack bullying of students, particularly those of a racial or sexual minority. Beyond a school group the Toronto District School Board has been committed to an unwritten alliance with their students. In addition to co-hosting
5100-403: The free exercise of their civil rights on this issue, with federal courts consistently ruling that students have both a right to establish a GSA at school and to use the name Gay–Straight Alliance instead of an alternative name. In 2000, the United States District Court for the Central District of California ruled in favour of high school students whose attempt to form a GSA had been blocked by
5185-419: The group "a few years ago" to "Gender Sexuality Alliance". Faculty mentor Nancy Boutilier said, "That gay–straight language was really important at the time. Times change, though. To students today, that sounds so binary." A few months after Concord started the first Gay Straight Alliance club, another Massachusetts preparatory school north of Boston, Phillips Academy , started one of their own. It began with
SECTION 60
#17327938962175270-423: The group Safe Schools Coalition Victoria piloted a system of reducing homophobia though teacher training and student groups that promote inclusion of LGBTQ young people, which ran from 2014 to 2017. Started by The Foundation for Young Australians and Gay and Lesbian Health Victoria, along with La Trobe University, the program was expanded to run Australia wide. The program was supported by Beyondblue , Headspace ,
5355-830: The health of Indigenous Australians, with Indigenous populations being more susceptible to substance use and related harms. For example, alcohol and tobacco are the predominant substances used in Australia. Although tobacco smoking is declining in Australia, it remains disproportionately high in Indigenous Australians with 45% aged 18 and over being smokers, compared to 16% among non-Indigenous Australians in 2014–2015. As for alcohol, while proportionately more Indigenous people refrain from drinking than non-Indigenous people, Indigenous people who do consume alcohol are more likely to do so at high-risk levels. About 19% of Indigenous Australians qualified for risky alcohol consumption (defined as 11 or more standard drinks at least once
5440-642: The influence of alcohol, when evaluating someone for an alcohol use disorder. There are additional qualifiers for stages of remission that are based on the amount of time an individual with a diagnosis of a SUD has not met any of the 11 criteria except craving. Some medical systems refer to an Addiction Severity Index to assess the severity of problems related to substance use. The index assesses potential problems in seven categories: medical, employment/support, alcohol, other drug use, legal, family/social, and psychiatric. There are several different screening tools that have been validated for use with adolescents, such as
5525-537: The latter two being related to symptomatic relapse, impaired clinical and psychosocial adjustment, reduced medication adherence, and lower response to treatment ), and lack of familial support and supervision. (As mentioned above, some of these causal factors can also be categorized as social or biological). Other psychological risk factors include high impulsivity , sensation seeking , neuroticism and openness to experience in combination with low conscientiousness . Children born to parents with SUDs have roughly
5610-682: The medical and psychological care of patients who are experiencing withdrawal symptoms due to the ceasing of drug use. Depending on the severity of use, and the given substance, early treatment of acute withdrawal may include medical detoxification . Of note, acute withdrawal from heavy alcohol use should be done under medical supervision to prevent a potentially deadly withdrawal syndrome known as delirium tremens . See also Alcohol detoxification . Therapists often classify people with chemical dependencies as either interested or not interested in changing. About 11% of Americans with substance use disorder seek treatment, and 40–60% of those people relapse within
5695-548: The organizations are in the United States, but are beginning to spread, particularly in Canada. As of July 2020, as reported by the media Star Observer , Australia has one gay–straight alliance set up within the Melbourne Grammar School . However, the United Kingdom, New Zealand, Canada and some parts of the United States have had gay–straight alliances within schools for decades. In Australia,
5780-500: The other hand, substance abuse is the use of drugs such as prescriptions, over-the-counter medications, or alcohol for purposes other than what they are intended for or using them in excessive amounts. Individuals whose drug or alcohol use cause significant impairment or distress may have a substance use disorder (SUD). Diagnosis usually involves an in-depth examination, typically by psychiatrist, psychologist, or drug and alcohol counselor. The most commonly used guidelines are published in
5865-448: The period from 2002 to 2017. Heroin and other natural and semi-synthetic opioids combined to contribute to roughly 31,000 overdose fatalities. Cocaine contributed to roughly 15,000 overdose deaths, while methamphetamine and benzodiazepines each contributed to roughly 11,000 deaths. Of note, the mortality from each individual drug listed above cannot be summed because many of these deaths involved combinations of drugs, such as overdosing on
5950-418: The province allow student to create a GSA, allow them to explicitly name it a gay–straight alliance or queer-straight alliance, and prohibits school officials from notifying parents if their child joined a GSA. Schools that do not comply with the bill's requirement are subject to lose government funding. Following the release of the bill, there was disapproval from some politicians and parents. In April 2018,
6035-632: The public, in 2013. In 1998, The Youth Project, a non-profit focused on LGBTQ youth in Nova Scotia , received funding from Health Canada to increase education about LGBTQ in schools. Through this initiative, the organization was able to found the first GSA in Nova Scotia at Millwood High School . The Youth Project currently hosts a list of all GSAs in the province on their website. The first GSA conference in Newfoundland and Labrador
