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51-518: As of 2020, 96 non-university research institutes and service institutions for science are part of the Leibniz-Gemeinschaft. The fields range from natural science, engineering, and ecology, to economics, other social sciences, spatial science , and humanities. The Leibniz Institutes work in an interdisciplinary fashion, and connect basic and applied science. They cooperate with universities, industry, and other partners in different parts of

102-467: A cooperation agreement with China regarding the use of BeiDou. In 2021, the first China-Africa BeiDou System Cooperation Forum was held in Beijing. In 2022, Vladimir Putin signed an agreement for the interoperability of BeiDou and GLONASS . The National Space-Based Positioning, Navigation, and Timing (PNT) Advisory Board, which offers independent guidance to the U.S. government on GPS policy, issued

153-590: A summary report from its 27th meeting held on November 16–17, 2022. During the meeting, it was highlighted that "GPS capabilities are now significantly surpassed by China's BeiDou system." The third phase of the BeiDou system (BDS-3) includes three GEO satellites, three IGSO satellites, and twenty-four MEO satellites which introduce new signal frequencies B1C/B1I/B1A (1575.42   MHz), B2a/B2b (1191.79   MHz), B3I/B3Q/B3A (1268.52   MHz), and Bs test frequency (2492.02   MHz). Interface control documents on

204-484: A total over 100 satellites, which will significantly improve all aspects of positioning, especially availability of the signals in so-called urban canyons . The general designer of the COMPASS navigation system is Sun Jiadong , who is also the general designer of its predecessor, the original BeiDou navigation system. All BeiDou satellites are equipped with laser retroreflector arrays for satellite laser ranging and

255-582: Is a satellite-based radio navigation system owned and operated by the China National Space Administration . It provides geolocation and time information to a BDS receiver anywhere on or near the Earth where there is an unobstructed line of sight to four or more BDS satellites. It does not require the user to transmit any data and operates independently of any telephonic or Internet reception, though these technologies can enhance

306-1109: Is a rapidly developing engineering discipline which focuses on spatial information (i.e. information that has a location). The location is the primary factor used to integrate a very wide range of data for spatial analysis and visualization. Geomatics engineers design, develop, and operate systems for collecting and analyzing spatial information about the land, the oceans, natural resources, and manmade features. Geomatics engineers apply engineering principles to spatial information and implement relational data structures involving measurement sciences, thus using geomatics and acting as spatial information engineers. Geomatics engineers manage local, regional, national and global spatial data infrastructures. Geomatics engineering also involves aspects of Computer Engineering, Software Engineering and Civil Engineering. Application areas include: Geomatics integrates science and technology from both new and traditional disciplines: BeiDou The BeiDou Navigation Satellite System ( BDS ; Chinese : 北斗卫星导航系统 ; pinyin : běidǒu wèixīng dǎoháng xìtǒng )

357-614: Is similar to the role of the GIOVE satellites for the Galileo system. The orbit of Compass-M1 is nearly circular, has an altitude of 21,150 km and an inclination of 55.5°. The investigation of the transmitted signals started immediately after the launch of Compass-M1 on 14 April 2007. Soon after in June 2007, engineers at CNES reported the spectrum and structure of the signals. A month later, researchers from Stanford University reported

408-505: The Asia-Pacific region . Within the region, BeiDou is more accurate than GPS. In 2015, fifteen years after the satellite system was launched, it was generating a turnover of $ 31.5 billion per annum for major companies such as China Aerospace Science and Industry Corporation , AutoNavi , and Norinco . The industry has grown an average of over 20% in value annually to reach $ 64 billion in 2020. The official English name of

459-858: The Nature Index based on scientific publication rates, ranked the Leibniz Association as 3rd in Germany and 56th across the globe. Evolution and Biodiversity at the Humboldt University Berlin Spatial science Geomatics is defined in the ISO/TC 211 series of standards as the " discipline concerned with the collection, distribution, storage, analysis, processing, presentation of geographic data or geographic information ". Under another definition, it consists of products, services and tools involved in

