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28-562: Gneisenau may refer to: August von Gneisenau (1760–1831), Prussian field marshal Bruno Neidhardt von Gneisenau  [ de ] (1811–1889), Prussian general One of the German naval ships named after August von Gneisenau: SMS  Gneisenau  (1879) , iron-hulled three-masted frigate, wrecked in 1900 SMS  Gneisenau , World War I armoured cruiser, launched in 1906 and sunk in 1914 SS  Gneisenau  (1935) ,

56-571: A Norddeutscher Lloyd ocean liner, scrapped in 1950 German battleship  Gneisenau , a World War II battleship launched in 1936 and scuttled as a blockship in 1945; sister ship to Scharnhorst German frigate  Gneisenau , an ex-British training frigate sold to West German Navy in 1957 and scrapped in 1977. Operation Gneisenau , part of the 1918 German Spring Offensive in World War I Gneisenaustraße (Berlin U-Bahn) , station on

84-522: A fire. On 14 May 1807, during the Napoleonic Wars and Polish national liberation struggles , Polish troops marched through the town, the day before they fought the victorious battle of Struga against the more numerous Prussians. In 1871 along with Prussia the town became part of Germany, and remained within until 1945. During World War II the Germans imprisoned French and Norwegian women in

112-588: A little later commanded a provisional infantry brigade which fought under L'Estocq in the Lithuanian campaign. Early in 1807, the Prussian Army sent Major von Gneisenau as commandant to Kolberg , which, though small and ill-protected, with the additional assistance of Schill and Nettelbeck succeeded in holding out against Napoleonic forces until the Peace of Tilsit of July 1807. The commandant received

140-552: A result of repeated invasions, occupations, religious persecutions and epidemics. In 1626 it was plundered by the Austrians, in 1633 briefly occupied by Saxony and recaptured by Austria, in 1639 occupied by the Swedes and in 1640 recaptured by Austria, in 1642 occupied by the Swedes, then the Austrians and again the Swedes, finally captured in 1648 by the Austrians, who plundered and burned the town and expelled its inhabitants. After

168-505: A result of the fragmentation of Poland, Jawor became part of the Duchy of Silesia , then the Duchy of Legnica from 1248, and from 1274 it was the capital of the Duchy of Jawor , the southwesternmost duchy of medieval Poland, before being integrated with the Duchy of Świdnica in 1346, part of which it remained until 1392, all the time remaining under the founding dynasty of the Piasts . By

196-481: Is a town in south-western Poland with 22,890 inhabitants (2019). It is situated in the Lower Silesian Voivodeship (from 1975 to 1998 it was in the former Legnica Voivodeship ). It is the seat of Jawor County , and lies approximately 61 kilometres (38 mi) west of the regional capital Wrocław . Through the town flows the 31 mile long Raging Nysa river (pl: Nysa Szalona ). The name of

224-483: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages August von Gneisenau Gneisenau was born at Schildau in the Electorate of Saxony . He was the son of a Saxon lieutenant of artillery, August William Neidhardt, and his wife Maria Eva Neidhardt, née Müller. He grew up in great poverty at Schildau, and subsequently at Würzburg and Erfurt . In 1777 he entered

252-594: Is recorded in a document from 1248, and in a document from 1277 the name Iaver is used. In 1295, in the Latin work Liber fundationis episcopatus Vratislaviensis , the city is written as Jawor. In the 1475 Latin Statuta Synodalia Episcoporum Wratislaviensium , which also contains the oldest Polish-language printing, it is seen as Jaworensis. The German name Jauer is a Germanized version of the original Slavic name, and by 1750

280-605: The Ministry (established in December 1808) as well. A colonel in 1809, he soon drew upon himself, by his energy, the suspicion of the dominant French, and soon after the fall of Stein (January 1809), Gneisenau retired. But after visiting Austria, Imperial Russia , Sweden and England on secret missions, he returned to Berlin and resumed his place as a leader of the patriotic party. Open military work and secret machinations tested his energy and patriotism equally, and after

308-799: The University of Erfurt , but two years later joined an Austrian regiment quartered there. In 1782, taking the additional name of Gneisenau from some lost estates of his family in Austria, he entered as an officer the service of the Margrave of Bayreuth-Ansbach . With one of that prince's mercenary regiments in British pay, he saw active service and gained valuable experience in the American Revolutionary War . Returning in 1786, he applied for Prussian service, and King Frederick

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336-631: The Berliner U-Bahn (underground railway) Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Gneisenau . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gneisenau&oldid=1224977444 " Categories : Disambiguation pages Disambiguation pages with surname-holder lists Ship disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description

364-648: The Great gave him a commission as first lieutenant in the infantry. Made Stabskapitän ( Staff Captain ) in 1790, Gneisenau served in Poland from 1793 to 1794. Ten years of subsequent quiet garrison life in Jauer enabled him to undertake wide-ranging studies of military and political history. In 1796 he married Caroline von Kottwitz. In 1806 Gneisenau served as one of Prince Hohenlohe 's staff-officers, fought at Saalfeld (10 October 1806) and Jena (14 October 1806), and

392-671: The Polish name Jawor was still used in Polish by Prussian authorities. The German name became official after 1763 and the Austro-Prussian war. Jawor was the main stronghold of the Trzebowianie tribe, one of the Polish tribes , and became part of the emerging Polish state in the 10th century. According to medieval chronicles the settlement was expanded in the 11th century. It was granted town rights between 1242 and 1275. As

