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56-675: The Presto card (stylized as PRESTO ) is a contactless smart card automated fare collection system used on participating public transit systems in the province of Ontario , Canada, specifically in Greater Toronto , Hamilton , and Ottawa . Presto card readers were implemented on a trial basis from 25 June 2007 to 30 September 2008. Full implementation began in November 2009 and it was rolled out across rapid transit stations, railway stations, bus stops and terminals, and transit vehicles on eleven different transit systems. A variant of

112-644: A 10-year, $ 250-million contract with Accenture to design, develop and operate the base Presto system for the GTHA. Two major transit agencies, OC Transpo and the Toronto Transit Commission (TTC), agreed to adopt the fare card system in 2007 and 2009 respectively. The larger anticipated userbase prompted the MTO to decide on developing a new system, called Presto Next Generation (PNG). The Auditor General of Ontario criticized this move, suggesting that

168-525: A Miway or YRT fare was required. As of late 2018, the TTC Presto system at large continues to experience abnormally high failure rates. This led to an estimated loss of at least $ 3.4 million in revenue in 2018 alone according to the TTC. The 2018 Audit Work Plan by the auditor general of Ontario noted that the number of reports of Presto collection machines not functioning properly is likely under-counted and

224-490: A breakdown in communication between Metrolinx, the TTC, and two of its vendors led to operational issues. This included a finding that over half the "out-of-service" incidents raised for the fare vending machines on the TTC's new Flexity streetcars are "coin or token box full" errors, the root cause being miscommunication between the TTC and Metrolinx on coin and token collection leading to the vending machines not being emptied frequently enough. In early 2018, Metrolinx detailed

280-399: A discretionary basis when a high volume of passengers is expected. For example, transit users leaving a stadium after a major concert or sporting event will likely have to buy a ticket from an attendant (or show proof of payment) to gain access to the station serving the stadium. Direct fare collection methods may also be used at major hubs in systems that otherwise use POP. An example of this

336-415: A formal review of its privacy policies. The rollout of the fare system and accompanying replacement fare gates on the TTC's subway network was met with poor reliability and issues with processing transactions. Presto was forced to use its existing software back-end for other municipal transit partners that have completed the roll-out, as the TTC has yet to develop its own dedicated infrastructure to process

392-1154: A free card and tried the system under a trial termed "Launch 1". Officials decided to test the fare system on Mississauga's neighbourhood shuttle service in Meadowvale and Cooksville that transports passengers to GO Transit. During the Launch 1 trial, the Presto card could be used at: The Launch 1 trial concluded 30 September 2008. The Presto card has been introduced in stages beginning in the fourth quarter of 2009. Lakeshore West rail line: Milton rail line: System-wide: Georgetown rail line: Lakeshore East rail line: Lakeshore East rail line: Barrie rail line: Barrie rail line: Lakeshore East rail line: Richmond Hill rail line: Stouffville rail line: Stouffville rail line: Richmond Hill rail line: Stouffville rail line: Lakeshore East rail line: Georgetown rail line: Lakeshore West rail line: System-wide: Barrie rail line: Kitchener rail line: Richmond Hill rail line: The first stage of

448-426: A more open feel for passengers. On buses, proof-of-payment saves drivers the time needed to collect fares, and makes it possible for all doors to be used for boarding. Validated tickets can double as transfers between lines. Collecting fares outside a bus "offers the greatest potential for reducing dwell time ." Disadvantages include higher rates of fare evasion, reduced security on station platforms when no barrier

504-423: A normal EMV card via their contact interface. The contactless interface provides similar data to a contact EMV transaction, but usually a subset of the capabilities (e.g. usually issuers will not allow balances to be increased via the contactless interface, instead requiring the card to be inserted into a device which uses the contact interface). EMV cards may carry an "offline balance" stored in their chip, similar to

560-458: A plan to increase transit ridership by use of a mobile app (available for Android and iOS devices) which it released to the public for testing in beta version in late 2018. The Presto app was released in January 2019, and allows transit users to reload their Presto card directly from their mobile device. Presto cards are available to purchase at most Shoppers Drug Mart stores, transit centres in

616-694: A re-writeable smart card microchip that can be transcribed via radio waves. A contactless smart card is characterized as follows: Contactless smart cards can be used for identification, authentication, and data storage. They also provide a means of effecting business transactions in a flexible, secure, standard way with minimal human intervention. Contactless smart cards were first used for electronic ticketing in 1995 in Seoul, South Korea. Since then, smart cards with contactless interfaces have been increasingly popular for payment and ticketing applications such as mass transit. Globally, contactless fare collection