510-634: The "I" signals on E2 and E5B are generally similar to the civilian codes of GPS (L1-CA and L2C), but Compass signals have somewhat greater power. The notation of Compass signals used in this page follows the naming of the frequency bands and agrees with the notation used in the American literature on the subject, but the notation used by the Chinese seems to be different. There has also been an experimental S band broadcast called "Bs" at 2492.028 MHz, following similar experiments on BeiDou-1. BeiDou-1

561-504: The 17th one within the new system. On 25 July 2015, the 18th and 19th satellites were successfully launched from the Xichang Satellite Launch Center , marking the first time for China to launch two satellites at once on top of a Long March 3B / Expedition 1 carrier rocket . The Expedition-1 is an independent upper stage capable of delivering one or more spacecraft into different orbits. On 29 September 2015,

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612-568: The above, appear to encompass the entire discipline relating to geographic information – including geodesy , geographic information systems , remote sensing , satellite navigation , and cartography –, the term is almost exclusively restricted to the perspective of surveying and engineering toward geographic information. Geoinformatics and Geographic information science has been proposed as alternative comprehensive term; however, their popularity is, like geomatics, largely dependent on country. The related field of hydrogeomatics covers

663-400: The area associated with surveying work carried out on, above or below the surface of the sea or other areas of water. The older term of hydrographics was considered too specific to the preparation of marine charts, and failed to include the broader concept of positioning or measurements in all marine environments. The use of different data processing technologies in hydrography does not change

714-602: The centennial congress of the Canadian Institute of Surveying (now known as the Canadian Institute of Geomatics ) in April 1982. He claimed that at the end of the 20th century the needs for geographical information would reach a scope without precedent in history and that, in order to address these needs, it was necessary to integrate in a new discipline both the traditional disciplines of land surveying and

765-528: The collection, integration and management of geographic (geospatial) data. Surveying engineering was the widely used name for geomatic(s) engineering in the past. Geomatics was placed by the UNESCO Encyclopedia of Life Support Systems under the branch of technical geography . The term was proposed in French ("géomatique") at the end of the 1960s by scientist Bernard Dubuisson to reflect at

816-523: The complete decoding of the "I" signals components. The knowledge of the codes allowed a group of engineers at Septentrio to build the COMPASS receiver and report tracking and multipath characteristics of the "I" signals on E2 and E5B. In December 2011, the system went into operation on a trial basis. It started providing navigation, positioning and timing data to China and the neighbouring area for free from 27 December 2011. During this trial run, Compass offered positioning accuracy to within 25 metre and

867-440: The constellation, BeiDou-1C, was launched on 25 May 2003. In 2007, the official Xinhua News Agency reported that the resolution of the BeiDou system was as high as 0.5 metre. With the existing user terminals it appears that the calibrated accuracy is 20 m (100 m, uncalibrated). In 2008, a BeiDou-1 ground terminal cost around CN¥  20,000 ( US$ 2,929), almost 10 times the price of a contemporary GPS terminal. The price of

918-520: The end of 2012, after the BeiDou-2 system became operational. BeiDou-2 (formerly known as COMPASS) is not an extension to the older BeiDou-1, but rather supersedes it outright. The new system is a constellation of 35 satellites, which include 5 geostationary orbit satellites for backward compatibility with BeiDou-1, and 30 non-geostationary satellites (27 in medium Earth orbit and 3 in inclined geosynchronous orbit ), that offer complete coverage of

969-540: The fourth and last satellite of the BeiDou-1 system, BeiDou-1D (sometimes called BeiDou-2A , serving as a backup satellite), was launched. It was reported that the satellite had suffered from a control system malfunction but was then fully restored. In April 2007, the first satellite of BeiDou-2, namely Compass-M1 (to validate frequencies for the BeiDou-2 constellation) was successfully put into its working orbit. The second BeiDou-2 constellation satellite Compass-G2