420-629: The Prussian army. He rallied the army and directed it towards Wavre , from where part of it marched to join Wellington at the Battle of Waterloo on 18 June 1815, where the flanking attack by the Prussians helped to decide the battle. On the field of Waterloo, Gneisenau carried out a pursuit that resulted in the capture of Napoleon's carriage. In the days following the battle, Gneisenau saw that

448-728: The Prussian forces reached Paris before Wellington. In reward Gneisenau gained further promotion and the Prussian Order of the Black Eagle . In 1816 Gneisenau was appointed to command the VIII Prussian Corps , but soon retired from the service, both because of ill health and for political reasons. For two years Gneisenau lived in retirement at his estate, Erdmannsdorf in Silesia , but in 1818 he became governor of Berlin, as successor to Kalckreuth , and member of

476-518: The Staatsrath (Council of State). In 1825 he was promoted to general field marshal. In 1831, soon after the outbreak of the Polish insurrection of 1830 , he was appointed to the command of the Army of Observation on the Polish frontier, with Clausewitz as his chief of staff. At Posen he was struck down by cholera and died on 24 August 1831, soon followed by his chief of staff, who fell a victim to

504-716: The castle, participants of anti-German resistance movements. In the final stages of the war, in early 1945, most of the town's population was evacuated by the Germans. It was captured by the Soviets in February and passed to Poland in April. After the war the region officially became part of Poland again as per the Potsdam Agreement . Also according to the agreement, the Germans who had not already fled, were expelled and Polish citizens, many of whom had been expelled from

532-441: The city Jawor comes from the Polish word for " sycamore maple ." The earliest recorded name dates from 1133 when the city was written down as Jawr and in 1203 as Jawor. Until the 16th century the name was written down in Latin in various forms such as: Iavor, Iavr, Javr, Javor, Jaur, Jaura, Jawer, Jauor. The Polish form Jawor continued to be used, for example, in painting from 1562 located in church of St.Martin. The other form Iawor

560-509: The end of the 13th century, stone defensive walls were erected. Between 1279 and 1334 the St. Martin church was built and in 1311 the St. Barbara church was renovated. Churches of St. Martin and St. Barbara are the oldest churches in Jawor. In 1324 the first hospital was founded. The first known image of the coat of arms of Jawor, preserved on the city seal comes from 1300. Jawor has grown into one of

588-673: The four operations of the German Spring Offensive of 1918 was named after him. Several German navy ships, including the World War I armored cruiser SMS Gneisenau , the World War II battleship Gneisenau , and a post-war training frigate were named after him. Additionally, several German cities have streets named "Gneisenaustraße" (Gneisenau Street), including Berlin (which has an U-bahn stop in his name), Leipzig , Hamburg , Hanover and Heidelberg . Jawor Jawor [ˈjavɔr] ( German : Jauer )

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616-420: The highly prized Pour le Mérite and promotion to lieutenant-colonel. A wider sphere of work now opened to Gneisenau. As chief of engineers, and a member of the reorganizing committee, he played a great part, along with Scharnhorst , in the work of reconstructing the Prussian army. Though primarily devoted to the problem of military reorganization, he exercised considerable influence on the general policy of

644-541: The most important centers of weaving in Lower Silesia . In 1329 Jawor was granted staple right by Duke Henry I of Jawor . In the 14th century, the first guilds were founded, bringing together furriers, tailors, clothiers and merchants. After loss of the town by Poland, it was then ruled by Bohemia , Hungary , Bohemia again and Austria . The town suffered during the Thirty Years' War (1618–1648) as

672-509: The outbreak of the Wars of Liberation in 1812, Major-General Gneisenau became Blücher 's quartermaster-general. Thus began the connection between these two soldiers which has furnished military history with one of the best examples of harmonious co-operation between a commander and his chief of staff. With Blücher, Gneisenau served in the capture of Paris in 1814; his military character perfectly complemented Blücher's, and under this happy guidance

700-745: The same disease in November. He received the following orders and decorations: A statue by Christian Daniel Rauch was erected in Berlin in 1855, and in memory of the siege of 1807, the Kolberg grenadier regiment received his name in 1889. One of his sons led a brigade of the VIII Army Corps in the Franco-Prussian War in 1870. A painting of him by Marie von Brühl is in the collection of Deutsches Historisches Museum . One of

728-484: The same time Blücher became Prince of Wahlstatt . In 1815, once more chief of Blücher's staff, Gneisenau played a very conspicuous part in the Waterloo campaign of June/July 1815. Senior generals such as Yorck and Kleist had been set aside in order that the chief of staff should take command in case of need, and when on the field of Ligny (16 June 1815) the old field marshal was disabled, Gneisenau assumed command of

756-412: The troops of Prussia, at times defeated but never discouraged, fought their way into the heart of France . The plan for the march on Paris , which led directly to the abdication of Napoleon in April 1814, was specifically the work of the chief of staff. In 1814, as a reward for his distinguished service, Gneisenau — along with Yorck , Kleist , and Bülow — was elevated to the rank of count , while at

784-579: The war, in accordance with the Peace of Westphalia , the so-called Church of Peace was built, however, the Protestants were still being discriminated against by the Austrian administration. In the 18th century, the town and region was the subject of Austrian-Prussian wars, eventually passing to Prussia in 1763. The Prussians turned the Piast Castle into a prison. In 1776 the town suffered

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