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672-456: A red background (if declined), accompanied by one of several messages. For monthly, weekly and single-day transit passes, the expiry date is shown. For a stored-balance fare at initial tap-on, the reader shows the fare deducted, balance remaining, and transfer period allowed. For subsequent taps within the transfer window, the transfer time remaining is shown. GO Transit and Union Pearson Express readers, at both tap-on and tap-off, also shows much of

728-463: A single card with some shared storage and processing. An example is Porto 's multi-application transport card, called Andante , that uses a chip in contact and contactless (ISO/IEC 14443 type B) mode. Like smart cards with contacts, contactless cards do not have a battery. Instead, they use a built-in inductor , using the principle of resonant inductive coupling , to capture some of the incident electromagnetic signal, rectify it, and use it to power

784-654: A smart card usually implements some cryptographic algorithm . However, there are several methods of recovering some of the algorithm's internal state. Differential power analysis involves measuring the precise time and electric current required for certain encryption or decryption operations. This is most often used against public key algorithms such as RSA in order to deduce the on-chip private key, although some implementations of symmetric ciphers can be vulnerable to timing or power attacks as well. Smart cards can be physically disassembled by using acid, abrasives, or some other technique to obtain direct, unrestricted access to

840-502: A transaction. They are often used when transactions must be processed quickly or hands-free, such as on mass transit systems, where a smart card can be used without even removing it from a wallet . The standard for contactless smart card communications is ISO/IEC 14443 . It defines two types of contactless cards ("A" and "B") and allows for communications at distances up to 10 cm (3.9 in) . There had been proposals for ISO/IEC 14443 types C, D, E, F and G that have been rejected by

896-471: A wallet, after consultation with feedback from visually impaired customers. Presto cards purchased from the Presto website or from automated self-service vending machines in TTC, GO Transit and UP Express stations are set to the adult fare rates. For concessionary fares (such as child, senior, youth or post-secondary student), one must present the Presto card at either a transit centre or at some Shoppers Drug Mart locations with appropriate identification to have

952-408: Is an honor -based fare collection system used on many public transportation systems. Instead of checking each passenger as they enter a fare control zone, passengers are required to carry a paper ticket , transit pass, transit smartcard — or open payment methods such as contactless credit or debit cards (if applicable) — after swiping or tapping on smart card readers, to prove that they have paid

1008-602: Is being employed for efficiencies in public transit. The various standards emerging are local in focus and are not compatible, though the MIFARE Classic card from Philips has a large market share in the United States and Europe. In more recent times, Visa and MasterCard have agreed to standards for general "open loop" payments on their networks, with millions of cards deployed in the U.S., in Europe and around

1064-432: Is common even on systems with very high passenger volume. Proof-of-payment is usually applied on one-person operated rail and road vehicles as well as on automatically operated rail lines. The honor system can be complemented with a more direct collection approach where this would be feasible—a transit authority using POP will usually post fare inspectors, sometimes armed as a police force, to man entrances to stations on

1120-781: Is popular in Germany, where it was widely introduced during the labor shortages resulting from the Economic Miracle of the 1960s. It has also been adopted in Eastern Europe and Canada and has made some inroads in newer systems in the United States. The first use of the term "POP" or "Proof of Payment" on a rail line in North America is believed to have been in Edmonton in 1980. Since then, many new light rail , streetcar , and bus rapid transit systems have adopted

1176-498: Is the Tower City station on Cleveland 's RTA Rapid Transit Red Line , which uses faregates . Travel without a valid ticket is not usually a criminal offense, but a penalty fare or a fine can be charged. Advantages of proof-of-payment include lower labor costs for fare collection, simpler station design, easier access for mobility-impaired passengers, easier access for those carrying packages or in case of an emergency, and

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1232-435: Is used, increased potential of racial profiling and other unequal enforcement as "likely fare evaders" are targeted, and regularly exposing passengers to unpleasant confrontational situations when a rider without the proper proof is detained and removed from the vehicle. Visitors unfamiliar with a system's validation requirements who innocently misunderstand the rules are especially likely to get into trouble. Proof-of-payment