1020-506: The globe. The ranging signals are based on the CDMA principle and have complex structure typical of Galileo or modernized GPS . Similar to the other global navigation satellite systems (GNSSs), there are two levels of positioning service: open (public) and restricted (military). The public service is available globally to general users. When all the currently planned GNSSs are deployed, users of multi-constellation receivers will benefit from

1071-515: The name BeiDou also serves as a metaphor for the purpose of the satellite navigation system. The original idea of a Chinese satellite navigation system was conceived by Chen Fangyun and his colleagues in the 1980s. The Gulf War in 1991 showcased how the GPS gave the US complete advantage on the battlefield and how satellite navigation systems can be used to conduct "space warfare". In 1993, China realised

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1122-487: The neighboring areas before the end of this year, according to the authorities". The system became operational in the China region that same month. The global navigation system should be finished by 2020. As of December 2012, 16 satellites for BeiDou-2 had been launched, with 14 in service. As of December 2017, 150 million Chinese smartphones (20% of the market) were equipped to utilize BeiDou. The regional BeiDou-1 system

1173-468: The new open signals were published in 2017–2018. On 23 June 2020, the BDS-3 constellation deployment was fully completed after the last satellite was successfully launched at the Xichang Satellite Launch Center . BDS-3 satellites also include SBAS (B1C, B2a, B1A - GEO sats), Precise Point Positioning (B2b - GEO sats), and search and rescue transponder (6 MEOSAR ) capabilities. Characteristics of

1224-399: The new tools and techniques of data capture, manipulation, storage and diffusion. Geomatics includes the tools and techniques used in land surveying , remote sensing , cartography , geographic information systems (GIS), global navigation satellite systems ( GPS , GLONASS , Galileo , BeiDou ), photogrammetry , geophysics , geography , and related forms of earth mapping . The term

1275-747: The next few years. At the time, it was believed that China's "BeiDou" navigation system would then only be used by its armed forces. In October 2004, China officially joined the Galileo project by signing the Agreement on the Cooperation in the Galileo Program between the "Galileo Joint Undertaking" (GJU) and the "National Remote Sensing Centre of China" (NRSCC) . Based on the Sino-European Cooperation Agreement on Galileo program, China Galileo Industries (CGI),

1326-454: The original nation's broadcasts. As of 2009, it appeared that Chinese COMPASS satellites would start transmitting in the E1, E2, E5B, and E6 bands before Europe's Galileo satellites and thus have primary rights to these frequency ranges. Compass-M1 is an experimental satellite launched for signal testing and validation and for the frequency filing on 14 April 2007. The role of Compass-M1 for Compass

1377-534: The point of view of the receiver design, but on the other hand raises the issues of system interference, especially within E1 and E2 bands, which are allocated for Galileo's publicly regulated service. However, under International Telecommunication Union (ITU) policies, the first nation to start broadcasting in a specific frequency will have priority to that frequency, and any subsequent users will be required to obtain permission prior to using that frequency, and otherwise ensure that their broadcasts do not interfere with

1428-525: The precision improved as more satellites were launched. Upon the system's official launch, it pledged to offer general users positioning information accurate to the nearest 10 m, measure speeds within 0.2 metre per second, and provide signals for clock synchronisation accurate to 0.02 microseconds. The BeiDou-2 system began offering services for the Asia-Pacific region in December 2012. At this time,

1479-605: The prime contractor of China's involvement in Galileo programs, was founded in December 2004. By April 2006, eleven cooperation projects within the Galileo framework had been signed between China and the EU. In 2018, the Pakistan Armed Forces received access to BeiDou for military purposes. In 2019, the Saudi Ministry of Defense signed an agreement for military use of BeiDou. In 2020, Argentina entered into

1530-739: The purpose of its research. Health geomatics can improve our understanding of the important relationship between location and health, and thus assist us in Public Health tasks like disease prevention, and also in better healthcare service planning. An important area of research is the use of open data in planning lifesaving activities. Mining geomatics is the use of information systems to integrate and process spatial data for monitoring, modelling, visualisation and design of mining operations. A growing number of university departments which were once titled "surveying", "survey engineering" or " topographic science" have re-titled themselves using