6120-534: The rehabilitation of SUD. Some include coping, craving, motivation to change, self-efficacy, social support, motives and expectancies, behavioral economic indicators, and neurobiological, neurocognitive, and physiological factors. These can be treated in a variety of ways, such as by cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), which is an intervention treatment that helps individuals identify and change harmful thought patterns that may influence their emotions and behaviors negatively. As well as motivational interviewing (MI) t hat
6205-599: The safety and wellbeing of LGBTQ students in New Brunswick . In 2010, they held the first annual Pride in Education GSA Conference for students and teachers interested in creating GSAs. The first GSA in New Brunswick was founded in 2013 at Woodstock High School following the suggestion of Svend Robinson . The University of Prince Edward Island 's Social Justice Studies program founded shOUT!, an annual conference aimed as GSAs but open to
6290-481: The school board, in the case of Colin v. Orange Unified School District . In 2009, the United States District Court for the Middle District of Florida ruled in favor of high school students whose attempt to form a GSA had been blocked by the school board, in the case of Gay–Straight Alliance of Yulee High School v. School Board of Nassau County , with the federal court also ruling that the school must allow
6375-451: The severity of an individual's SUD. The DSM-5 includes specifiers for severity of a SUD. Individuals who meet only two or three criteria are often deemed to have mild SUD. Substance users who meet four or five criteria may have their SUD described as moderate, and persons meeting six or more criteria as severe. In the DSM-5, the term drug addiction is synonymous with severe substance use disorder . The quantity of criteria met offer
6460-465: The students in 2009. This GSA won one of three Jer's Vision "Youth Role Model of The Year" awards in April 2009. The next year a GSA was founded by students in 2010 at Renfrew Collegiate Institute in the town of Renfrew . In December 2011, the government of the most populous Canadian province, Ontario, announced it would bring a legislation making it mandatory for all publicly funded schools to support
6545-600: The students to use the name Gay–Straight Alliance instead of an alternative name that excludes the term Gay . In 2016, the United States Court of Appeals for the Eleventh Circuit unanimously ruled in favor of middle school students whose attempt to form a GSA had been blocked by the school board, in the case of Carver Middle School Gay–Straight Alliance v. School Board of Lake County, Florida . Worldwide, gay–straight alliances are not as common as
6630-585: The substance(s) despite repeated attempts; operating vehicles while intoxicated ; and physiological withdrawal symptoms. Drug classes that are commonly involved in SUD include: alcohol (alcoholism); cannabis ; opioids ; stimulants such as nicotine (including tobacco), cocaine and amphetamines ; benzodiazepines ; barbiturates ; and other substances. In the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders , 5th edition (2013), also known as DSM-5 ,
6715-508: The support of youth mental health bodies. Kira Byrne, a GSA leader at Nelson College for Girls, says that the legalization of same-sex marriage in New Zealand in 2013 created shifts in attitudes towards LGBTQ people in New Zealand, but that boys at Nelson College were afraid to go to the GSA there because "other boys would wait outside to beat up anyone that came out." Substance use disorder Substance use disorder ( SUD )
6800-505: The two factors. Individuals that had experiences in their childhood which left them traumatized in some way had a much higher chance of substance abuse. Psychological causal factors include cognitive, affective , and developmental determinants, among others. For example, individuals who begin using alcohol or other drugs in their teens are more likely to have a substance use disorder as adults. Other common risk factors are being male, being under 25, having other mental health problems (with
6885-502: The website. Currently there are no federal laws in Canada regarding GSAs. Any laws are specific to each province or territory. The first GSA in Canada was started in 1998 at Pinetree Secondary School in Coquitlam , British Columbia. The start of the Pinetree GSA garnered national media attention, and its members continued to play a role in public affairs by meeting with successive provincial Ministers of Education, testifying before
6970-405: Was found that Indigenous participants experienced greater substance-related problems than non-Indigenous participants. Statistics Canada's Canadian Community Health Survey (2012) shows that alcohol was the most common substance for which Canadians met the criteria for abuse or dependence. Surveys on Indigenous people in British Columbia show that around 75% of residents on reserve feel alcohol use
7055-494: Was held at Corner Brook Regional High in 2013. While the Yukon Department of Education does not have specific legislation regarding GSA, it does have a policy which mandates safety and inclusion for LGBTQ students which has been used in the justification for GSAs. Additionally, the territory mandates that all schools must appoint a staff member as a "safe contact" to provide support for LGBTQ students. In 2013,
7140-507: Was named after the commonly-held statistic that 10 per cent of the adult male population is "exclusively homosexual". Project 10 focused on issues such as substance use , and discussing issues of high-risk sexual behaviour. The first GSA was started in 1988, in Concord, Massachusetts at Concord Academy by Kevin Jennings . The first public school gay–straight alliance was started at Newton South High School ( Newton, Massachusetts ) by teacher Robert Parlin. GSAs made headlines in 1999 with
7225-580: Was the only GSA in the city, and it serves students in all campuses through social activities, career support and advocacy. In more recent years, university students in the city have formed other student LGBTQ groups. However, GSA efforts in secondary schools remain limited, if any. The first GSA in India was started in Tagore International School in New Delhi in 2014 by a group of students and their mentor Shivanee Sen who had formed
#216783