1288-510: The COVID-19 pandemic , demand for and usage of contactless credit and debit cards has increased, although coins and banknotes are generally safe and this technology will thus not reduce the spread of the virus. Contactless smart card readers use radio waves to communicate with, and both read and write data on a smart card. When used for electronic payment, they are commonly located near PIN pads , cash registers and other places of payment. When

1344-566: The Greater Toronto and Hamilton Area (GTHA). In 1998, GO Transit began work on a smart card system with ERG Transit Systems . A year-long pilot of the system on GO Transit's Richmond Hill line was scheduled to begin in the fourth quarter of 2000, but was delayed to June 2002. During the pilot, 4,000 people used the cards and a total of 10,000 cards were issued. That year, the Ministry of Transportation of Ontario (MTO), in conjunction with GO Transit and GTHA municipalities, began investigating

1400-465: The electronic wallet or "purse" that users of transit smart cards are used to. A quickly growing application is in digital identification cards. In this application, the cards are used for authentication of identity. The most common example is in conjunction with a PKI . The smart card will store an encrypted digital certificate issued from the PKI along with any other relevant or needed information about

1456-469: The City of Mississauga or York Region must also tap their cards at the end of their trip. Since the TTC joined Ontario's One Fare Program on 26 February 2024, no extra fare is charged if a rider taps off after crossing the fare zone boundary aboard a TTC bus within 2 hours (or 3 hours if GO Transit was used). Presto readers show a large white check mark on a green background (if accepted) or a large white "X" on

1512-685: The GTHA and Ottawa, over the phone and online. Beginning in Stage 3, cardholders will also be able to load passes for up to three transit systems at a time on to their Presto card. When boarding, riders tap the prepaid card, embedded with an RFID chip, on to a reader. The reader will then check for either a valid transit pass, or automatically deduct the lowest available fare from the card's balance stored in its e-purse ("stored balance"). GO Transit and Union Pearson Express (UP Express or UPX) riders – whose fares are calculated by distance – and those riding TTC buses which travel into

1568-630: The ISO/IEC 14443 standard. The following tables list smart cards used for public transportation and other electronic purse applications. A related contactless technology is RFID (radio frequency identification). In certain cases, it can be used for applications similar to those of contactless smart cards, such as for electronic toll collection . RFID devices usually do not include writeable memory or microcontroller processing capability as contactless smart cards often do. There are dual-interface cards that implement contactless and contact interfaces on

1624-917: The International Organization for Standardization. An alternative standard for contactless smart cards is ISO/IEC 15693 , which allows communications at distances up to 50 cm (1.6 ft). Examples of widely used contactless smart cards are Seoul 's Upass (1996), Malaysia Touch 'n Go card (1997), Hong Kong 's Octopus card , Shanghai 's Public Transportation Card (1999), Paris 's Navigo card , Japan Rail 's Suica Card (2001), Singapore 's EZ-Link , Taiwan 's EasyCard , San Francisco Bay Area 's Clipper Card (2002), London 's Oyster card , Beijing 's Municipal Administration and Communications Card (2003), South Korea 's T-money , Southern Ontario 's Presto card , India 's More Card , Israel's Rav-Kav Card (2008), Melbourne 's Myki card and Sydney 's Opal card which predate

1680-528: The Presto card is the Presto ticket , introduced on 5 April 2019, which is a single-use paper ticket with an embedded chip. The Presto ticket can only be used for the services of the Toronto Transit Commission . In late 2023 and mid-2024, Presto was made available for use in Google Wallet and Apple Wallet, respectively. One of the 10 strategies of The Big Move , the GTHA's regional transportation plan,

1736-537: The Presto system. Two more stations (Kipling and Islington) were added in mid-2010. The third stage of the production rollout schedule was scheduled for the fourth quarter of 2010 to bring more transit systems and stations into the Presto system. Contactless smart card There are two broad categories of contactless smart cards. Memory cards contain non-volatile memory storage components, and perhaps some specific security logic. Contactless smart cards contain read-only RFID called CSN (Card Serial Number) or UID, and

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1792-399: The U.S. Payment occurs in a similar fashion to mag-stripe, without a PIN and often in off-line mode (depending on parameters of the terminal). The security level of such a transaction is better than a mag-stripe card, as the chip cryptographically generates a code which can be verified by the card issuer's systems. Contactless EMV cards have two interfaces (contact and contactless) and work as

1848-430: The United States, and in 2006 in some parts of Europe and Asia (Singapore). In the U.S., contactless (non PIN ) transactions cover a payment range of ~$ 5–$ 100. In general there are two classes of contactless bank cards: magnetic stripe data (MSD) and contactless EMV . Contactless MSD cards are similar to magnetic stripe cards in terms of the data they share across the contactless interface. They are only distributed in