1581-552: The risk of denied access to GPS during the Yinhe incident and including an alleged case in 1996 during the Third Taiwan Strait Crisis , gave impetus to the creation of its own indigenous satellite navigation system which officially began in 1994. According to the China National Space Administration , in 2010, the development of the system would be carried out in three steps: The first satellite, BeiDou-1A ,

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1632-667: The sixth satellite was sent into orbit by LM-3C. Another satellite, the BeiDou-2/Compass IGSO-5 (fifth inclined geosynchronous orbit) satellite, was launched from the Xichang Satellite Launch Center by a Long March 3A on 1 December 2011 (UTC). In September 2003, China intended to join the European Galileo positioning system project and was to invest €230 million (US$ 296 million, £160 million) in Galileo over

1683-459: The system could provide positioning data between longitude 55° E to 180° E and from latitude 55° S to 55° N. The new-generation BeiDou satellites support short message service. In December 2011, Xinhua stated that "[t]he basic structure of the BeiDou system has now been established, and engineers are now conducting comprehensive system test and evaluation. The system will provide test-run services of positioning, navigation and time for China and

1734-473: The system does not require a large constellation of satellites, but it also limits the coverage to areas on Earth where the satellites are visible. The area that can be serviced is from longitude 70° E to 140° E and from latitude 5° N to 55° N. The frequency of the system is 2,491.75 MHz. The first satellite, BeiDou-1A, was launched on 31 October 2000. The second satellite, BeiDou-1B, was successfully launched on 21 December 2000. The last operational satellite of

1785-475: The system has mainly provided navigation services within China. In December 2012, as the design life of BeiDou-1 expired, it stopped operating. The BeiDou-2 (second-generation BeiDou) system was also a regional satellite navigation system containing 16 satellites, including 6 geostationary satellites, 6 inclined geosynchronous orbit satellites, and 4 medium earth orbit satellites. In November 2012, BeiDou-2 began to provide users with regional positioning services in

1836-583: The system is BeiDou Navigation Satellite System . It is named after the Big Dipper asterism , which is known in Chinese as Běidǒu ( Chinese : 北斗 ). The name literally means "Northern Dipper", the name given by ancient Chinese astronomers to the seven brightest stars of the Ursa Major constellation . Historically, this set of stars was used in navigation to locate the North Star . As such,

1887-563: The system status to the user. In 2019, the International GNSS Service started providing precise orbits of BeiDou satellites in experimental products. To date, the military service has been granted only to the People's Liberation Army and to the Pakistan Armed Forces . Frequencies for COMPASS are allocated in four bands: E1, E2, E5B, and E6; they overlap with Galileo. The fact of overlapping could be convenient from

1938-547: The terminals was explained as being due to the cost of imported microchips. At the China High-Tech Fair ELEXCON of November 2009 in Shenzhen , a BeiDou terminal priced at CN¥  3,000 was presented. Sun Jiadong , the chief designer of the navigation system, said in 2010 that "Many organizations have been using our system for a while, and they like it very much". BeiDou-1 was decommissioned at

1989-440: The terms "geomatics" or "geomatics engineering", while others have switched to program titles such as "spatial information technology", and similar names. The rapid progress and increased visibility of geomatics since the 1990s has been made possible by advances in computer hardware, computer science , and software engineering , as well as by airborne and space observation remote-sensing technologies. Geomatics engineering

2040-460: The time recent changes in the jobs of surveyor and photogrammetrist . The term was first employed in a French Ministry of Public Works memorandum dated 1 June 1971 instituting a "standing committee of geomatics" in the government. The term was popularised in English by French-Canadian surveyor Michel Paradis in his The little Geodesist that could article, in 1981 and in a keynote address at

2091-497: The usefulness of the BDS positioning information; however, concerns have been raised about embedded malware leaking information in this way. The current service, BeiDou-3 (third-generation BeiDou), provides full global coverage for timing and navigation, along with Russia's GLONASS , the European Galileo , and the US's GPS . It consists of satellites in three different orbits, including 24 satellites in medium-circle orbits (covering