1904-614: The base Presto system should have been expanded to accommodate OC Transpo and the Toronto Transit Commission . Thales Group and Accenture were awarded the contract to supply this system in October 2009. Implementation was the responsibility of Metrolinx, of which Presto became an operating division in 2011. The Presto project was strongly criticized by the Auditor General of Ontario in 2012 for "roll-out glitches, cost escalations and untendered contract extensions" and warned

1960-423: The card holder. Examples include the U.S. Department of Defense (DoD) Common Access Card (CAC), and the use of various smart cards by many governments as identification cards for their citizens. When combined with biometrics, smart cards can provide two- or three-factor authentication. Smart cards are not always a privacy-enhancing technology, for the subject carries possibly incriminating information about him all

2016-603: The card's electronics. Since the start of using the Seoul Transportation Card , numerous cities have moved to the introduction of contactless smart cards as the fare media in an automated fare collection system. In a number of cases these cards carry an electronic wallet as well as fare products, and can be used for low-value payments. Starting around 2005, a major application of the technology has been contactless payment credit and debit cards. Some major examples include: Roll-outs started in 2005 in

2072-532: The complete roll-out of Presto for the TTC will be further pushed to 2019 due to these ongoing issues, prompting a delay in the phasing out of cash fares, tokens and other legacy fare media. As a result, the TTC will face higher fare collection costs as it incurs "transitional costs" of operating parts of Presto and the legacy fare regimes concurrently over the next few years. A situation TTC board member John Campbell describes as "totally inefficient". In its annual report released in 2018, Metrolinx indicated it expected

2128-605: The concession fare rate set. On 14 November 2023, Metrolinx made Presto cards available in Google Wallet . On 16 July 2024, Metrolinx made Presto cards available in Apple Wallet . Presto cards in mobile wallets can be used on all transit systems which support regular Presto cards except OC Transpo in Ottawa. Creation of a virtual card can be done through a mobile wallet's app or the Presto app at no cost. In addition,

2184-469: The cost of the Presto system to reach $ 1.2   billion, with $ 1   billion already spent in the development and implementation the system between 2002 and March 2018. While Presto was designed for complex fare transactions between GTA transit agencies, up until the fourth quarter of 2019, the system on TTC buses was not able to support the payment of special surcharges for TTC express downtown buses and TTC trips that enter Mississauga and York Region where

2240-597: The general public and transit users were able to purchase Presto cards and use them at participating stations and transit systems. Stage Two was launched similarly to Stage One, but with full participation from Oakville Transit and Burlington Transit. GO Transit continued its system-wide rollout, with the Lakeshore East, Milton and Georgetown lines coming online at a rate of a few stations a week. The Toronto Transit Commission added six downtown stations (St. George, Queen's Park, St. Patrick, Dundas, College, Bloor/Yonge) to

2296-427: The larger volume of transactions it typically handles. The new fare gates suffered from persistent mechanical and software problems, prompting the TTC to suspend the rollout for a month to work with the contractor, Scheidt & Bachmann, to resolve reliability issues. As a result, over 2,000 motors on more than 1,000 gates had to be replaced in addition to numerous hardware and software updates. The June 2018 deadline for

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2352-457: The merits of a regional fare card, and it began development by June 2003. GO did not continue its partnership with ERG after the pilot, preferring a more flexible system. Instead, GO opted to implement a different system in partnership with other Greater Toronto transit systems. They developed the specifications of the system around 2004 and in October 2006, the Ministry of Transportation signed

2408-472: The on-board microprocessor. Although such techniques obviously involve a fairly high risk of permanent damage to the chip, they permit much more detailed information (e.g. photomicrographs of encryption hardware) to be extracted. Short distance (≈10 cm. or 4″) is required for supplying power. The radio frequency, however, can be eavesdropped within several meters once powered-up. Proof-of-payment Proof-of-payment (POP) or proof-of-fare (POF)

2464-441: The previous year, with a warrant having been required for only two of those disclosures and customers typically not having been notified that their records had been shared. The figures were confirmed by Metrolinx in later reports, stating that they had granted 12 of 26 requests received from various police agencies. In response to calls for reforming the data sharing system from experts and transit riding advocates, Metrolinx launched