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2142-534: The verification of the orbit quality. There are two levels of service provided – a free service to civilians and licensed service to the Chinese government and military. The free civilian service has a 10-metre location-tracking accuracy, synchronizes clocks with an accuracy of 10 nanoseconds, and measures speeds to within 0.2 m/s. The restricted military service has a location accuracy of 10 cm, can be used for communication, and will supply information about

2193-528: The work and research carried out by the institutes. The Leibniz-Gemeinschaft is named after the German philosopher, mathematician, scientist, and inventor Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz (1646–1716). The Leibniz Association evolved from the "Blaue Liste" (blue list) in former Western Germany and research institutions of the German Academy of Sciences at Berlin of the former DDR , whose research capability

2244-490: The world), 3 satellites in inclined geosynchronous orbits (covering the Asia-Pacific region), and 3 satellites in geostationary orbits (covering China). The BeiDou-3 system was fully operational in July 2020. In 2016, BeiDou-3 reached millimeter-level accuracy with post-processing. Predecessors included BeiDou-1 (first-generation BeiDou), consisting of three satellites in a regional satellite navigation system . Since 2000,

2295-591: The world. Taken together, the Leibniz Institutes employ 20,000 people and have a budget of €1.9 billion. Leibniz Institutes are funded publicly to equal parts by the federal government and the Federal states (Bundesländer). Every Leibniz institution is evaluated by the Leibniz Senate regularly, at a minimum of once every seven years. The evaluation is used as a benchmark of quality with respect to

2346-589: Was an experimental regional navigation system, which consisted of four satellites (three working satellites and one backup satellite). The satellites themselves were based on the Chinese DFH-3 geostationary communications satellite and had a launch weight of 1,000 kg each. Unlike the American GPS , Russian GLONASS, and European Galileo systems, which use medium Earth orbit satellites, BeiDou-1 used satellites in geostationary orbit . This means that

2397-416: Was decommissioned at the end of 2012. The first satellite of the second-generation system, Compass-M1 was launched in 2007. It was followed by further nine satellites during 2009–2011, achieving functional regional coverage. A total of 16 satellites were launched during this phase. In 2015, the system began its transition towards global coverage with the first launch of a new-generation of satellites, and

2448-642: Was deemed worth keeping after an evaluation by the German Wissenschaftsrat . The name 'Blaue Liste' for a German model for funding science has been retired, and traces back to the color of a dossier. The Leibniz Association's headquarter is located in Berlin and there is an EU bureau in Brussels. Since 2014, the engineer Matthias Kleiner has been president of the Leibniz Association, with Christiane Neumann acting as secretary general. In 2020,

2499-596: Was launched on 15 April 2009. On 15 January 2010, the official website of the BeiDou Navigation Satellite System went online, and the system's third satellite ( Compass-G1 ) was carried into its orbit by a Long March 3C rocket on 17 January 2010. On 2 June 2010, the fourth satellite was launched successfully into orbit. The fifth orbiter was launched into space from Xichang Satellite Launch Center by an LM-3I carrier rocket on 1 August 2010. Three months later, on 1 November 2010,

2550-469: Was launched on 30 October 2000, followed by BeiDou-1B on 20 December 2000. The third satellite, BeiDou-1C (a backup satellite), was put into orbit on 25 May 2003. The successful launch of BeiDou-1C also meant the establishment of the BeiDou-1 navigation system. On 2 November 2006, China announced that from 2008 BeiDou would offer an open service with an accuracy of 10 metres, timing of 0.2 microseconds, and speed of 0.2 metres/second. In February 2007,

2601-722: Was originally used in Canada but has since been adopted by the International Organization for Standardization , the Royal Institution of Chartered Surveyors , and many other international authorities, although some (especially in the United States) have shown a preference for the term geospatial technology , which may be defined as synonym of "geospatial information and communications technology ". Although many definitions of geomatics , such as

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