2520-479: The procedure, mainly to speed up boarding by avoiding the hassles of crowding at doors to pay fares at a farebox beside the driver as is common practice on traditional buses . TriMet in Portland, Oregon was the first large transit agency to adopt proof of payment on its bus system, from September 1982 to April 1984. It was discontinued after finding that fare evasion and vandalism increased and little productivity

2576-406: The production rollout schedule was launched on 30 November 2009 and included a limited number of recruited customers to test the system. Stage One included Oakville, Bronte and Union GO Stations, TTC Union Subway Station, and ten Oakville Transit buses on three routes. The second stage of the production rollout schedule was launched on 10 May 2010. In this stage, the Presto system became available to

2632-495: The readers are used for public transit they are commonly located on fare boxes, ticket machines, turnstiles, and station platforms as a standalone unit. When used for security, readers are usually located to the side of an entry door. A contactless smart card is a card in which the chip communicates with the card reader through an induction technology similar to that of an RFID (at data rates of 106 to 848 kbit/s). These cards require only close proximity to an antenna to complete

2688-489: The readers themselves and cost overruns. A TTC position paper noted that faulty Presto card readers used by fare inspectors on the proof-of-payment streetcar system was making it "difficult to get customers to comply with inspections" and costing the TTC in lost fare revenue. A 3 June 2017 story in the Toronto Star first reported that customers' Presto travel histories were provided to police authorities 12 times in

2744-407: The same information as those of a local system for a stored-balance fare at initial tap-on. Loyalty programs are also available on some transit systems, where frequent use of the system results in greater discounts on fare payment. The Presto card works on several transit systems and has other features: A Braille letter "P" was placed on the Presto card to help distinguish it from other cards in

2800-760: The settings and the balance of a physical Presto card can be transferred to a virtual card. This includes concession fare types (excluding the child fare type, which currently only remains available on physical Presto cards). The physical card will be cancelled after the transfer. Concession fares can be set on the virtual cards through the same methods as a physical card. The following transit service providers use Presto: The following transit service providers accept Presto for free transfers but not for purchasing fares: In July 2007, 500 commuters who normally commuted from Meadowvale and Cooksville GO stations in Mississauga to Union Station in downtown Toronto received

2856-442: The system could become the world's most expensive fare-card implementation project. Instead of putting the development Presto Next Generation out to competitive tender, Metrolinx simply increased the size of the original base contract awarded to Accenture in 2006. By 2012, the cost of the system ballooned to $ 700   million. The Presto rollout on the TTC's surface transit fleet have been marred with abnormally high failure rates of

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2912-491: The ticket. The ticket is then valid for some period of time after the stamped time. This method is implemented when the transit authority believes it will lose less money to the resultant fare evasion than it would cost to install and maintain a more direct collection method. It may be used in systems whose passenger volume and density are not very high most of the time—as passenger volumes increase, more-direct collection methods become more profitable. However, in some countries it

2968-624: The time. By employing contactless smart cards, that can be read without having to remove the card from the wallet or even the garment it is in, one can add even more authentication value to the human carrier of the cards. The Malaysian government uses smart card technology in the identity cards carried by all Malaysian citizens and resident non-citizens. The personal information inside the smart card (called MyKad ) can be read using special APDU commands. Smart cards have been advertised as suitable for personal identification tasks, because they are engineered to be tamper resistant . The embedded chip of

3024-458: The valid fare. Fares are enforced via random spot-checks by inspectors such as conductors or enforcement officers, to ensure that passengers have paid their fares and are not committing fare evasion . On many systems, a passenger can purchase a single-use ticket or multi-use pass at any time in advance, but must insert the ticket or pass into a validation machine immediately before use. Validation machines in stations or on board vehicles time stamp

3080-494: The world. Smart cards are being introduced in personal identification and entitlement schemes at regional, national, and international levels. Citizen cards, drivers’ licenses, and patient card schemes are becoming more prevalent. In Malaysia, the compulsory national ID scheme MyKad includes 8 different applications and is rolled out for 18 million users. Contactless smart cards are being integrated into ICAO biometric passports to enhance security for international travel. With

3136-543: Was to create an integrated transit fare system amongst the 10 public transit agencies in the GTHA. The Presto system was designed to support the use of one common method of fare payment on various participating public transit systems, comparable with other systems such as London 's Oyster card and Hong Kong 's Octopus card . Presto is an operating division of Metrolinx , the Ontario government agency that manages and integrates road transport and public transportation in

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